Imperfectly imperial: Northern travel writers in the postbellum U.S. South, 1865-1880

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 95, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 391-410

  Winders, Jamie ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

American South; Gender; Postcolonial studies; Travel writing; Whiteness

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; IMPERIALISM; NINETEENTH CENTURY; POST-COLONIALISM;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 27844520844     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00466.x     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Adler, J. 1989. Origins of sightseeing. Annals of Tourism Research 16:7-29.
2. Ames, M. 1906. From a New England woman's diary in Dixie in 1865, Springfield, MA: The Plimpton Press.
3. Anderson, K., and M. Domosh. 2002. North American spaces/ postcolonial stories. Cultural Geographies 9:125-28.
4. Andrews, S. 1866. The South since the war: As shown by fourteen weeks of travel and observation in Georgia and the Carolinas. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
5. Ayers, E. L. 1992. The promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. _. 1995. Narrating the New South. Journal of Southern History 61 (3): 555-66.
7. _. 1996. What we talk about when we talk about the South. In All over the map: Rethinking American regions, ed. E. L. Ayers, P. N. Limerick, S. Nissenbaum, and P. S. Onuf, 62-82. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8. Balkun, M. M. 1998. Sarah Kemble Knight and the construction of the American self. Women's Studies 28 (1): 7-27.
9. Bederman, G. 1995. Manliness and civilization: A cultural history of gender and race in the United States, 1880-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. Behdad, A. 1994. Belated travelers: Orientalism in the age of colonial dissolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
11. Bhabha, H. K. 1986. Signs taken for wonders: Questions of ambivalence and authority under a tree outside Delhi, May 1817. In "Race," writing, and difference, ed. H. L. Gates Jr., 163-84. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. _. 1990. The other question: Difference, discrimination and the discourses of colonialism. In Out there: Marginalization and contemporary culture, ed. R. Ferguson, M. Gever, T. T. Minh-ha, and C. West, 71-88. New York: New Museum of Contemporary Arts and MIT Press.
13. Blunt, A. 1994a. Mapping authorship and authority: Reading Mary Kingsley's landscape descriptions. In Writing women and space: Colonial and postcolonial geographies, ed. A. Blunt and G. Rose, 51-72. New York: Guilford Press.
14. _. 1994b. Travel, gender, and imperialism: Mary Kingsley and West Africa. New York: Guilford Press.
15. _. 1999. The flight from Lucknow: British women travelling and writing home, 1857-8. In Writes of passage: Reading travel writing, ed. J. Duncan and D. Gregory, 92-113. London: Routledge.
16. Blunt, A., and G. Rose. 1994a. Introduction: Women's colonial and postcolonial geographies. In Writing women and space: Colonial and postcolonial geographies, ed. A. Blunt and G. Rose, 1-25. New York: Guilford Press.
17. _, eds. 1994b. Writing women and space: Colonial and post-colonial geographies. New York: Guilford Press.
18. Botume, E. H. 1893/1968. First days amongst the contrabands. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times.
19. Braun, B. 2002, Colonialism's afterlife: Vision and visuality on the Northwest coast. Cultural Geographies 9:202-47.
20. Brown, R. H. 1948. Historical geography of the United States. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.
21. Carlton, D. L. 1995. How American is the American South? In The South as an American problem, ed. L. J. Griffin and D. H. Doyle, 33-56, Athens: University of Georgia Press.
22. Carter, R 1987. The road to Botany Bay: An essay in spatial history. London: Faber and Faber.
23. Chaplin, J. E. 1995. Climate and Southern pessimism: The natural history of an idea, 1500-1800. In The South as an American problem, ed. L. J. Griffin and D. H. Doyle, 57-82. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
24. Cimbala, P. A. 1989. The freedmen's bureau, the freedmen, and Sherman's grant in reconstruction, 1865-1867. The Journal of Southern History 55 (4): 597-632.
25. Clark, T. D. 1962. Travels in the New South: A bibliography. Volume 1. The postwar South, 1865-1900: An era of reconstruction and readjustment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
26. Clayton, D. 2000. The creation of imperial space in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Historical Geography 26 (3): 237-350.
27. Clinton, C. 1992. Bloody terrain: Freedwomen, sexuality and violence during reconstruction. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (2): 313-32.
28. Cobb, J. C. 2000. An epitaph for the North: Reflections on the politics of regional and national identity at the millennium. The Journal of Southern History 66 (1): 3-24.
