Vermont and the imaginative geographies of American whiteness

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 96, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 641-659

  Vanderbeck, Robert M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Imaginative geographies; New England; Racialization; Vermont; Whiteness

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH; POLITICS; RACIAL IDENTITY;

NEW ENGLAND; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; VERMONT;

EID: 33748276059     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00710.x     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Alexander, T. 2004. From Oklahomans to "Okies": Identity formation in rural California. Unpublished Ph.D. diss. Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University. Available at: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04152004-155709/ (last accessed 1 August 2005).
2. Allen, T. W. 2001. On Roediger's Wages of whiteness. Cultural Logic 4 (2), online edition, http://eserver.org/clogic/4-2/allen.html (last accessed 1 August 2005).
3. Allison, C. B. 1998. Okie narratives: Agency and whiteness. In White reign: Deploying whiteness in America, ed. J. L. Kincheloe, S. R. Steinberg, N. M. Rodriguez, and R. E. Chennault, 229-44. London: Macmillan.
4. Anderson, E. 1937. We Americans: A study of cleavage in an American city. New York: Russell and Russell [1967 Reissue].
5. Anderson, Kay J. 1991. Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial discourse in Canada, 1875-1980. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
6. Anderson, Katharine. 2004. Hunt for red October: A cultural geography of foliage season in Vermont. Research-in-Progress Seminar #183. Center for Research on Vermont. Recorded and televised 18 November 2004.
7. Andrucki, M. 2004. "White man's country": Making race and space in early colonial Kenya. Unpublished manuscript available from the author.
8. Bassett, T. D. S. 1992. Some intolerant Vermonters. In We Vermonters: Perspectives on the past, ed. M. Sherman and J. Versteeg, 135-44. Burlington: Vermont Historical Society.
9. B-Chan from Texas. 2003. Post to http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/ f-news/1034164/posts. posted 4 December 2003 (last accessed 23 August 2005).
10. Bohjalian, C. 2005. While on tour... Vermont Magazine May/June:7 -10.
11. Bonnett, A. 2000. White identities: Historical and international perspectives. New York: Prentice Hall.
12. Bonnett, A., and A. Nayak. 2003. Cultural geographies of racialization-The territory of race. In Handbook of cultural geography, ed. K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile, and N. Thrift, 300-12. London: Sage.
13. Brodkin, K. 1998. How the Jews became white folks and what that says about race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
14. Brooks, D. 2000. Bobos in paradise: The new upper class and how they got there. New York: Simon & Schuster.
15. Brown, D. 2004. Back to the land in the 1930s: The roots of the new agrarianism in Vermont. Research in Progress Seminar No. 178. The Center for Research on Vermont, University of Vermont. 25 March [videorecording available from The Center].
16. Bryan, F., and B. Mares. 1983. Real Vermonters don't milk goats. Shelburne, VT: New England Press.
17. Bryan, F., and B. Mares 1987. Out! The Vermont secession book. Shelburne, VT: New England Press.
18. Cable News Network. 2004. Election results, http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/ 2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html (last accessed 1 February 2005).
19. Canfield, D. 1932. Vermont summer homes. Montpelier: Vermont Bureau of Publicity.
20. Cheney, C. 1996 (1976). Vermont: The state with a storybook past. Shelburne, VT: New England Press.
21. Chennault, R. E. 1998. Giving whiteness a black eye: An interview with Michael Eric Dyson. In White reign: Deploying whiteness in America, ed. J. L. Kincheloe, S. R. Steinberg, N. M. Rodriguez, and R. E. Chennault, 299-328. London: Macmillan.
22. Club for Growth. 2004. Back to Vermont, http://www.clubforgrowth.org/video/iowa-dean-script.php?clubforgrowth= e258a11ecf54212113e53fd4df258532 (last accessed 1 August 2005).
23. Cockburn, A. 2004. Don't say we didn't warn you. CounterPunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn11062004.html (last accessed 1 August 2005).
24. Conforti, J. A. 2001. Imagining New England: Explorations of regional identity from the Pilgrims to the mid-twentieth century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
25. Corey, H. 1927. The Green Mountain state. National Geographic March: 333-69.
26. Coulter, A. 2003. Massachusetts Supreme Court abolishes capitalism, http://www.uexpress.com/anncoulter/?uc_full_date=20031126 (accessed 1 April 2005).
