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Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 70-105

The travails of balance of power theory: The United States in the Middle East

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EID: 33748475527     PISSN: 09636412     EISSN: 15561852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09636410600666279     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (6)

References (234)
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    • To be sure, Walt considers ideology in his formulation. He does so, however, in attempting to understand why states align together rather than why they balance against others. This is a fundamental difference. On balancing motivations, see (New York: W.W. Norton)
    • To be sure, Walt considers ideology in his formulation. He does so, however, in attempting to understand why states align together rather than why they balance against others. This is a fundamental difference. On balancing motivations, see Edward Vose Gulick, Europe's Classical Balance of Power (New York: W.W. Norton, 1955)
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    • Also see footnotes 6 and 7 herein
    • Also see footnotes 6 and 7 herein.
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    • The Persian Gulf consists of Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain
    • The Persian Gulf consists of Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain.
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    • Game theory might treat this as a nested game in future work.
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    • Thus, using neorealism, one scholar predicts China will balance the United States after the Cold War
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    • As opposed to "soft balancing" which is primarily non-militarily based. See Robert A. Pape, "Soft Balancing against the United States," International Security 30, no. 1 (Summer 2005): 7-45.
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    • Also see T.V. Paul, "Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy," International Security 30, no. 1 (Summer 2005): Esp. 58-59.
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    • That is what measures of power, such as cow, seek to capture. On cow, see esp
    • That is what measures of power, such as cow, seek to capture. On cow, see Ibid., esp. 26-27.
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    • Prince Bandar bin Sultan, Saudi Ambassador to the United States, interview with author, 28 October 1997, Washington, DC. Also see Yetiv, America and the Persian Gulf.
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    • See statements by Secretary of Defense Harold Brown and General Jones, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in U.S. House, (Washington, DC: GPO) 221
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    • Also see U.S. Congress, (Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office) XIV, 4
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    • See record of testimony by General Commander in Chief of the U.S. Central Command, before Senate Armed Services Committee, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., 8 February (Henceforth this reference is cited as Schwarzkopf statement.)
    • See record of testimony by General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, Commander in Chief of the U.S. Central Command, before Senate Armed Services Committee, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., 8 February 1990, 173-302. (Henceforth this reference is cited as Schwarzkopf statement.)
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    • "U.S. Officials React Warily; Put Bakhtiar Odds at 50-50"
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    • Also see Bernard Gwertzman, "U.S. Officials React Warily; Put Bakhtiar Odds at 50-50," New York Times, 17 January 1979.
    • (1979) New York Times
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    • See, for instance, memorandum, U.S. Department of State, 7 October
    • See, for instance, Nicholas A. Veliotes to Lawrence Eagleburger, memorandum, U.S. Department of State, 7 October 1983, 2.
    • (1983) , pp. 2
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    • On perceptions of the Iranian threat, see the (Washington, DC: GPO) (Henceforth, this is referred to as the Iran-Contra Affair report.)
    • On perceptions of the Iranian threat, see the Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (Washington, DC: GPO, 1987), 159. (Henceforth, this is referred to as the Iran-Contra Affair report.)
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    • Rumsfeld Mission, U.S. Department of State, London 27572: 13 January release
    • Rumsfeld Mission, U.S. Department of State, London 27572: 13 January 1994 release.
    • (1994)
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    • Rumsfeld Mission, U.S. Department of State, London 27572: 13 January release
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    • (1994)
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    • "Iran's Quest for Superpower Status"
    • See (Spring)
    • See Gary Sick, "Iran's Quest for Superpower Status," Foreign Affairs 65 (Spring 1997): 697-715.
    • (1997) Foreign Affairs , vol.65 , pp. 697-715
    • Sick, G.1
  • 118
    • 33748444370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GCC was formed in May 1981 and consists of Saudi Arabia, its leader, and Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Bahrain
    • GCC was formed in May 1981 and consists of Saudi Arabia, its leader, and Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Bahrain.
