Current advancements in the treatment of psoriasis: Immunobiologic agents

Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 99-130

  Tzu, Julia ^a   Mamelak, Adam J ^a   Sauder, Daniel N ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biologics; Psoriasis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ADALIMUMAB; ALEFACEPT; BASILIXIMAB; COAL TAR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DACLIZUMAB; DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX; DITHRANOL; EFALIZUMAB; EMOLLIENT AGENT; ETANERCEPT; ETRETIN; GALIXIMAB; HU 1124; HYDROXYUREA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; KERATOLYTIC AGENT; METHOTREXATE; OKT 4; PSORALEN; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 10; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 11; RETINOID DERIVATIVE; SIPLIZUMAB; TAZAROTENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE;

ACNE; ACTINIC KERATOSIS; ALOPECIA; ANEMIA; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ASTHENIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACKACHE; BONE DISEASE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CATARACT; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMON COLD; COUGHING; DEMYELINATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; DIZZINESS; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRY SKIN; DYSPNEA; EDEMA; ERYTHEMA; FATIGUE; FLUSHING; FOLLICULITIS; HAIR LOSS; HEADACHE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPEROSTOSIS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOPIGMENTATION; HYPOTENSION; INJECTION SITE PAIN; INJECTION SITE REACTION; KERATINOCYTE; LEUKOCYTOSIS; LEUKOPENIA; LIGAMENT CALCINOSIS; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; LYMPHOCYTOSIS; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PAIN; PANOCYTOPENIA; PATHOGENESIS; PERIORAL DERMATITIS; PHARYNGITIS; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; PSORIASIS; PUVA; REVIEW; RHINITIS; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINUS CONGESTION; SKIN ABRASION; SKIN ATROPHY; SKIN BURNING SENSATION; SKIN CANCER; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN TOXICITY; STOMACH PAIN; T LYMPHOCYTE; TACHYPHYLAXIS; TASTE DISORDER; TELANGIECTASIA; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TUBERCULOSIS; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; URTICARIA; VASOSPASM; VESICULAR RASH; VIRUS INFECTION; VOMITING;

EID: 33748565933     PISSN: 15291049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cair.2006.06.003     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Christophers E. Psoriasis-epidemiology and clinical spectrum. Clin Exp Dermatol 26 (2001) 314-320
2. Yosipovitch G., and Tang M.B. Practical management of psoriasis in the elderly: epidemiology, clinical aspects, quality of life, patient education and treatment options. Drugs Aging 19 (2002) 847-863
3. Gottlieb A.B., and Bos J.D. Recombinantly engineered human proteins: transforming the treatment of psoriasis. Clin Immunol 105 (2002) 105-116
4. Rapp S.R., Feldman S.R., Exum M.L., Fleischer Jr. A.B., and Reboussin D.M. Psoriasis causes as much disability as other major medical diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 41 (1999) 401-407
5. Facts Overview. The National Psoriasis Foundation 2003.
6. Zachariae H. Prevalence of joint disease in patients with psoriasis: implications for therapy. Am J Clin Dermatol 4 (2003) 441-447
7. Cather J., and Menter A. Novel therapies for psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol 3 (2002) 159-173
8. Greaves M.W., and Weinstein G.D. Treatment of psoriasis. N Engl J Med 332 (1995) 581-588
9. Kundakci N., Tursen U., Babiker M.O., and Gurgey E. The evaluation of the sociodemographic and clinical features of Turkish psoriasis patients. Int J Dermatol 41 (2002) 220-224
10. Kastelan M., Gruber F., Cecuk E., Kerhin-Brkljacic V., Brkljacic-Surkalovic L., and Kastelan A. Analysis of HLA antigens in Croatian patients with psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 211 (2000) 12-13
11. Korzhova T.P., Shyrobokov V.P., Koliadenko V.H., Korniushenko O.M., Akhramieieva N.V., and Stepanenko V.I. Coxsackie B viral infection in the etiology and clinical pathogenesis of psoriasis. Lik Sprava 3 (2001) 54-58
12. Tiilikainen A., Lassus A., Karvonen J., Vartiainen P., and Julin M. Psoriasis and HLA-Cw6. Br J Dermatol 102 (1980) 179-184
13. Duffy D.L., Spelman L.S., and Martin N.G. Psoriasis in Australian twins. J Am Acad Dermatol 29 (1993) 428-434
