Gout: can we create an evidence-based systematic approach to diagnosis and management?

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 673-684

  Chen, Lan X ^a   Schumacher, H Ralph ^b  

^a PENN PRESBYTERIAN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

allopurinol; colchicines; gout; uric acid; uricosurics; xanthine oxidase

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALLOPURINOL; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; AZAPROPAZONE; BENZBROMARONE; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; DICLOFENAC; ETORICOXIB; FEBUXOSTAT; FLUFENAMIC ACID; INDOMETACIN; LOSARTAN; MELOXICAM; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHENYLBUTAZONE; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; PROBENECID; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; ROFECOXIB; SULFINPYRAZONE; TRIAMCINOLONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; URATE; URICOSURIC AGENT; XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR;

ACUTE DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GOUT; HUMAN; HYPERURICEMIA; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NAUSEA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; VOMITING;

ACUTE DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GOUT; GOUT SUPPRESSANTS; HUMANS;

EID: 33748516581     PISSN: 15216942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.05.006     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Choi H.K., Mount D.B., and Reginato A.M. Pathogenesis of gout. Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005) 499-516
2. Schumacher H.R., and Wortman R.L. Monosodium urate crystal deposition arthropathy. Part I: Review of the stages and diagnosis of gout. Advanced Studies in Medicine 5 (2005) 133-138
3. Schumacher H.R., Sieck M.S., Rothfuss S., et al. Reproducibility of synovial fluid analyses: a study among 4 laboratories. Arthritis and Rheumatism 29 (1986) 770-774
4. Lumbreras B., Pascual E., Frasquet J., et al. Analysis for crystals in synovial fluid: training of the analysis results in high consistency. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 64 (2005) 612-615
5. Petrocelli A., Wang A.L., and Swezey R.L. Identification of pathologic synovial fluid crystals on Gram stains. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 4 (1998) 103-105
6. Chen L.X., and Schumacher H.R. Current trends in crystal identification. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 18 (2006) 171-173
7. Becker M.A., Schumacher H.R., Wortmann R.L., et al. Reduction in gout flares in subjects with chronic gout treated with febuxostat or allopurinol for 52 weeks. The FACT trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 supplement (2005) S108 (abstract)
8. Grainger R., Harrison A.A., and Taylor W.J. Preliminary identification of potential items for a definition of a gout flare using Delphi methodology. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 supplement (2005) S105 (abstract)
9. Wallace S.L., Robinson H., Masi A.T., et al. Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism 20 (1972) 895-900
10. Schumacher H.R., Edwards L.N., Perez-Ruiz L., et al. OMERACT 7. Special interest group on outcome measures for acute and chronic gout. The Journal of Rheumatology 32 (2005) 2452-2455
11. Johnson R.J., and Rideout B.A. Uric acid and diet - insights into the epidemic of cardiovascular disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004) 1071-1073
12. Freedman D.S., Williamson D.F., Gunter E.W., and Byers T. Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ischemic heart disease: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow up study. American Journal of Epidemiology 141 (1995) 637-644
13. Baker J.F., Krishnan E., Chen L., and Schumacher H.R. Serum uric acid and cardiovascular disease: recent developments, and where do they leave us?. The American Journal of Medicine 118 (2005) 816-826
14. Niskanen L.K., Laaksonen D.E., Nyyssonen K., et al. Uric acid level as a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle-aged men. Archives of Internal Medicine 164 (2004) 1546-1551
15. Hakoda M., Masunari N., Yamada M., et al. Serum uric acid concentration as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality: a longterm cohort study of atomic bomb survivors. The Journal of Rheumatology 32 (2005) 906-912
16. The Anturane Trial Research Group. Sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of sudden death after myocardial infarction. The New England Journal of Medicine 302 (1980) 250-256
17. Sulfinpyrazone in post-myocardial infarction. Report form the Anturan Reinfarction Italian Study. Lancet 1 (1982) 237-242
18. Hoieggen A A.M., Kjeldsen S.E., Julius S., et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney International 65 (2004) 1041-1049
19. Campion E.W., Glynn R.J., and De Labry L.O. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. The American Journal of Medicine 82 (1987) 421-426
20. Fessel W.J. Renal outcomes of gout and hyperuricemia. The American Journal of Medicine 67 (1979) 74-82