  • 119
    • 33748461577 scopus 로고
    • This is clear in various declassified memos. See (National Intelligence Council 02545-85: 17 May) Declassified top secret National Security Council draft memo
    • This is clear in various declassified memos. See Graham E. Fuller, Toward a Policy on Iran (National Intelligence Council 02545-85: 17 May 1985). Declassified top secret National Security Council draft memo.
    • (1985) Toward a Policy on Iran
    • Fuller, G.E.1
  • 121
    • 0039046680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See (New York: Random House) Walsh was the independent council on Iran-Contra
    • See Lawrence E. Walsh, Iran-Contra: The Final Report (New York: Random House, 1994), 16-24. Walsh was the independent council on Iran-Contra.
    • (1994) Iran-Contra: The Final Report , pp. 16-24
    • Walsh, L.E.1
  • 122
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    • Also see (New York: Bantam Books, February)
    • Also see The Tower Commission Report (New York: Bantam Books, February 1987), 438-49.
    • (1987) The Tower Commission Report , pp. 438-449
  • 124
    • 33748441373 scopus 로고
    • See declassified memorandum to Robert McFarlane, in US Policy Toward Iran, National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) (NSC/ICS 402010: 11 June) Also see John M. Poindexter to President Reagan, memorandum, 6 January 1983, in Covert Action Finding Regarding Iran, Iran-Contra Affair 0201, National Security Archive
    • See declassified memorandum to Robert McFarlane, in US Policy Toward Iran, National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) (NSC/ICS 402010: 11 June 1985). Also see John M. Poindexter to President Reagan, memorandum, 6 January 1983, in Covert Action Finding Regarding Iran, Iran-Contra Affair 0201, National Security Archive.
    • (1985)
  • 126
    • 33748446763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • to the director of the CIA, declassified memorandum
    • Graham Fuller to the director of the CIA, declassified memorandum, in Toward A Policy on Iran.
    • Toward A Policy on Iran
    • Fuller, G.1
  • 130
    • 84906608013 scopus 로고
    • "The U.S. Overture to Iran, 1985-1986: An Analysis"
    • On U.S. motivations, see in ed. Nikki R. Keddie and Mark J. Gasiorowski (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    • On U.S. motivations, see James A. Bill, "The U.S. Overture to Iran, 1985-1986: An Analysis," in Neither East Nor West: Iran, The Soviet Union, and the United States, ed. Nikki R. Keddie and Mark J. Gasiorowski (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
    • (1990) Neither East Nor West: Iran, The Soviet Union, and the United States
    • Bill, J.A.1
  • 131
    • 33748463573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, interview with author, 30 May 1996, Alexandria, VA
    • General Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, interview with author, 30 May 1996, Alexandria, VA.
    • Powell, C.1
  • 132
    • 33748450099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iran-Contra Affair Report
    • Iran-Contra Affair report, 228-29
  • 133
    • 33748457295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tower Commission Report
    • Tower Commission Report, 225.
  • 135
    • 85022056875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the vice president's role, see report
    • On the vice president's role, see Iran-Contra Affair report, 247-48.
    • Iran-Contra Affair , pp. 247-248
  • 136
    • 79960074191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For instance, NSDD, (NSC/ICS 402010: draft)
    • For instance, NSDD, US Policy Toward Iran (NSC/ICS 402010: Draft)
    • US Policy Toward Iran
  • 139
  • 140
    • 33748449265 scopus 로고
    • Robert McFarlane to the White House, top secret memorandum, 17 June
    • Robert McFarlane to the White House, top secret memorandum, 17 June 1985.
    • (1985)
  • 141
    • 0004128502 scopus 로고
    • (New York: Bantam Books, February esp. 28, 36-39
    • Tower Commission Report (New York: Bantam Books, February 1987), esp. 28, 36-39, 20-225.
    • (1987) Tower Commission Report , pp. 20-225
  • 142
    • 33748449644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also see Iran-Contra Affair report
    • Also see Iran-Contra Affair report, 277-78.
  • 143
    • 33748473386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Iran-Contra Affair report, 163
    • See Iran-Contra Affair report, 163, 167
  • 144
    • 33748468560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iran-Contra: The Final Report
    • Walsh, Iran-Contra: The Final Report, 10.