14. Brandrup F., Holm N., Grunnet N., Henningsen K., and Hansen H.E. Psoriasis in monozygotic twins: variations in expression in individuals with identical genetic constitution. Acta Derm Venereol 62 (1982) 229-236
15. McKee PH. Pathology of the skin with clinical correlations. Mosby. 1996;8.3-8.8
16. Bos J.D., and Kapsenberg M.L. The skin immune system. Immunol Today 7 (1986) 235-240
17. Kanitakis J., Butnaru A.C., and Claudy A. Novel biological immunotherapies for psoriasis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12 (2003) 1111-1121
18. Gottlieb A.B., Lifshitz B., Fu S.M., Staiano-Coico L., Wang C.Y., and Carter D.M. Expression of HLA-DR molecules by keratinocytes, and presence of Langerhans cells in the dermal infiltrate of active psoriatic plaques. J Exp Med 164 (1986) 1013-1028
19. Terui T., Aiba S., Kato T., Tanaka T., and Tagami H. HLA-DR antigen expression on keratinocytes in highly inflamed parts of psoriatic lesions. Br J Dermatol 116 (1987) 87-93
20. Wingren A.G., Parra E., Varga M., Kalland T., Sjogren H.O., Hedlund G., et al. T cell activation pathways: B7, LFA-3, and ICAM-1 shape unique T cell profiles. Crit Rev Immunol 15 (1995) 235-253
21. Racke M.K., and Stuart R.W. Targeting T cell costimulation in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 6 (2002) 275-289
22. Appleman L.J., and Boussiotis V.A. T cell anergy and costimulation. Immunol Rev 192 (2003) 161-180
23. Picker L.J., Kishimoto T.K., Smith C.W., Warnock R.A., and Butcher E.C. ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells. Nature 349 (1991) 796-799
24. Takematsu H., and Tagami H. Quantification of chemotactic peptides (C5a anaphylatoxin and IL-8) in psoriatic lesional skin. Arch Dermatol 129 (1993) 74-80
25. Takematsu H., Terui T., and Tagami H. Demonstration of leukotriene B4 in the scale extracts of psoriasis and inflammatory pustular dermatoses. Correlation with leukocyte chemotactic activity and C5a anaphylatoxin. Acta Derm Venereol 66 (1986) 6-10
26. Santamaria L.F., Perez Soler M.T., Hauser C., and Blaser K. Allergen specificity and endothelial transmigration of T cells in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 107 (1995) 359-362
27. Mehrabi D., DiCarlo J.B., Soon S.L., and McCall C.O. Advances in the management of psoriasis: monoclonal antibody therapies. Int J Dermatol 41 (2002) 827-835
28. Duvic M., Helekar B., Schulz C., Cho M., DiSepio D., Hager C., et al. Expression of a retinoid-inducible tumor suppressor, Tazarotene-inducible gene-3, is decreased in psoriasis and skin cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 3249-3259
29. Yamamoto T., and Nishioka K. Alteration of the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, Fas, and Fas ligand in the involved skin of psoriasis vulgaris following topical anthralin therapy. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 16 (2003) 50-58
30. Bruner C.R., Feldman S.R., Ventrapragada M., and Fleischer Jr. A.B. A systematic review of adverse effects associated with topical treatments for psoriasis. Dermatol Online J 9 (2003) 2
31. Ashcroft D.M., Li Wan P.A., and Griffiths C.E. Therapeutic strategies for psoriasis. J Clin Pharm Ther 25 (2000) 1-10
32. Ozawa M., Ferenczi K., Kikuchi T., Cardinale I., Austin L.M., Coven T.R., et al. 312-nanometer ultraviolet B light (narrow-band UVB) induces apoptosis of T cells within psoriatic lesions. J Exp Med 189 (1999) 711-718
33. Piskin G., Tursen U., Bos J.D., and Teunissen M.B. IL-4 expression by neutrophils in psoriasis lesional skin upon high-dose UVB exposure. Dermatology 207 (2003) 51-53
34. Coven T.R., Walters I.B., Cardinale I., and Krueger J.G. PUVA-induced lymphocyte apoptosis: mechanism of action in psoriasis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 15 (1999) 22-27
35. Kreimer-Erlacher H., Seidl H., Back B., Cerroni L., Kerl H., and Wolf P. High frequency of ultraviolet mutations at the INK4a-ARF locus in squamous cell carcinomas from psoralen-plus-ultraviolet-A-treated psoriasis patients. J Invest Dermatol 120 (2003) 676-682
36. Kirby B., and Griffiths C.E. Novel immune-based therapies for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 146 (2002) 546-551
37. Genestier L., Paillot R., Fournel S., Ferraro C., Miossec P., and Revillard J.P. Immunosuppressive properties of methotrexate: apoptosis and clonal deletion of activated peripheral T cells. J Clin Invest 102 (1998) 322-328