27. Crane, C. E. 1937. Let me show you Vermont. New York: Knopf.
28. Cravey, A. J. 1998. Engendering the Latin American state. Progress in Human Geography 4 (1): 523-42.
29. de Jesus, M. L. 2000. "A walkin' fo' de (Rice) cake": A Filipina American feminist's adventures in academia or, a Pinay's progress. Sisters of Color International Journal November. Available at http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~womenstd/SOCI/cakewalk.html (last accessed 17 November 2004).
30. Delaney, D. 2002. The space that race makes. The Professional Geographer 54: 6-14.
31. de Moraes, L. 2005. PBS's "Buster"gets an education. The Washington Post, 27 January. Available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/ wp-dyn/articles/A40188-2005Jan26.html (last accessed 1 August 2005).
32. Duffy, J. J., S. B. Hand, and R. H. Orth. 2003. The Green Mountain Boys. In The Vermont encyclopedia, ed. J. J. Duffy, S. B. Hand, and R. H. Orth, 144. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
33. Duncan, J. S., and N. G. Duncan. 2003. Landscapes of privilege. The politics of the aesthetic in an American suburb. New York: Routledge.
34. Dwyer, O. J., and J. P. Jones III. 2000. White socio-spatial epistemology. Social and Cultural Geography 1 (2): 209-22.
35. Dyer, R. 1988. White. Screen 29 (4): 44-64.
36. East-coast Liberal. 2005. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ East-coast_liberal (last accessed 1 August 2005).
37. Elder, G. S. 2003. Malevolent traditions: Hostel violence and the procreational geography of apartheid. Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (4): 922-35.
38. Fisher, D. C. 1953. Vermont tradition: The biography of an outlook on life. Boston: Little, Brown.
39. Frank, T. 2004. What's the matter with Kansas? How conservatives won the heart of America. New York: Metropolitan Books.
40. Frankenberg, R. 1997. Introduction: Local whitenesses, localizing whiteness. In Displacing whiteness, ed. R. Frankenberg, 1-33. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
41. Frankenberg, R. 2001. The mirage of an unmarked whiteness. In The making and unmaking of whiteness, ed. B. B. Rasmussen, E. Klinenberg, I. J. Nexica, and M. Wray, 72-96. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
42. Gallagher, N. L. 1999. Breeding better Vermonters: The eugenics project in the Green Mountain State. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
43. Gbush. 2005. Post to http://www.fuckfrance.com. Available at http://www.fuckfrance.com/read.html?postid=1239913 (last accessed 6 December 2005).
44. General Assembly of the State of Georgia. 1856. Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Passed in Milledgeville, at a bi-ennial session, in November, December, January, February & March, 1855-56. Compiled, and notes added, by John W. Duncan. Available at http://neptune3.galib.uga.edu/cgi-bin/homepage.cgi?link=zlgl&style= &_id=810b4dc6-1207088177-3276&_cc=1 (last accessed 1 August 2005)
45. Giroux, Henri. (1997). White squall: Resistance and the pedagogy of whiteness. Cultural Studies 11 (3): 376-89.
46. Glaser, J., J. Dixit, and D. P. Green. 2002. Studying hate crime with the Internet: What makes racists advocate racial violence. Journal of Social Issues 58 (1): 177-93.
47. Goldberg, J. 2003. The "Flatlanders"and their King: From Ethan Allen to Calvin Coolidge to Howard Dean how sad. National Review 55 (19), 13 October (last accessed 1 November 2005 via LexisNexis).
48. Goudge, P. 2003. The whiteness of power: Racism in third world development and aid. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
49. Gram, D. 2001. Census 2000: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire the whitest states. Associated Press Online, 10 April. (last accessed 1 November 2005 via LexisNexis).
50. Gregory, D. 1995. Imaginative geographies. Progress in Human Geography 19 (4): 447-85.
51. Guma, G. 1989. The People's Republic: Vermont and the Sanders revolution. Shelburne, VT: New England Press.
52. Guyette, E. A. 1992. Black lives and white racism in Vermont 1760-1870. Master's thesis: University of Vermont.
53. Halbfinger, D. M. 2003. Rivals attack Dean for wooing "guys with Confederate flags."New York Times, 2 November, late edition. (last accessed 1 November 2005 via LexisNexis).
54. Hand, S. 1992. Stocking the state: Observations on immigrants, emigrants, and those who stayed behind. In We Vermonters: Perspectives on the past, ed. M. Sherman and J. Versteeg, 95-106. Burlington: Vermont Historical Society.