    • Walsh, L.E.1
  • 145
    • 33748466143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iran-Contra Affair report
    • Iran-Contra Affair report, 193.
  • 146
    • 0003460355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the role of high-level administration officials, see (New York: W.W. Norton)
    • On the role of high-level administration officials, see Lawrence E. Walsh, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).
    • (1997) Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up
    • Walsh, L.E.1
  • 147
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    • See 11 February
    • See New York Times, 11 February 1987.
    • (1987) New York Times
  • 148
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    • See (Boulder: Westview Press)
    • See Shahram Chubin and Charles Tripp, Iran And Iraq At War (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), 196-97.
    • (1988) Iran And Iraq At War , pp. 196-197
    • Chubin, S.1    Tripp, C.2
  • 150
    • 33748471312 scopus 로고
    • Also see text of interview with Assistant Secretary Richard Murphy (ibid.). In addition, see record of testimony by before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 16 June 1987, August
    • Also see text of interview with Assistant Secretary Richard Murphy (ibid.). In addition, see record of testimony by Michael H. Armacost before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 16 June 1987, Department of State Bulletin 87, August 1987.
    • (1987) Department of State Bulletin , vol.87
    • Armacost, M.H.1
  • 151
    • 33748459413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "US Navy: Iran Triples Gulf Deployed Missiles"
    • Also see Reuters 20 July
    • Also see Reuters, "US Navy: Iran Triples Gulf Deployed Missiles," 20 July 1996.
    • (1996)
  • 154
    • 33748470093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "US Navy: Iran Triples Gulf Deployed Missiles"
    • Reuters
    • Reuters, "US Navy: Iran Triples Gulf Deployed Missiles."
  • 155
    • 33748469716 scopus 로고
    • See record of testimony before subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, 3 March in (Washington, DC: GPO, 1988), Table 2
    • See George B. Crist, record of testimony before subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, 3 March 1988, in Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1989 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1988), Table 2, 178.
    • (1988) Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1989 , pp. 178
    • Crist, G.B.1
  • 156
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    • Sandra Charles, interview with author, 5 June 1997, Washington, DC. Charles was part of that team. For a good summary of the reflagging mission, see
    • Sandra Charles, interview with author, 5 June 1997, Washington, DC. Charles was part of that team. For a good summary of the reflagging mission, see Middle East Contemporary Survey 11 (1987): 29-35.
    • (1987) Middle East Contemporary Survey , vol.11 , pp. 29-35
  • 157
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    • Hearings and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, HR Res.216, 100th Congress
    • Overview of the Situation in the Persian Gulf, Hearings and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, HR Res.216, 100th Congress, (1987), 302.
    • (1987) Overview of the Situation in the Persian Gulf , pp. 302
  • 158
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    • Also see Staff Report to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, (November)
    • Also see Staff Report to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, War in the Persian Gulf: The U.S. Takes Sides (November 1987).
    • (1987) War in the Persian Gulf: The U.S. Takes Sides
  • 159
    • 33748474974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On these exercises, see statement
    • On these exercises, see Schwarzkopf statement, 55.
    • Schwarzkopf1
  • 160
    • 33748441185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • interview
    • Charles, interview.
    • Charles1
  • 161
    • 33748460299 scopus 로고
    • Issue 36749. Presidential Determination 87-20, (23 September)
    • Presidential Determination 87-20, Federal Register 52, no. 36749 (23 September 1987).
    • (1987) Federal Register , vol.52
  • 163
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    • interview, PBS, 9 and 10 January
    • Richard Haass, interview, Frontline, PBS, 9 and 10 January 1996.
    • (1996) Frontline
    • Haass, R.1
  • 164
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    • "Backfire: US Policy Toward Iraq, 1988-2 August 1990"
    • For more extensive analysison this period see (Winter) esp
    • For more extensive analysison this period see Zachary Karabell, "Backfire: US Policy Toward Iraq, 1988-2 August 1990," Middle East Journal 49, no.1 (Winter 1995): Esp. 32-38.