38. Gottlieb S., Hayes E., Gilleaudeau P., Cardinale I., Gottlieb A.B., and Krueger J.G. Cellular actions of etretinate in psoriasis: enhanced epidermal differentiation and reduced cell-mediated inflammation are unexpected outcomes. J Cutan Pathol 23 (1996) 404-418
39. Berbis P. [Acitretine]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 128 (2001) 737-745
40. Sauder D.N., and Mamelak A.J. Understanding the new clinical landscape for psoriasis: a comparative review of psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 8 (2004) 205-212
41. Wang B., Kondo S., Shivji G.M., Fujisawa H., Mak T.W., and Sauder D.N. Tumour necrosis factor receptor II (p75) signalling is required for the migration of Langerhans' cells. Immunology 88 (1996) 284-288
42. Pulito V.L., Roberts V.A., Adair J.R., Rothermel A.L., Collins A.M., Varga S.S., et al. Humanization and molecular modeling of the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, OKT4A. J Immunol 156 (1996) 2840-2850
43. Bachelez H., Flageul B., Dubertret L., Fraitag S., Grossman R., Brousse N., et al. Treatment of recalcitrant plaque psoriasis with a humanized non-depleting antibody to CD4. J Autoimmun 11 (1998) 53-62
44. Gottlieb A.B., Lebwohl M., Shirin S., Sherr A., Gilleaudeau P., Singer G., et al. Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris: results of a pilot, multicenter, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 43 (2000) 595-604
45. Gottlieb A.B., Krueger J.G., Wittkowski K., Dedrick R., Walicke P.A., and Garovoy M. Psoriasis as a model for T-cell-mediated disease: immunobiologic and clinical effects of treatment with multiple doses of efalizumab, an anti-CD11a antibody. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 591-600
46. Papp K., Bissonnette R., Krueger J.G., Carey W., Gratton D., Gulliver W.P., et al. The treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis with a new anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody. J Am Acad Dermatol 45 (2001) 665-674
47. Gottlieb A., Krueger J.G., Bright R., Ling M., Lebwohl M., Kang S., et al. Effects of administration of a single dose of a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD11a on the immunobiology and clinical activity of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 (2000) 428-435
48. Gottlieb A.B., Krueger J.G., Wittkowski K., Dedrick R., Walicke P.A., and Garovoy M. Psoriasis as a model for T-cell-mediated disease: immunobiologic and clinical effects of treatment with multiple doses of efalizumab, an anti-CD11a antibody. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 591-600
49. Gottlieb A.B., Miller B., Lowe N., Shapiro W., Hudson C., Bright R., et al. Subcutaneously administered efalizumab (anti-CD11a) improves signs and symptoms of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 7 (2003) 198-207
50. Gordon K.B., Papp K.A., Hamilton T.K., Walicke P.A., Dummer W., Li N., et al. Efalizumab for patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 3073-3080
51. Menter A., Gordon K., Carey W., Hamilton T., Glazer S., Caro I., et al. Efficacy and safety observed during 24 weeks of efalizumab therapy in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 31-38
52. Lebwohl M., Tyring S.K., Hamilton T.K., Toth D., Glazer S., Tawfik N.H., et al. A novel targeted T-cell modulator, efalizumab, for plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 2004-2013
53. Leonardi C.L., Papp K.A., Gordon K.B., Menter A., Feldman S.R., Caro I., et al. Extended efalizumab therapy improves chronic plaque psoriasis: results from a randomized phase III trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 425-433
54. Gaylor M.L., and Duvic M. Generalized pustular psoriasis following withdrawal of efalizumab. J Drugs Dermatol 3 (2004) 77-79
55. Warkentin T.E., and Kwon P. Immune thrombocytopenia associated with efalizumab therapy for psoriasis. Ann Intern Med 143 (2005) 761-763
56. Walunas T.L., Lenschow D.J., Bakker C.Y., Linsley P.S., Freeman G.J., Green J.M., et al. CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity 1 (1994) 405-413
57. Najafian N., and Sayegh M.H. CTLA4-Ig: a novel immunosuppressive agent. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9 (2000) 2147-2157
58. Abrams J.R., Kelley S.L., Hayes E., Kikuchi T., Brown M.J., Kang S., et al. Blockade of T lymphocyte costimulation with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) reverses the cellular pathology of psoriatic plaques, including the activation of keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. J Exp Med 192 (2000) 681-694