29. Comaroff, J. 1997. The empire's old clothes: Fashioning the colonial subject. In Situated lives: Gender and culture in every day lives, ed. L. Lamphere, H. Ragone, and P. Zavella, 400-19. New York: Routledge.
30. Currie-McDaniel, R. 1992. Northern women in the South, 1860-1880. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (2): 284-312.
31. De Forest, J. W. 1948/1968. A Union officer in the Reconstruction, ed. J. H. Croushore and D. M. Potter. New Haven, CT: Archon Books Press.
32. Degler, C. N. 1987. Thesis, antithesis, synthesis: The South, the North, and the nation. The Journal of Southern History 53 (1): 3-18.
33. Dodge, M. A. (G. Hamilton). 1867. Wool-gathering. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
34. Domke, D. 1996. The press and "delusive theories of equality and fraternity" in the age of emancipation. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 13:228-50.
35. Domosh, M. 1991. Towards a feminist historiography of geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geography, NS 16 (1): 95-104.
36. _. 2002. A 'civilized' commerce: Gender, 'race,' and empire at the 1893 Chicago exposition. Cultural Geographies 9:181-201.
37. Donaldson, S. V. 1999. A symposium: The business of inventing the South. The Mississippi Quarterly 52 (4): 662-69.
38. Duncan, J., and D. Gregory. 1999a. Introduction. In Writes of passage: Reading travel writing, ed. J. Duncan and D. Gregory, 1-13. London: Routledge.
39. _, eds. 1999b. Writes of passage: Reading travel writing. London: Routledge.
40. Dyer, R. 1988. White. Screen 29:44-64.
41. _. 1996. Into the light: The whiteness of the South in The Birth of a Nation. In Dixie debates: Perspectives on southern cultures, ed. R. H. King and H. Taylor, 165-76. London: Pluto Press.
42. _. 1997. White. London: Routledge.
43. Eacker, S. A. 1998. Gender in paradise: Harriet Beecher Stowe and postbellum prose on Florida. The Journal of Southern History 64 (3): 495-512.
44. Fannin, M. 2003. Labor's promised land:Radical visions of gender, race, and religion in the South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
45. Foster, G. M. 1987. Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the emergence of the New South, 1865 to 1913. New York: Oxford University Press.
46. Grantham, D. W. 1994/2001. The South in modern America: A region at odds. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
47. Gray, R. 1986. Writing the South: Ideas of an American region. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
48. _. 1996. Negotiating differences: Southern culture (s) now. In Dixie debates: Perspectives on southern cultures, ed. R. H. King and H. Taylor, 218-27. London: Pluto Press.
49. _. 1999. Recorded and unrecorded histories: Recent Southern writing and social change. In The southern state of mind, ed. J. N. Gretlund, 67-79. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
50. Green, J. R 1880, Recollections of the inhabitants, localities, superstitions, and Ku Klux outrages of the Carolinas. By a "carpet- bagger" who was born and lived there. Cleveland: n.p.
51. Greeson, J. R. 1999. The figure of the South and the nationalizing imperatives of early United States literature. The Yale Journal of Criticism 12 (2): 209-48.
52. Gregory, D. 1995. Between the book and the lamp: Imaginative geographies of Egypt, 1849-1850. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 20:29-57.
53. Gretlund, J. N. 1999. Editor's introduction: Present state of Southern mind. In The southern state of mind, ed. J. N. Gretlund, vii-xvii. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
54. Griffin, L. J. 1995. Why was the South a problem to America? In The South as an American problem, ed. L. J. Griffith and D. H. Doyle, 10-32. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
55. Hahn, S. 1997. "Extravagant expectations" of freedom: Rumour, political struggle, and the Christmas insurrection scare of 1865 in the American South. Past and Present 157:122-58.
56. Hall, J. D. 1998. Open secrets: Memory, imagination, and the refashioning of Southern identity. American Quarterly 50 (1): 109-24.
57. Harris, A. B. 1967. The South as seen by travelers, 1865-1880. PhD diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
58. Hill, C. E., and P. D. Beaver, eds. 1998. Cultural diversity in the U.S. South: Anthropological contributions to a region in transition. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
59. Hobson, F. 1983. Tell about the South: The southern rage to explain. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
60. _. 1985. The savage South: An inquiry into the origins, endurance, and presumed demise of an image. Virginia Quarterly Review 61 (3): 377-95.