    • (1995) Middle East Journal , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-38
    • Karabell, Z.1
  • 166
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    • This is made clear in critical staff reports to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in (Washington, DC: GPO, October) and in Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein (Washington, DC: GPO, November 1991)
    • This is made clear in critical staff reports to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in Chemical Weapons Use in Kurdistan: Iraq's Final Offensive (Washington, DC: GPO, October 1988) and in Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein (Washington, DC: GPO, November 1991).
    • (1988) Chemical Weapons Use in Kurdistan: Iraq's Final Offensive
  • 169
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    • "Saddam Hussein's speech to the Arab Cooperation Council"
    • See
    • See "Saddam Hussein's speech to the Arab Cooperation Council."
  • 170
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    • General interview, PBS, 9 and 10 January
    • General Colin Powell, interview, Frontline, PBS, 9 and 10 January 1996.
    • (1996) Frontline
    • Powell, C.1
  • 171
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    • Hare report to Secretary James Baker, 23 March 1989, in Iraqgate Collection, fiche 123, National Security Archive
    • Hare report to Secretary James Baker, 23 March 1989, in Iraqgate Collection, fiche 123, National Security Archive.
  • 172
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    • Deputy National Security Adviser, interview, PBS, 9 and 10 January
    • Robert Gates, Deputy National Security Adviser, interview, Frontline, PBS, 9 and 10 January 1996.
    • (1996) Frontline
    • Gates, R.1
  • 173
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    • interview, PBS, 9 and 10 January
    • James Baker, interview, Frontline, PBS, 9 and 10 January 1996.
    • (1996) Frontline
    • Baker, J.1
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    • interview with author, 19 February Washington, DC
    • Brent Scowcroft, interview with author, 19 February 1999, Washington, DC.
    • (1999)
    • Scowcroft, B.1
  • 176
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    • interview (off-the-record)
    • Scowcroft, interview (off-the-record).
    • Scowcroft, B.1
  • 177
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    • "Backfire"
    • For a brief recapitulation of this approach, see esp
    • For a brief recapitulation of this approach, see Karabell, "Backfire," esp. 31-33.
    • Karabell, Z.1
  • 178
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    • interview with author, 30 June Washington, DC. Pollack was a CIA analyst at the time
    • Kenneth Pollack, interview with author, 30 June 2005, Washington, DC. Pollack was a CIA analyst at the time.
    • (2005)
    • Pollack, K.1
  • 180
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    • Deputy to the Deputy Secretary of State, telephone interview with author, 29 July
    • Kenneth Juster, Deputy to the Deputy Secretary of State, telephone interview with author, 29 July 1996.
    • (1996)
    • Juster, K.1
  • 181
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    • "Excerpts from Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy"
    • For the text of the transcript of the Glaspie meeting, see 23 September
    • For the text of the transcript of the Glaspie meeting, see "Excerpts from Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy," New York Times, 23 September 1990.
    • (1990) New York Times
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    • Deputy Secretary of State, telephone interview with author, 23 July
    • Lawrence Eagleburger, Deputy Secretary of State, telephone interview with author, 23 July 1996.
    • (1996)
    • Eagleburger, L.1
  • 183
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    • "Thinking About a Policy for Iraq"
    • 12 January in Iraqgate Collection, fiche 179
    • "Thinking About a Policy for Iraq," 12 January 1990, in Iraqgate Collection, fiche 179.
    • (1990)
  • 184
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    • Indeed, David Lake points out that U.S. foreign policy has always shifted between approaches of unilateralism and security cooperation, and within the latter between more anarchic and more hierarchical security relationships. See (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
    • Indeed, David Lake points out that U.S. foreign policy has always shifted between approaches of unilateralism and security cooperation, and within the latter between more anarchic and more hierarchical security relationships. See David Lake, Entangling Relations: American foreign policy in its century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 285.
    • (1999) Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century , pp. 285
    • Lake, D.1
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    • "The False Promise of International Institutions"
    • (Winter) esp. 26-34
    • John J. Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security 19, no. 3 (Winter 1994/95): Esp. 26-34.