55. Hand, S. 2002. The star that set: The Vermont Republican Party 1854-1974. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
56. Hannah, M. G. 2000. Governmentality and the mastery of territory in nineteenth century America. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
57. Hannah, M. G. 2004. Virility and violation in the US "war on terrorism." In A companion to feminist geography, ed. L. Nelson and J. K. Seager, 550-64. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
58. Harrison, B. 2005. Tourism, farm-abandonment, and the "typical"Vermonter, 1880-1930. Journal of Historical Geography 31: 478-95.
59. Hartigan, J. 1997. Name calling: Objectifying "poor whites"and "white trash." In White trash: Class, race and the construction of American identity, ed. M. Wray and A. Newitz, 41-56. New York: Routledge.
60. Hartigan, J. 1999. Racial situations: Class predicaments of whiteness in Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
61. Haviland, W. A., and M. W. Power. 1994. The original Vermonters: Native inhabitants past and present, rev. and expanded ed. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
62. Hayes-Conroy, J. 2005. Popular education for a free society: Joining logos and ergon at the Institute for Social Ecology. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Geography, University of Vermont.
63. Hinrichs, C. C. 1996. Consuming images: Making and marketing Vermont as distinctive rural place. In Creating the countryside: The politics of rural and environmental discourse, ed. E. Melanie Dupuis and P. Vandergeest, 259-78. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
64. Hoelscher, S. 2003. Making place, making race: Performances of whiteness in the Jim Crow South. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93: 657-86.
65. Hooks, b. 1992. Black looks: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press.
66. Ignatiev, N. 1995. How the Irish became white. New York: Routledge.
67. Jacobson, E. 2003. Stepping back in time. Burlington Free Press 12 October: 1, 8D.
68. Jacobson, M. F. 2001. Becoming caucasian: Vicissitudes of whiteness in American politics and culture. Identities 8 (1): 83-104.
69. Jansson, D. 2003. Internal orientalism in America: W. J. Cash's The mind of the South and the spatial construction of American national identity. Political Geography 22: 293-316.
70. Jansson, D. 2005. A geography of racism: Internal orientalism and the construction of American national identity in the film Mississippi Burning. National Identities 7 (3): 265-85.
71. Kamen, A. 2005. Free speech is not for the taking. The Washington Post, 7 March: A17.
72. Kaufman, C. 2005. Black history month. Burlington Free Press, 13 February, online edition, http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/specialnews/ writers/74.htm (last accessed 1 November 2005).
73. Kaufmann, E. 1999. American exceptionalism reconsidered: Anglo-saxon ethnogenesis in the "universal"nation, 1776-1850. Journal of American Studies 33 (3): 437-57.
74. Kaufmann, E. 2004. The decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada. In Rethinking ethnicity: Majority groups and dominant minorities, ed. E. Kaufmann, 61-83. New York: Routledge.
75. Kaufmann, E., and O. Zimmer. 1998. In search of the authentic nation: Landscape and national identity in Canada and Switzerland. Nations and Nationalism 4 (4): 483-510.
76. Kelley, K. J. 2005. Taken aback in Vermont. Book review: The blind African slave by Jeffrey Brace. Seven Days, 6-13 July: 24A-25A.
77. Kenan, R. 1999. Walking on water. New York: Alfred Knopf.
78. Kinsman, P. 1995. Landscape, race and national identity: The photography of Ingrid Pollard. Area 27 (4): 300-10.
79. Kobayashi, A. 2003. The construction of geographical knowledge-Racialization, spatialization. In Handbook of cultural geography, ed. K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile, and N. Thrift, 544-56. London: Sage.
80. Kobayashi, A., and L. Peake. 2000. Racism out of place: Thoughts on whiteness and an antiracist geography in the new millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90: 392-403.
81. Kuntzman, G. 2004. A lingering sense of loss. Newsweek Web Exclusive, 15 November, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6437005/site/newsweek (last accessed 31 July 2005).
82. Lacoss, B. 1956. Vermont's attitude toward slavery-An American heritage. Vermont History 195: 309-14.
83. Lambert, D. 2005. Producing/contesting whiteness: Rebellion, anti-slavery and enslavement in Barbados, 1816. Geoforum 36 (1): 29-43.
84. Levine, J. 1997. White like me. In Experiencing race, class, and gender in the United States, ed. V. Cyrus, 55-58. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
85. Lopez, R. O. 2004. How white liberals became a new racial minority. CounterPunch, 6/7 November. http://www.counterpunch.org/ lopez11062004.html (last accessed 7 November 2004).