21. Riedel A.A., Nelson M., Wallace K., et al. Prevalence of comorbid conditions and prescription medication use among patients with gout and hyperuricemia in a managed care setting. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 10 (2004) 308-314
22. Vázquez-Mellado J., Garcia C.G., Vázquez S.G., et al. Metabolic syndrome and ischemic heart disease in gout. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 10 (2004) 105-109
23. Ahern M.J., Reid C., Gordon T.P., et al. Does colchicine work? The results of the first controlled study in acute gout. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 17 (1987) 301-304
24. Schlesinger N., and Schumacher H.R. Gout. In: Tugwell P., and Shea B. (Eds). Evidence Based Rheumatology (2004), BMJ Books, London 65-95
25. Pawlotsky Y. What is the optimal treatment for acute crystal-induced arthritis?. Revue du Rhumatisme English Ed 63 (1996) 231-233
26. Smyth C.J., and Percy J.S. Comparison of indomethacin and phenylbutazone in acute gout. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 32 (1973) 351-353
27. Ruosti A., and Vainio U. Treatment of acute gouty arthritis with proquazone and indomethacin: a comparative double-blind trial. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 21 supplement (1978) 15-17
28. Altman R.D., Honig S., Levin J.M., et al. Ketoprofen versus indomethacin in patients with acute gouty arthritis: a multicenter, double blind comparative study. The Journal of Rheumatology 15 (1988) 1422-1426
29. Weiner G.I., White S.R., Weitzner R.I., et al. Double blind study of phenoprofen versus phenylbutazone in acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 22 (1979) 425-426
30. Lederman R. A double-blind comparison of etodolac (Lodine) and high doses of naproxen in the treatment of acute gout. Advances in Therapy 7 (1990) 344-354
31. Shrestha M., Morgan D.L., Moreden J.M., et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of the analgesic efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac and oral indomethacin in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Annals of Emergency Medicine 26 (1995) 682-686
32. Maccagno A., Di Giorgio E., and Romanowicz A. Effectiveness of etodolac (Lodine) compared with naproxen in patients with acute gout. Current Medical Research and Opinion 12 (1991) 423-429
33. Schumacher H.R., Boice J., Daikh D.I., et al. Randomized double-blind trial of etoricoxib and indomethacin in treatment of acute gouty arthritis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 324 (2002) 1488-1492
34. Rubin B.R., Burton R., Navarra S., et al. Efficacy and safety profile of treatment with etoricoxib 120 mg once daily compared with indomethacin 50 mg three times daily in acute gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism 50 (2004) 598-606
35. Cheng T., Lai H., Chiu C., and Chen Y. A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial to assess the efficacy and tolerability of rofecoxib, diclofenac sodium, and meloxicam in patients with acute gouty arthritis. Clinical Therapeutics 26 (2004) 399-406
36. Groff G.D., Franck W.A., and Raddatz D.A. Systemic steroid therapy for acute gout: a clinical trial and review of the literature. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 19 (1990) 329-336
37. Fernandez C., Noguera R., Gonzalez J.A., and Pasquel E. Treatment of acute attacks of gout with small doses of intraarticular triamcinolone acetonide. The Journal of Rheumatology 26 (1999) 2285-2286
38. Spies T.D., and Stone R.E. Relief of the symptoms of acute gout and rheumatoid arthritis by means of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Southern Medical Journal 42 (1949) 720-722
39. Gutman A.B., and Yu T.F. Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in gout. The American Journal of Medicine 9 (1950) 24-30
40. Ritter J., Kerr L.D., Valerano-Marcet J., and Spiera H. ACTH revisited: effective treatment for acute crystal induced synovitis in patients with multiple medical problems. The Journal of Rheumatology 21 (1994) 696-699
41. Alloway J.A., Moriarty M.J., Hoogland Y.T., and Nashel D. Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide with indomethacin in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 20 (1993) 111-113
42. Siegel L.B., Alloway J.A., and Nashel D.J. Comparison of adrenocorticotropic hormone and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of gouty arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 21 (1994) 1325-1327
43. Axelrod D., and Preston S. Comparison of parenteral adrenocorticotropic hormone with oral indomethacin in the treatment of acute gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism 31 (1988) 803-805
44. Getting S.I., Christian H.C., Flower R.J., et al. Activation of melanocortin type 3 receptor as a molecular mechanism for adreno-corticotropic hormone efficacy in gouty arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 46 (2002) 2765-2775
45. Dorwart B.B., Hansell J.R., and Schumacher H.R. Effects of cold and heat on urate crystal-induced synovitis in the dog. Arthritis and Rheumatism 17 (1974) 563-572