61. Hoge, R H., and H. R. Bayne. 1879. The travels of ego and alter, an epistolary narrative of a tramp through the Old Dominion. Richmond, VA: West, Johnston, and Co.
62. Inscoe, J. C. 1995. Race and racism in nineteenth-century Southern Appalachia: Myths, realities, and ambiguities. In Appalachia in the making: The mountain South in the nineteenth century, ed. M. B. Pudup, D. B. Billings, and A. L. Waller, 103-31. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
63. Jacobs, J. M. 1996. Edge of empire: Postcolanialism and the city. London: Routledge.
64. Jansson, D. R. 2003. Internal Orientalism in America: W. J. Cash's The mind of the South and the spatial construction of American national identity. Political Geography 22 (3): 293-316.
65. Jones, A. G. 1999. A symposium: The business of inventing the South. The Mississippi Quarterly 52 (4): 674-85.
66. Jones, J. 1992. Encounters, likely and unlikely, between black and poor white women in the rural South, 1865-1940. Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (2): 333-53.
67. Joyner, C. 1996. African and European roots of southern culture: The "central theme" revisited. In Dixie debates: Perspectives on southern cultures, ed. R. H. King and H. Taylor, 12-30. London: Pluto Press.
68. Kaplan, A. 1993a. Black and blue on San Juan Hill. In Cultures of United States imperialism, ed. A. Kaplan and D. E. Pease, 219-36. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
69. _. 1993b. "Left alone with America": The absence of empire in the study of American culture. In Cultures of United States imperialism, ed. A. Kaplan and D. E. Pease, 3-21. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
70. Kaplan, A., and D. E. Pease, eds. 1993. Cultures of United States imperialism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
71. Kay, J. 1997. Sweet surrender, but what's the gender? Nature and the body in the writings of nineteenth-century Mormon women. In Thresholds in feminist geography: Difference, methodology, representation, ed. J. P. Jones III, H. J. Nast, and S. M. Roberts, 361-82. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
72. Kearns, G. 1997. The imperial subject: Geography and travel in the work of Mary Kingsley and Halford Mackinder. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 22 (4): 450-72.
73. King, C. R. 2000. Introduction: Dislocating postcoloniality, relocating American empire. In Postcolonial America, ed. C. R. King, 1-17. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
74. King, E. S. 1875, The great South: A record of journeys in Louisiana, Texas, the Indian Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company.
75. Koeniger, A. C. 1988. Climate and southern distinctiveness. Journal of Southern History 54 (1): 21-44.
76. Kolodny, A. 1975. The lay of the land: Metaphors as experience and history in American life and letters. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
77. _. 1984. The land before her. Fantasy and experience of the American frontiers, 1630-1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
78. Loomba, A. 1998. Colonialism/postcolonialism. London: Routledge.
79. Magdol, E. 1977. A right to the land: Essays on the Freedmen's community. Westport, CT Greenwood Press.
80. Martin, R. A. 1976. Introduction. Petals plucked from sunny climes, Sylvia Sunshine. Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, xiii-xxix.
81. Massey, D. 1994. Space, place, and gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
82. McClintock, A. 1995. Imperial leather: Race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest. New York: Routledge.
83. McEwan, C. 1994. Encounters with West African women: Textual representations of difference by white women abroad. In Writing women and space: Colonial and postcolonial geographies, ed. A. Blunt and G. Rose, 73-100. New York: Guilford Press.
84. _. 1996. Paradise or pandemonium? West African landscapes in the travel accounts of Victorian women. Journal of Historical Geography 22 (1): 68-83.
85. Meinig, D. W. 1998. The shaping of America: A geographical perspective on 500 years of history. Volume 3: Transcontinental America 1850-1915. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
86. Memmi, A. 1967/1991. The colonizer and the colonized. Boston: Beacon Press.
87. Merchant, C. 1995. Reinventing Eden: Western culture as a recovery narrative. In Uncommon ground: Toward reinventing nature, ed. W. Cronon, 132-59. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
88. Metwalli, A. M. 1979. American abroad: The popular art of travel writing in the nineteenth century. In America: Exploration and travel, ed. S. E. Kagle, 68-82. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
89. Mills, S. 1991. Discourses of difference: An analysis of women's travel writings and colonialism. London: Routledge.
90. _. 1994. Knowledge, gender, and empire. In Writing women and space: Colonial and postcolonial geographies, ed. A. Blunt and G. Rose, 29-50. New York: Guilford Press.