    • (1994) International Security , vol.19 , Issue.3
    • Mearsheimer, J.J.1
  • 190
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    • See (Summer) esp. 119
    • See Charles A. Kupchan and Clifford A. Kupchan, "Concerts, Collective Security, and the Future of Europe," International Security 16, no. 1 (Summer 1991): Esp. 119.
    • (1991) International Security , vol.16 , Issue.1
    • Kupchan, C.A.1    Kupchan, C.A.2
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    • Secretary of State, interview with author, 26 July Washington, DC
    • James Baker, Secretary of State, interview with author, 26 July 1996, Washington, DC.
    • (1996)
    • Baker, J.1
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    • interview with author; Baker, interview with author
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    • Powell, C.1
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    • interview with author; Scowcroft, interview
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    • Powell, C.1
  • 194
    • 33748473385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In dozens of hours of Frontline interviews with decision makers, the word "balance" was used only twice; the term "balance of power" was used only once
    • In dozens of hours of Frontline interviews with decision makers, the word "balance" was used only twice; the term "balance of power" was used only once.
  • 195
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    • interview with author
    • Baker, interview with author.
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    • Off-the-record interview with author.
  • 197
  • 198
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    • This paragraph is based on author's interview with Ambassador Chas W. Freeman, Jr. who worked with General Schwarzkopf in theater, 19 February 1999, Washington, DC
    • This paragraph is based on author's interview with Ambassador Chas W. Freeman, Jr. who worked with General Schwarzkopf in theater, 19 February 1999, Washington, DC.
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    • telephone interview
    • Eagleburger, telephone interview.
    • Eagleburger, L.1
  • 200
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    • Dual containment lasted until 1998 when the United States adopted "containment-plus," but this study covers the period until 1996
    • Dual containment lasted until 1998 when the United States adopted "containment-plus," but this study covers the period until 1996.
  • 201
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    • "Confronting Backlash States"
    • (March-April)
    • Anthony Lake, "Confronting Backlash States," Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (March-April 1994); 48.
    • (1994) Foreign Affairs , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 48
    • Lake, A.1
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    • "U.S. Policy Toward Iran and Iraq: Symposium on Dual Containment"
    • 2, this is done
    • Martin Indyk et al., "U.S. Policy Toward Iran and Iraq: Symposium on Dual Containment," Middle East Policy 3, no. 1 (1994); 2, 15. this is done
    • (1994) Middle East Policy , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 15
    • Indyk, M.1
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    • "Confronting Backlash States"
    • Lake, "Confronting Backlash States," 46.
    • Lake, A.1
  • 204
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    • "Differentiated Containment"
    • Martin Indyk, Speech to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, (18 May 1993). For the most recent critique of dual containment, see (May/June)
    • Martin Indyk, Speech to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, (18 May 1993). For the most recent critique of dual containment, see Zbigniew Brzezinski, Brent Scowcroft, and Richard Murphy, "Differentiated Containment," Foreign Affairs 76, no. 3 (May/June 1997): 20-30.
    • (1997) Foreign Affairs , vol.76 , Issue.3 , pp. 20-30
    • Brzezinski, Z.1    Scowcroft, B.2    Murphy, R.3
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    • "Confronting Backlash States"
    • Lake, "Confronting Backlash States," 52.
    • Lake, A.1
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    • "The Illogic of Dual Containment"
    • (March/April)
    • F. Gregory Gause III, "The Illogic of Dual Containment," Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (March/April 1994): 60.
    • (1994) Foreign Affairs , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 60
    • Gause III, F.G.1
  • 210
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    • Under Secretary of Political Affairs, in (13 November)
    • Peter Tarnoff, Under Secretary of Political Affairs, in US Department of State Dispatch 6 (13 November 1994): 832.
    • (1994) US Department of State Dispatch , vol.6 , pp. 832
    • Tarnoff, P.1
  • 211
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    • "American Objectives in the Middle East"
    • Also see Lake, "Confronting Backlash States." For a more recent statement, see in (3 June)
    • Also see Lake, "Confronting Backlash States." For a more recent statement, see Robert H. Pelletreau, "American Objectives in the Middle East," in US Department of State Dispatch 7 (3 June 1996): 286.