46. Schlesinger N., Baker D.G., Beutler A.M., et al. Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 29 (2002) 331-334
47. Agudelo C.A., Schumacher H.R., and Phelps P. Effect of exercise on urate crystal-induced inflammation in canine joints. Arthritis and Rheumatism 15 (1972) 609-616
48. Fraser R.C., Davis R.H., and Walker F.S. Comparative trial of azapropazone and indomethacin plus allopurinol in acute gout and hyperuricaemia. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 37 (1987) 409-411
49. Douglas G., and Thompson M. A comparison of phenylbutazone and flufenamic acid in the treatment of acute gout. Annals of Physical Medicine 10 (1970) 275-280
50. Gutman A., and Yu T. Protracted uricosuric therapy in tophaceous gout. Lancet 21 (1957) 1258-1260
51. Shoji A., Yamanaka H., and Kamatani N. A retrospective study of the relationship between serum level and recurrent attacks of gouty arthritis: evidence for reduction of recurrent gouty arthritis with antihyperuricemic therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism 51 (2004) 321-325
52. Yu T.F., and Gutman A.B. Efficacy of colchicine prophylaxis in gout, prevention of recurrent gouty arthritis over a mean period of five years in 208 gouty subjects. Annals of Internal Medicine 55 (1961) 179-192
53. Li-Yu J., Clayburne G., Sieck M., et al. Treatment of chronic gout. Can we determinne when urates stores are depleted enough to prevent attacks of gout?. The Journal of Rheumatology 28 (2001) 577-580
54. Perez-Ruiz F., Calabozo M., Pijoan J.I., et al. Effect of urate-lowering therapy on the velocity of size reduction of tophi in chronic gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism 47 (2002) 356-360
55. Wortmann R.L., Schumacher H.R., Becker M.A., et al. Reduction in tophus size in subjects with chronic gout treated with febuxostat or allopurinol for 52 weeks - FACT trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 supplement (2005) S108 (abstract)
56. Vogt B. Urate oxidase (rasburicase) for treatment of severe tophaceous gout. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 20 (2005) 431-433
57. Baraf H.S.B., Kim S., Matsumoto A.K., and Maroli A.N. Resolution of tophi with intravenous Peg-uricase in refractory gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 supplement (2005) S105 (abstract)
58. Bomalaski J.S., Lluberas G., and Schumacher H.R. Monosodium urate crystals in the knee joints of patients with asymptomatic, nontophaceous gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism 29 (1986) 1480-1484
59. Perez-Ruiz F., Calabozo M., Fernandez-Lopez J., et al. Treatment of chronic gout in patients with renal function impairment. An open, randomized, actively controlled study. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 5 (1999) 49-55
60. Yang W., Sarawate C., Griffith C., et al. Ability to attain target serum uric acid level in gout patients on allopurinol. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 supplement (2005) S410 (abstract)
61. Reidel A.A., Nelson M., Joseph-Ridge N., et al. Compliance with allopurinol therapy among managed care enrollees with gout: a retrospective analysis of administrative claims. The Journal of Rheumatology 31 (2004) 1575-1581
62. Hande K.R., Noone R.M., and Stone W.J. Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency. The American Journal of Medicine 76 (1984) 47-55
63. Ferraz M.B., and O'Brien B. A cost effectiveness analysis of urate lowering drugs in nontophaceous recurrent gouty arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 22 (1995) 908-914
64. Sarawate C., Patel P., Brewer K.K., et al. Impact of serum uric acid on risk of acute gout attacks. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 (2005) S106 (abstract)
65. Loebl W.Y., and Scott J.T. Withdrawal of allopurinol in patients with gout. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 33 (1974) 304-307
66. Van Lieshout-Zuidema M.F., and Breedveld F.C. Withdrawal of longterm antihyperuricemic therapy in tophaceous gout. The Journal of Rheumatology 20 (1993) 1383-1385
67. Gast L.F. Withdrawal on longterm antihyperuricemic therapy in tophaceous gout. Clinical Rheumatology 6 (1987) 70-73
68. Borstad G.C., Bryant L.R., Abel M.P., et al. Colchicine for prophylaxis of acute flares when initiating allopurinol for chronic gouty arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 31 (2004) 2429-2432
69. Choi H.K. Diet, alcohol and gout: how do we advise patients given recent developments. Current Rheumatology Reports 7 (2005) 220-226
70. Choi H.K., and Curhan G. Beer, liquor, and wine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arthritis and Rheumatism 51 (2004) 1023-1029
71. Fam A.G. Gout: excess calories, purines, and alcohol intake and beyond. Response to a urate-lowering diet. The Journal of Rheumatology 32 (2005) 773-777
72. Dessein P.H., Shipton E.A., Stanwix A.E., et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 59 (2000) 539-543