91. _. 1996. Gender and colonial space. Gender, Place and Culture 3 (2): 125-47.
92. Monicat, B. 1994. Autobiography and women's travel writings in nineteenth-century France: Journeys through self-representation. Gender, Place and Culture 1 (1): 61-70.
93. Moore, W. B. Jr., and J. F. Tripp. 1989. Looking South: An introduction. In Looking South: Chapters in the story of an American region, ed. W B. Moore Jr. and J. F. Tripp, xv-xxvi. New York: Greenwood Press.
94. Morin, K. 1998. British women travellers and constructions of racial difference across the nineteenth-century American West. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, NS 23:311-30.
95. _. 1999. Peak practices: Englishwomen's "heroic" adventures in the nineteenth-century American West. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89:489-514.
96. _. 2002a. Mining empire: Journalists in the American West, ca. 1870. In Postcolonial geographies, ed. Alison Blunt and Cheryl McEwan, 152-68. New York: Continuum.
97. _. 2002b. Postcolonialism and Native American geographies: The letters of Rosalie La Flesche Farley, 1896-1899. Cultural Geographies 9:150-80.
98. Morin, K. M., and L. D. Berg. 1999. Emplacing current trends in feminist historical geography. Gender, Place and Culture 6 (4): 311-30.
99. Mulvey, C. 1983. Anglo-American landscapes: A study of nineteenth-century Anglo-American travel literature. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
100. Newitz, A., and M. Wray. 1997. Introduction. In White trash: Race and class in America, ed. M. Wray and A. Newitz, 1-12. New York: Routledge.
101. Newman, L. M. 1999. White women's rights: The racial origins of feminism in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
102. Olund, E. N. 2002. From savage space to governable space: The extension of United States judicial sovereignty over Indian country in the nineteenth century. Cultural Geographies 9:129-57.
103. Persky, J. J. 1992. The burden of dependency: Colonial themes in southern economic thought. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
104. Philips, R. 1999. Sexual politics of authorship: Rereading the travels and translations of Richard and Isabel Burton. Gender, Place and Culture 6 (3): 241-57.
105. Pierson, W. D. 1989. Family secrets: How African-American culture helped shape the early Ku Klux Klan. In Looking South: Chapters in the story of an American region, ed. W. B. Moore Jr. and J. F. Tripp, 41-50. New York: Greenwood Press.
106. Pieterse, J. N., and B. Parekh. 1995. Shifting imaginaries: Decolonization, internal decolonization, postcoloniality. In The decolonization of imagination: Culture, knowledge, and power, ed. J. N. Pieterse and B. Parekh, 1-21. London: Zed Press.
107. Pollock, G. 1994. Territories of desire: Reconsiderations of an African childhood. In Travellers' tales: Narratives of home and displacement, ed. G. Robertson, M. Mash, L. Tickner, J. Bird, B. Curtis, and T. Putnam, 63-89. London: Routledge.
108. Pope, M. C. 1999. The mystery of Abbie Brooks. St. Augustine Record, 21 November 1999.
109. _. 2000. The Abbie Brooks saga. St. Augustine Record 11 November 2000.
110. Pratt, M. L. 1992. Imperial eyes: Travel writing and transculturation. London: Routledge.
111. Pred, A. 1984. Place as historically contingent process: Structuration and the time-geography of becoming places. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74:279-97.
112. Radford, J. E 1992. Identity and tradition in the post-civil war South. Journal of Historical Geography 18 (1): 91-103.
113. Rattansi, A. 1997. Postcolonialism and its discontents. Economy and Society 26:480-500.
114. Reid, H. 1999. Political consciousness and political imagination: The Appalachian connection in an anxious nation. In Confronting Appalachian stereotypes: Back talk from an American region, ed. D. B. Billings, G. Norman, and K. Ledford, 313-26. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.
115. Reid, W. 1886/1965. After the war: A tour of the southern states, May 1, 1865 to May 1, 1866, ed. C. V. Woodward. New York: Harper and Row.
116. Robertson, G., M. Mash, L. Tickner, J. Bird, B. Curtis, and T. Putnam, eds. 1994. Travelers' tales: Narrative of home and displacement. London: Routledge.