86. Lovejoy, J. M. 2001. Racism in antebellum Vermont. Vermont History 69 (Symposium Suppl.): 48-65.
87. Low, S. 2003. Behind the gate: Life, security and the pursuit of happiness in fortress America. New York: Routledge.
88. Matless, D. 1998. Landscape and Englishness. London: Reaktion.
89. Mayer, T. 2000a. From zero to hero: Masculinity and nationalism in Jewish Israel. In Gender ironies of nationalism: Sexing the nation, ed. T. Mayer, 283-308. New York: Routledge.
90. Mayer, T. 2000b. Gender ironies of nationalism: Setting the state. In Gender ironies of nationalism: Sexing the nation, ed. T. Mayer, 1-34. New York: Routledge.
91. McCarthy, C. 1998. Living with anxiety: Race and the renarration of public life. In White reign: Deploying whiteness in America, ed. J. L. Kincheloe, S. R. Steinberg, N. M. Rodriguez, and R. E. Chennault, 329-41. London: Macmillan.
92. McCarthy, J., and E. Hague. 2004. Race, nation, and nature: The cultural politics of "Celtic"identification in the American West. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 4: 387-408.
93. McClintock, A. 1995. Imperial leather: Race, gender and sexuality in the colonial conquest. New York: Routledge.
94. McGrory Klyza, C., and S. C. Trombulak. 1999. The story of Vermont: A natural and cultural history. Hanover, NH: Middlebury College Press/ University Press of New England.
95. McGuinness, M. 2000. Geography matters? Whiteness and contemporary geography. Area 32 (2): 225-30.
96. Meinig, D. W. 1979. Symbolic landscapes: Some idealizations of American community. In The Interpretation of ordinary landscapes: Geographical essays, ed. D. W. Meinig, 164-92. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
97. Melish, J. P. 1998. Disowning slavery: Gradual emancipation and race in New England, 1780-1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
98. Morrissey, C. T. 1984. Vermont: A history. New York: W.W. Norton.
99. Nast, H. J. 2000. Mapping the unconscious: Racism and the oedipal family. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90: 215-55.
100. Nearing, H., and S. Nearing. 1954. Living the good life: Being a plain practical account of a twenty year project in a self-subsistent homestead in Vermont, together with remarks on how to live sanely & simply in a troubled world. Harborside, ME: Social Science Institute.
101. Neill, M. 1989. Fiery crosses in the Green Mountains: The story of the Ku Klux Klan in Vermont. Randolph Center, VT: Greenhills.
102. Patterson, M. B. D. 1998. America's racial unconscious: The invisibility of whiteness. In White reign: Deploying whiteness in America, ed. J. L. Kincheloe, S. R. Steinberg, N. M. Rodriguez, and R. E. Chennault, 103-22. London: Macmillan.
103. Pred, A. 2000. Even in Sweden: Racisms, racialized spaces, and the popular geographical imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.
104. Procter, R. 2004. The latest White House script for reporters. Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2004/01/17/bush_satire/ index_np.html (last accessed 1 August 2005).
105. Puar, J. K. 2006. Mapping U.S. homonormativities. Gender, Place and Culture. 13 (1): 67-88.
106. Robinson, K. M. 2001. Unsolicited narratives from the internet: A rich source of qualitative data. Qualitative Health Research. 11: 706-14.
107. Roediger, D. 1999. The wages of whiteness: Race and the making of the American working class, rev. ed. New York: Verso.
108. Ronin. 2004. Post to http://sensibleelection.com/entry.php/1489 (last accessed 15 January 2005).
109. Rose, G. 1993. Feminism and geography: The limits of geographical knowledge. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
110. Roth, R. A. 1987. The Democratic dilemma: Religion, reform, and the social order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791-1850. New York: Cambridge University Press.
111. Salomon, R. J. 2003. Abolition of slavery. In The Vermont encyclopedia, ed. J. J. Duffy, S. B. Hand, and R. H. Orth, 32. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
112. Santorum, R. 2002. Fishers of men. Catholic Online, 12 July, http://www.catholic.org/featured/headline.php?ID=30 (last accessed 1 September 2005).
113. Schein, R., ed. 2006. Landscapes of race in the United States. New York: Routledge.
114. Senécal, J. 2003. Nos ancêtres les Gaulois: Ethnicity and history in Vermont. Vermont History 71: 62-70.
115. Shelley, F. 2005. The 2004 US Elections as "Culture War?"Panelist remarks, Political Geography Specialty Group, at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, 5-9 April, Denver, Colorado.