73. Tate G.A., Mandell B.F., Karmali R.A., et al. Suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced acute inflammation by diets enriched with gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Arthritis and Rheumatism 31 (1988) 1543-1551
74. Huang H.-Y., Appel L.J., Choi M.J., et al. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 (2005) 1843-1847
75. Jacob R.A., Spinozzi G.M., Simon V.A., et al. Consumption of cherries lowers serum urate in healthy women. The Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003) 1826-1829
76. Unno T., Sugimoto A., and Kakuda T. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93 (2004) 391-395
77. Owen P.L., and Johns T. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of northeastern North American plant remedies used for gout. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64 (1999) 149-160
78. Murphy-Bielicki B., and Schumacher H.R. How does patient education affect gout?. Clinical Rheumatology Practice 2 (1984) 77-80
79. Macfarlane D.G., and Dieppe P.A. Diuretic-induced gout in elderly women. British Journal of Rheumatology 24 (1985) 155-157
80. Louthrenoo W., Kasitanon N., Wichainun R., and Sukitawut W. Effect of minidose aspirin on renal function and renal uric acid handing in healthy young adults. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 8 (2002) 299-304
81. Wurzner G., Gerster J.C., Chiolero A., et al. Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaema and gout. Journal of Hypertension 19 (2001) 1855-1860
82. Soffer B.A., Wright Jr. J.T., Pratt J.H., et al. Effects of losartan on a background of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension. Hypertension 26 (1995) 112-117
83. Takahashi S., Moriwaki Y., Yamamoto T., et al. Effects of combination treatment using anti-hyperuricaemic agents with fenofibrate and/or losartan on uric acid metabolism. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 62 (2003) 572-575
84. Feher M.D., Hepburn A.L., Hogarth M.B., et al. Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42 (2003) 321-325
85. Chanard J., Toupance O., Lavaud S., et al. Amlodipine reduces cyclosporine-induced hyperuricaemia in hypertensive renal transplant recipients. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 18 (2003) 2147-2153
86. Emmerson B.T. Effect of oral fructose on urate production. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 33 (1974) 276-280
87. Fox I.H., and Kelley W.N. Studies on the mechanism of fructose-induced hyperuricemia in man. Metabolism 21 (1972) 713-721
88. Schumacher H.R. Febuxostat: a non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14 (2005) 893-903
89. Bomalaski J.S., and Clark M.A. Serum uric acid lowering therapies: where are we heading in management and the potential role of uricase. Current Rheumatology Reports 6 (2004) 240-247
90. Fourgueray P., and Zeiller J.-J. Potent and rapid uricosuric effect of single and repeated doses of EMD 336340 in healthy volunteers. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 supplement (2005) 501 (abstract)
91. Garg J.P., Chasan-Taber S., Blair A., et al. Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on uric acid concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis. A randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 (2005) 290-295
92. German D.C. A simple measurement to monitor the size of gouty tophi and rheumatoid nodules. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 3 (1997) 45-46
93. Schumacher H.R., Becker M.A., Wortmann R., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of gouty tophi during treatment with febuxostat, a non purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Arthritis and Rheumatism 50 (2004) S336
94. Kumar S., and Gow P. A survey of indications, results and complications of surgery for tophaceous gout. The New Zealand Medical Journal 115 (2002) v109-v112
95. Fam A.G., Dunne S.M., Iazzetta J., and Paton T.W. Efficacy and safety of desensitization to allopurinol following cutaneous reaction. Arthritis and Rheumatism 44 (2001) 231-238
96. Vazquez-Mellado J., Vazquez S.G., Barrientos J.C., et al. Desensitization to allopurinol after allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome with renal involvement in gout. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 6 (2000) 266-268
97. Hoffman L. My gout and allopurinol desensitization. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 8 (2002) 354-357
98. Hung S.I., Chung W.H., Liou L.B., et al. HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for servere cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 4134-4139
99. Schlesinger N. Management of acute and chronic gouty arthritis. Drugs 64 (2004) 2399-2416
100. Mikuls T.R., and Saag K.G. Gout treatment: what is evidence based and how do we determine and promote optimized clinical care?. Current Rheumatology Reports 7 (2005) 242-249
101. Bieber J.D., and Terkeltaub R.A. On the brink of novel therapeutic options for an ancient disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism 50 (2004) 2400-2414
102. Scott J.J. New knowledge on the pathogenesis of gout. Journal of Clinical Pathology 12 (1978) 205-213