117. Rojek, C., and J. Urry. 1997. Touring cultures: Transformation of travel and theory. London: Routledge.
118. Rose, W L. 1964. Rehearsal for reconstruction: The Port Royal experiment. New York: Oxford University Press.
119. Rowe, A. 1978. The enchanted country: Northern writers in the South, 1865-1910. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press University.
120. Rowe, J. C. 2000. Literary culture and U.S. imperialism: From the Revolution to World War II. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
121. Said, E. W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
122. Sharpe, J. 1995. Is the United States postcolonial? Transnationalism, immigration, and race. Diaspora 4 (2): 181-99.
123. Shuffelton, F. 1994. Circumstantial accounts, dangerous art: Recognizing African-American culture in travelers' narratives. Eighteenth-Century Studies 27:589-603.
124. Sibley, D. 1995. Geographies of exclusion: Society and difference in the West. London: Routledge.
125. _. 1999. Creating geographies of difference. In Human geography today, ed. D. Massey, J. Allen, and P. Sarre, 115-28. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
126. Sidaway, J. D. 2000. Postcolonial geographies: An exploratory essay. Progress in Human Geography 24 (4): 591-612.
127. Singh, A., and E Schmidt. 2000. On the borders between U.S. studies and postcolonial theory. In Postcolonial theory and the U.S.: Race, ethnicity, and literature, ed. A. Singh and E Schmidt, 3-69. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
128. Slater, D. 1998. Post-colonial questions for global times. Review of International Political Economy 5 (4): 647-78.
129. _. 1999. Situating geopolitical representations: Inside/ outside and the power of imperial interventions. In Human geography today, ed. D. Massey, J. Allen, and E Sarre, 62-84. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
130. Small, S. E. 1979. The Yankee schoolmarm in freedmen's schools: An analysis of attitudes. The Journal of Southern History 45 (3): 381-402.
131. Spivak, G. C. 1995. Teaching for the times. In The decolonization of imagination: Culture, knowledge and power, ed. J. N. Pieterse and B. Parekh, 177-202. London: Zed Books.
132. Sprinkler, M., ed. 1992. Edward said: A critical reader. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
133. Stearns, C. 1872. The black man of the South, and the rebels; Or, the characteristics of the former, and the recent outrage of the latter. New York: American News Company.
134. Stocking, G. W., Jr. 1994. The turn-of-the-century concept of race. Modernism/Modernity 1 (1): 4-16.
135. Stoler, A. L. 1995. Race and the education of desire: Foucault's History of sexuality and the colonial order of things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
136. Stoler, A. L., and Cooper, F. 1997. Between metropole and colony: Rethinking a research agenda. In Tensions of empire: Colonial cultures in a bourgeois world, ed. F. Cooper and A. L. Stoler, 1-56. Berkeley: University of California Press.
137. Stowe, W. W. 1994. Going abroad: European travel in nineteenth century American culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
138. Sunshine, S. 1880/1976, Petals plucked from sunny climes. Bicentennial Floridiana facsimile series. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
139. Swint, H L. 1941/1967. The northern teacher in the South, 1862-1870. New York: Octagon Books.
140. Trowbridge, J. T. 1867. The South: A tour of its battle-fields and ruined cities, a journey through the desolated states, and talks with the people. Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins.
141. Venn, C. 1999. Narrating the postcolonial. In Spaces of culture: Cities, nation, world, ed. M. Featherstone and S. Lash, 257-81. London: Sage Publications.
142. Walters, R. G. 1973. The erotic South: Civilization and sexuality in American abolitionism. American Quarterly 25 (2): 177-201.
143. Ware, V. 1992. Beyond the pale: White women, racism and history. London: Verso.
144. Wheeler, R. 1999. Limited visions of Africa: Geographies of savagery and civility in early eighteenth-century narratives. In Writes of passage: Reading travel writing, ed. J. Duncan and D. Gregory, 14-48. London: Routledge.
145. Winders, J. 2003. White in all the wrong places: White rural poverty in a postbellum US South. Cultural Geographies 10:45-63.
146. Woodward, C. V. 1960/1968. The burden of southern history, Rev.ed. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
147. _. 1971. American counterpoint: Slavery and racism in the North-South dialogue. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
148. Young, R. J. C. 1995. Colonial desire: Hybridity in theory, culture and race. London: Routledge.