116. Sherman, J. 2000. Fast lane on a dirt road: A contemporary history of Vermont. rev. ed. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.
117. Sherman, M. 2003. Brickyards and frameworks: A retrospectus and prospectus on Vermont history writing. Vermont History 71: 11-45.
118. Shrestha, N. R., and W. I. Smith. 2002. Geographical imageries and race matters. In Geographical identities of ethnic America: Race, space, and place, ed. K. A. Berry and M. L. Henderson, 279-94. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
119. Sibley, D. 1995. Geographies of exclusion. London: Routledge.
120. Sinha, M. 1995. Colonial masculinity: The "manly Englishman"and the "effeminate Bengali"in the late nineteenth century. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.
121. Sixsmith, J., and C. D. Murray. 2001. Ethical issues in the documentary data analysis of internet posts and archives. Qualitative Health Research 11 (3): 423-32.
122. Solomon, B. M. 1956. Ancestors and immigrants: A changing New England tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
123. St. Clair, J. 2004. The hollow candidate: The trouble with Howie. C ounterPunch, 2 February, http://www.counterpunch.org/ stclair02022004.html (last accessed 1 August 2005).
124. Stokes, M. 2004. The color of sex: Whiteness, heterosexuality and the fictions of white supremacy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
125. Subrahmanyam, K., P. M. Greenfield, and B. Tynes. 2004. Constructing sexuality and identity in an online teen chat room. Applied Developmental Psychology 25: 651-66.
126. Suellentrop, C. 2004. A Browser's guide to campaign 2004, con't. Posted January 2, http://www.slate.com/id/2093412/ (last accessed 1 August 2005).
127. Swart, S. 2001. "Man, gun and horse ": Hard right Afrikaner masculine identity in post-apartheid South Africa. In Changing men in Southern Africa, ed. R. Morrell, 75-90. New York: Zed.
128. Tampa Tribune. 2005. The Demonscratic party's red-state blues. Tampa Tribune, 8 May (last accessed 1 November 2005 via LexisNexis).
129. Vanderbeck, R. M. 2004a. Scapegoated by the Democrats. Socialist Worker, 19 November. Available at http://www.socialistworker.org/2004-2/521/ 521_08_Scapegoat.shtml (last accessed 10 May 2006).
130. Vanderbeck, R. M. 2004b. The whitest state? Contested narratives of race, ethnicity, and place in Vermont, USA. Paper presented at the Race, Ethnicity, and Place conference, cosponsored by the AAG, Binghamton University, and Howard University, Washington, DC, 16-18 September. Available from the author.
131. Verderber, G. W. 2005. Letter to the editor. Burlington Free Press online edition, 15 May, http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com (last accessed 15 May 2005).
132. Vermont Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 1999. Racial harassment in public schools. Available at http://www.stat.vt.us/ educ/new/pdfdoc/pubs/racial_harassment_99.pdf (last accessed 10 May 2006).
133. Vermont Commission on Country Life. 1931. Rural Vermont: A program for the future. Burlington, VT. Available at http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/ pubsndx.htm (last accessed 1 August 2005).
134. Walker, F. 1882. American agriculture. Princeton Review 9: 157-75.
135. Wiegman, R. 1999. Whiteness studies and the paradox of particularity. Boundary 2 26 (3): 115-50.
136. Will, G. 2003. Commentary on Vermont. This Week with George Stephanopoulos. ABC News, 6 July (last accessed 1 November 2005 via LexisNexis).
137. Winders, J. 2003. White in all the wrong places: White rural poverty in the postbellum US South. Cultural Geographies 10 (1): 45-63.
138. Winders, J. 2005. Imperfectly imperial: Northern travel writers in the postbellum U.S. South, 1865-1880. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95: 391-410.
139. Wood, J. S. 1997. The New England village. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
140. Wray, M., and A. Newitz, eds. 1997. White trash: Class, race and the construction of American identity. New York: Routledge.
141. Wren, K. 2001. Cultural racism: Something rotten in the state of Denmark? Social and Cultural Geography 2 (2): 141-61.
142. Wrinn, S. M. 1998. Civil rights in the whitest state: Vermont's perceptions of civil rights 1945-1968. New York: University Press of America.
143. Zeitz, J. 2002. Dixie's victory. American Heritage August/September: 46-55.