59. Abrams J.R., Lebwohl M.G., Guzzo C.A., Jegasothy B.V., Goldfarb M.T., Goffe B.S., et al. CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Invest 103 (1999) 1243-1252
60. Abrams J.R., Kelley S.L., Hayes E., Kikuchi T., Brown M.J., Kang S., et al. Blockade of T lymphocyte costimulation with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) reverses the cellular pathology of psoriatic plaques, including the activation of keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. J Exp Med 192 (2000) 681-694
61. Krueger J.G., Walters I.B., Miyazawa M., Gilleaudeau P., Hakimi J., Light S., et al. Successful in vivo blockade of CD25 (high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor) on T cells by administration of humanized anti-Tac antibody to patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 43 (2000) 448-458
62. Gottlieb A.B., Lebwohl M., Totoritis M.C., Abdulghani A.A., Shuey S.R., Romano P., et al. Clinical and histologic response to single-dose treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis with an anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody. J Am Acad Dermatol 47 (2002) 692-700
63. Prohost Research: Impacting News. PROHOST Online: The Newsletter of Biotechnology Insight and Investment 2002; 3-4.
64. Morris J.C., and Waldmann T.A. Advances in interleukin 2 receptor targeted treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 59 Suppl. 1 (2000) i109-i114
65. Salim A., Emerson R.M., and Dalziel K.L. Successful treatment of severe generalized pustular psoriasis with basiliximab (interleukin-2 receptor blocker). Br J Dermatol 143 (2000) 1121-1122
66. Owen C.M., and Harrison P.V. Successful treatment of severe psoriasis with basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Clin Exp Dermatol 25 (2000) 195-197
67. Mrowietz U., Zhu K., and Christophers E. Treatment of severe psoriasis with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies. Arch Dermatol 136 (2000) 675-676
68. Bell H.K., and Parslew R.A. Use of basiliximab as a cyclosporin-sparing agent in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis with myalgia as an adverse effect. Br J Dermatol 147 (2002) 606-607
69. Foss F.M. DAB(389)IL-2 (denileukin diftitox, ONTAK): a new fusion protein technology. Clin Lymphoma 1 Suppl. 1 (2000) S27-S31
70. Foss F.M. DAB(389)IL-2 (ONTAK): a novel fusion toxin therapy for lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma 1 (2000) 110-116
71. Gottlieb A.B., Bacha P., Parker K., and Strand V. Use of the interleukin-2 fusion protein, DAB(389)IL-2, for the treatment of psoriasis. Dermatol Ther 5 (1998) 48-63
72. Bagel J., Garland W.T., Breneman D., Holick M., Littlejohn T.W., Crosby D., et al. Administration of DAB389IL-2 to patients with recalcitrant psoriasis: a double-blind, phase II multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 38 (1998) 938-944
73. Martin A., Gutierrez E., Muglia J., McDonald C.J., Guzzo C., Gottlieb A., et al. A multicenter dose-escalation trial with denileukin diftitox (ONTAK, DAB(389)IL-2) in patients with severe psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 45 (2001) 871-881
74. Sanders M.E., Makgoba M.W., Sharrow S.O., Stephany D., Springer T.A., Young H.A., et al. Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL1, CDw29, and Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 140 (1988) 1401-1407
75. da Silva A.J., Brickelmaier M., Majeau G.R., Li Z., Su L., Hsu Y.M., et al. Alefacept, an immunomodulatory recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein, induces CD16 signaling and CD2/CD16-dependent apoptosis of CD2(+) cells. J Immunol 168 (2002) 4462-4471
76. Ellis C.N., and Krueger G.G. Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis by selective targeting of memory effector T lymphocytes. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 248-255
77. Krueger G. Clinical response to alefacept: results of a phase 3 study of intravenous administration of alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17 Suppl. 2 (2003) 17-24
78. Lowe N.J., Gonzalez J., Bagel J., Caro I., Ellis C.N., and Menter A. Repeat courses of intravenous alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis provide consistent safety and efficacy. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 224-230