    • (1996) US Department of State Dispatch , vol.7 , pp. 286
    • Pelletreau, R.H.1
  • 212
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    • "Symposium on Dual Containment"
    • See, for instance, Also see Lake, "Confronting Backlash States," esp. 48-50
    • See, for instance, Indyk et al., "Symposium on Dual Containment," 2. Also see Lake, "Confronting Backlash States," esp. 48-50
    • Indyk, M.1
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    • Shibley Telhami, "Are We Stuck in Iraq?" Thawra Net-Watch, 21 March 2005.
    • (2005) Thawra Net-Watch
    • Telhami, S.1
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    • (New York: Harper & Row) Toulmin refers to post-diction as retro-diction in that it aims to "predict the nature of things yet to be discovered about the past."
    • Stephen Toulmin, Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the aims of Science (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), 26. Toulmin refers to post-diction as retro-diction in that it aims to "predict the nature of things yet to be discovered about the past."
    • (1961) Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry Into the Aims of Science , pp. 26
    • Toulmin, S.1
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    • Special Assistant to the President for Near East and South Asian Affairs, telephone interview with author, 13 June
    • Richard Haass, Special Assistant to the President for Near East and South Asian Affairs, telephone interview with author, 13 June 1996.
    • (1996)
    • Haass, R.1
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    • "Bandwagoning for Profit"
    • See
    • See Schweller, "Bandwagoning for Profit."
    • Schweller, R.L.1
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    • See 2 (Spring)
    • See R.K. Ramazani, "Iran's Foreign Policy: Contending Orientations," Middle East Journal 43, no. 2 (Spring 1989): 204-08.
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    • Ramazani, R.K.1
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    • Few if any theories exist to help answer this question, a shortcoming recognized by some who helped fashion the U.S. approach toward Iraq after the Iran-Iraq war. Richard Haass, discussion with author, 17 April 1997, New York
    • Few if any theories exist to help answer this question, a shortcoming recognized by some who helped fashion the U.S. approach toward Iraq after the Iran-Iraq war. Richard Haass, discussion with author, 17 April 1997, New York.
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    • "Revolutionary Iran and War With Iraq"
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    • See Richard W. Cottam, "Revolutionary Iran and War With Iraq," Current History 80 (January 1981): Esp. 5-9.
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    • On works that find realism obsolete, see (Autumn)
    • On works that find realism obsolete, see Ethan B. Kapstein, "Is Realism Dead?: The domestic sources of international politics," International Organization 49, no. 4 (Autumn 1995): 751-74
    • (1995) International Organization , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 751-774
    • Kapstein, E.B.1
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    • Jeffrey W. Legro and Andrew Moravcsik, "Is Anybody Still a Realist?" International Security 24, no. 2 (Autumn 1999): 5-55.
    • (1999) International Security , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 5-55
    • Legro, J.W.1    Moravcsik, A.2
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    • "Bandwaging for Profit"
    • On how balancing is exaggerated to the neglect of bandwagoning, see
    • On how balancing is exaggerated to the neglect of bandwagoning, see Schweller, "Bandwaging for Profit."
    • Schweller, R.L.1
  • 228
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    • See ed., (Ithaca: Cornell University Press) For an opposing argument that states in fact are balancing against the United States but in ways that are non-militarily based, see Pape, "Soft Balancing against the United States"
    • See G. John Ikenberry, ed., America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002). For an opposing argument that states in fact are balancing against the United States but in ways that are non-militarily based, see Pape, "Soft Balancing against the United States"
    • (2002) America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power
    • Ikenberry, G.J.1
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    • "Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy"
    • esp
    • Paul, "Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy," esp. 58-59.
    • Paul, T.V.1
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    • "The Policy of the Reagan Administration toward Iran"
    • See in esp
    • See Eric Hoogland, "The Policy of the Reagan Administration toward Iran," in Neither East Nor West, esp. 190-92.
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    • Hoogland, E.1
  • 231


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.