79. Vaishnaw A.K., and TenHoor C.N. Pharmacokinetics, biologic activity, and tolerability of alefacept by intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 29 (2002) 415-426
80. Ortonne J.P. Clinical response to alefacept; results of a phase 3 study of intramuscular administration of alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17(Suppl. 2) (2003) 12-16
81. Ortonne J.P., Lebwohl M., and Em G.C. Alefacept-induced decreases in circulating blood lymphocyte counts correlate with clinical response in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol 13 (2003) 117-123
82. Lebwohl M., Christophers E., Langley R., Ortonne J.P., Roberts J., and Griffiths C.E. An international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of intramuscular alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 139 (2003) 719-727
83. Gordon K.B., and Langley R.G. Remittive effects of intramuscular alefacept in psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol 2 (2003) 624-628
84. Feldman S.R., Menter A., and Koo J.Y. Improved health-related quality of life following a randomized controlled trial of alefacept treatment in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 317-326
85. Ortonne J.P., Khemis A., Koo J.Y., and Choi J. An open-label study of alefacept plus ultraviolet B light as combination therapy for chronic plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 5 (2005) 556-563
86. Krueger G.G., and Ellis C.N. Alefacept therapy produces remission for patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 148 (2003) 784-788
87. Gottlieb A.B., Casale T.B., Frankel E., Goffe B., Lowe N., Ochs H.D., et al. CD4+ T-cell-directed antibody responses are maintained in patients with psoriasis receiving alefacept: results of a randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol 49 (2003) 816-825
88. Langley R., Roenigk H., McCall C., Stricklin G., and Dingivan C. Phase I results of intravenous MEDI-507, an anti-T-cell antibody, for the treatment of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 117 (2001) 817
89. Matheson R., Beutner K., McCall C., and Dingivan C. Subcutaneous injection of MEDI-507, an anti-T cell monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of psoriasis: phase I results. J Invest Dermatol 117 (2001) 817
90. Mussi A., Bonifati C., Carducci M., Viola M., Tomaselli R., Sacerdoti G., et al. IL-10 levels are decreased in psoriatic lesional skin as compared to the psoriatic lesion-free and normal skin suction blister fluids. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 8 (1994) 117-120
91. Asadullah K., Sterry W., Stephanek K., Jasulaitis D., Leupold M., Audring H., et al. IL-10 is a key cytokine in psoriasis. Proof of principle by IL-10 therapy: a new therapeutic approach. J Clin Invest 101 (1998) 783-794
92. Reich K., Bruck M., Grafe A., Vente C., Neumann C., and Garbe C. Treatment of psoriasis with interleukin-10. J Invest Dermatol 111 (1998) 1235-1236
93. Asadullah K., Docke W.D., Ebeling M., Friedrich M., Belbe G., Audring H., et al. Interleukin 10 treatment of psoriasis: clinical results of a phase 2 trial. Arch Dermatol 135 (1999) 187-192
94. Reich K., Garbe C., Blaschke V., Maurer C., Middel P., Westphal G., et al. Response of psoriasis to interleukin-10 is associated with suppression of cutaneous type 1 inflammation, downregulation of the epidermal interleukin-8/CXCR2 pathway and normalization of keratinocyte maturation. J Invest Dermatol 116 (2001) 319-329
95. Friedrich M., Docke W.D., Klein A., Philipp S., Volk H.D., Sterry W., et al. Immunomodulation by interleukin-10 therapy decreases the incidence of relapse and prolongs the relapse-free interval in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 118 (2002) 672-677
96. Asadullah K., Sterry W., Stephanek K., Jasulaitis D., Leupold M., Audring H., et al. IL-10 is a key cytokine in psoriasis. Proof of principle by IL-10 therapy: a new therapeutic approach. J Clin Invest 101 (1998) 783-794
97. Reich K., Garbe C., Blaschke V., Maurer C., Middel P., Westphal G., et al. Response of psoriasis to interleukin-10 is associated with suppression of cutaneous type 1 inflammation, downregulation of the epidermal interleukin-8/CXCR2 pathway and normalization of keratinocyte maturation. J Invest Dermatol 116 (2001) 319-329
98. Kimball A.B., Kawamura T., Tejura K., Boss C., Hancox A.R., Vogel J.C., et al. Clinical and immunologic assessment of patients with psoriasis in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using recombinant human interleukin 10. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 1341-1346
99. Friedrich M., Docke W.D., Klein A., Philipp S., Volk H.D., Sterry W., et al. Immunomodulation by interleukin-10 therapy decreases the incidence of relapse and prolongs the relapse-free interval in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 118 (2002) 672-677
100. Trepicchio W.L., Bozza M., Pedneault G., and Dorner A.J. Recombinant human IL-11 attenuates the inflammatory response through down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine release and nitric oxide production. J Immunol 157 (1996) 3627-3634
101. Trepicchio W.L., Ozawa M., Walters I.B., Kikuchi T., Gilleaudeau P., Bliss J.L., et al. Interleukin-11 therapy selectively downregulates type I cytokine proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis lesions. J Clin Invest 104 (1999) 1527-1537
102. Rocken M., Urban J., and Shevach E.M. Antigen-specific activation, tolerization, and reactivation of the interleukin 4 pathway in vivo. J Exp Med 179 (1994) 1885-1893
103. Ghoreschi K., Thomas P., Breit S., Dugas M., Mailhammer R., van Eden W., et al. Interleukin-4 therapy of psoriasis induces Th2 responses and improves human autoimmune disease. Nat Med 9 (2003) 40-46
104. Ettehadi P., Greaves M.W., Wallach D., Aderka D., and Camp R.D. Elevated tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) biological activity in psoriatic skin lesions. Clin Exp Immunol 96 (1994) 146-151
105. Partsch G., Steiner G., Leeb B.F., Dunky A., Broll H., and Smolen J.S. Highly increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines in psoriatic arthritis synovial fluid. J Rheumatol 24 (1997) 518-523
106. Mussi A., Bonifati C., Carducci M., D'Agosto G., Pimpinelli F., D'Urso D., et al. Serum TNF-alpha levels correlate with disease severity and are reduced by effective therapy in plaque-type psoriasis. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 11 (1997) 115-118
107. Bonifati C., Carducci M., Cordiali F.P., Trento E., Sacerdoti G., Fazio M., et al. Correlated increases of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor levels in suction blister fluids and sera of psoriatic patients-relationships with disease severity. Clin Exp Dermatol 19 (1994) 383-387
108. Xia Y.P., Li B., Hylton D., Detmar M., Yancopoulos G.D., and Rudge J.S. Transgenic delivery of VEGF to mouse skin leads to an inflammatory condition resembling human psoriasis. Blood 102 (2003) 161-168
109. Iyer S., Yamauchi P., and Lowe N.J. Etanercept for severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: observations on combination therapy. Br J Dermatol 146 (2002) 118-121
110. Antoni C.E., Kavanaugh A., Kirkham B., Tutuncu Z., Burmester G.R., Schneider U., et al. Sustained benefits of infliximab therapy for dermatologic and articular manifestations of psoriatic arthritis: results from the infliximab multinational psoriatic arthritis controlled trial (IMPACT). Arthritis Rheum 52 (2005) 1227-1236 Erratum in: Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2951. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297: 1171-80
111. Schopf R.E., Aust H., and Knop J. Treatment of psoriasis with the chimeric monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha, infliximab. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 886-891
112. Gottlieb A.B., Masud S., Ramamurthi R., Abdulghani A., Romano P., Chaudhari U., et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic response to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody (infliximab) treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 (2003) 68-75
113. Chaudhari U., Romano P., Mulcahy L.D., Dooley L.T., Baker D.G., and Gottlieb A.B. Efficacy and safety of infliximab monotherapy for plaque-type psoriasis: a randomised trial. Lancet 357 (2001) 1842-1847
114. Gottlieb A.B., Chaudhari U., Mulcahy L.D., Li S., Dooley L.T., and Baker D.G. Infliximab monotherapy provides rapid and sustained benefit for plaque-type psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 (2003) 829-835
115. Gottlieb A.B., Evans R., Li S., Dooley L.T., Guzzo C.A., Baker D., et al. Infliximab induction therapy for patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 (2004) 534-542
116. Zagari O. Sustained effects of low dose infliximab in combination with methotrexate in the management of chronic recalcitrant psoriasis. Dermatol Online J 11 (2005) 21
117. Sellam J., Allanore Y., Batteux F., Deslandre C.J., Weill B., and Kahan A. Autoantibody induction in patients with refractory spondyloarthropathy treated with infliximab and methotrexate. Joint Bone Spine 72 (2005) 48-52
118. Thurber M., Feasel A., Stroehlein J., and Hymes S.R. Pustular psoriasis induced by infliximab. J Drugs Dermatol 3 (2004) 439-440
119. Liberopoulos E.N., Drosos A.A., and Elisaf M.S. Exacerbation of tuberculosis enteritis after treatment with infliximab. Am J Med 113 (2002) 615
120. Aparicio A.G., Munoz-Fernandez S., Bonilla G., Miralles A., Cerdeno V., and Martin- Mola E. Report of an additional case of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and Listeria monocytogenes infection: comment on the letter by Gluck et al. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003) 1764-1765
121. Krishnan R.S., and Hsu S. Serum sickness due to infliximab in a patient with psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol 3 (2004) 305-308
122. Cauza E., Cauza K., Hanusch-Enserer U., Etemad M., Dunky A., and Kostner K. Intravenous anti TNF-alpha antibody therapy leads to elevated triglyceride and reduced HDL-cholesterol levels in patients with rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114 (2002) 1004-1007
123. Hochberg M.C., Lebwohl M.G., Plevy S.E., Hobbs K.F., and Yocum D.E. The benefit/risk profile of TNF-blocking agents: findings of a consensus panel. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34 (2005) 819-836
124. Chen D.M., Gordon K., Leonardi C., and Menter M.A. Adalimumab efficacy and safety in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: preliminary findings from a 12 week dose ranging trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) P1
125. Patel T., and Gordon K.B. Adalimumab: efficacy and safety in psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Dermatol Ther 17 (2004) 427-431
126. Clegg D.O., Reda D.J., Mejias E., Cannon G.W., Weisman M.H., Taylor T., et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Arthritis Rheum 39 (1996) 2013-2020
127. Mease P.J., Goffe B.S., Metz J., VanderStoep A., Finck B., and Burge D.J. Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 385-390
128. Gottlieb A.B., Matheson R.T., Lowe N.J., and Zitnik R.J. Efficacy of enbrel in patients with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 119 (2002) 234
129. Leonardi C.L., Powers J.L., Matheson R.T., Goffe B.S., Zitnik R., Wang A., et al. Etanercept as monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 2014-2022
130. Zeltser R., Valle L., Tanck C., Holyst M.M., Ritchlin C., and Gaspari A.A. Clinical, histological, and immunophenotypic characteristics of injection site reactions associated with etanercept: a recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor: Fc fusion protein. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 893-899
131. Mohan N., Edwards E.T., Cupps T.R., Oliverio P.J., Sandberg G., Crayton H., et al. Demyelination occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum 44 (2001) 2862-2869
132. Phillips K., Husni M.E., Karlson E.W., and Coblyn J.S. Experience with etanercept in an academic medical center: are infection rates increased?. Arthritis Rheum 47 (2002) 17-21
133. Tuschil A., Lam C., Haslberger A., and Lindley I. Interleukin-8 stimulates calcium transients and promotes epidermal cell proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 99 (1992) 294-298
134. Abgenix discontinues treatment after disappointing psoriasis study results. East Bay Business Times (2002)
135. Zhou X., Krueger J.G., Kao M.C., Lee E., Du F., Menter A., et al. Novel mechanisms of T-cell and dendritic cell activation revealed by profiling of psoriasis on the 63,100-element oligonucleotide array. Physiol Genomics 13 (2003) 69-78
136. Tsuji H., Okamoto K., Matsuzaka Y., Iizuka H., Tamiya G., and Inoko H. SLURP-2, a novel member of the human Ly-6 superfamily that is up-regulated in psoriasis vulgaris (small star, filled). Genomics 81 (2003) 26-33
137. Matsuzaka Y., Okamoto K., Tsuji H., Mabuchi T., Ozawa A., and Tamiya G. Identification of the hRDH-E2 gene, a novel member of the SDR family, and its increased expression in psoriatic lesion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 297 5 (2002) 1171-1180
138. Thami G.P., and Sakar R. Coal tar: past, present, and future. Clin Exp Dermatol 27 (2002) 99-103
139. Yarbro J.W. Mechanism of action of hydroxyurea. Semin Oncol 19 (1992) 1-10