Tourism, farm abandonment, and the 'typical' Vermonter, 1880-1930

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 478-495

  Harrison, Blake ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABANDONED LAND; IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; RURAL SOCIETY; TOURISM;

EID: 27944479959     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: 10958614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.021     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. James P. Taylor, Collection, 1906-1949, Doc. T5, Folder 23, Vermont State Historical Society, Barre, Vermont.
2. J.A. Conforti, Imagining New England: Exploration of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century, Chapel Hill, 2001, 205-309; On regional identity in New England,
3. also see S. Nissenbaum, New England as region and nation, in: E.L. Ayers, P.N. Limerick, S. Nissenbaum and P.S. Onuf (Eds), All Over the Map: Rethinking American Regions, Baltimore, 1996, 38-61
4. J.S. Wood, The New England Village, Baltimore, 1997.
5. R.H. Schein The place of landscape: A conceptual framework for interpreting an American scene Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87 1997 664
6. H.S. Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930, Chapel Hill, 1997.
7. D. Delyser Ramona memories: Fiction, tourist practices, and placing the past in southern California Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 2003 886-908
8. S.P. Hanna and V.J. Del Casino, Jr. (Eds), Mapping Tourism, Minneapolis, 2003;
9. M.S. Shaffer, See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1880-1940, Washington, DC, 2001
10. C. Aitchison, N.E. Macleod and S.J. Shaw, Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social and Cultural Geographies, New York, 2000
11. D. Gilbert London in all its glory - or how to enjoy London: Guidebook representations of imperial London Journal of Historical Geography 25 1999 279-297
12. S.D. Hoelscher, Heritage on Stage: The Invention of Ethnic Place in America's Little Switzerland, Madison, 1998;
13. S. Hoelscher The photographic construction of tourist space in Victorian America The Geographical Review 88 1998 548-570
14. D. Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century, Washington, DC, 1995.
15. M. Bunce, The Countryside Ideal: Anglo-American Images of Landscape, New York, 1994;
16. also see S. Daniels, Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States, Princeton, 1993
17. L. Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America, New York, 1964;
18. H.N. Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth, Cambridge, MA, 1950.
19. Examples include, Brown, Inventing New England M. Bunce, The Countryside Ideal: Anglo-American Images of Landscape, New York, 1994
20. J.F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century, Amherst, 1989;
21. P. Schmitt, Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America, Baltimore, 1990, 1969; reprint, with a foreword by J. Stilgoe.
22. J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, London, 1990, 141.
23. S. Foote, Regional Fictions: Culture and Identity in Nineteenth-Century American Literature, Madison, 2001;
24. also see, D. Brown (Ed.), A Tourist's New England: Travel Fiction, 1820-1920, Hanover, NH, 1999.
25. H. Corey The Green Mountain state National Geographic 51 1927 333
26. W. Hard Vermont - a way of life The Survey 68 1 July 1932 301-303
27. B. DeVoto New England, there she stands Harper's 164 1932 405-415
28. D. DeLyser Authenticity on the ground: Engaging the past in a California ghost town Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89 1999 612
29. Hoelscher, Heritage on Stage, 181-220.
30. On out-migration from New England, see M.M. Bell Did New England go downhill? Geographical Review 79 October 1989 450-466
31. H. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England, Cambridge, 1984;
32. H.F. Wilson, The Hill Country of Northern New England: Its Social and Economic History, 1790-1930, New York, 1936.
33. E. Hungerford Our summer migration: A social study Century 20 1891 573
34. J. Ralph Our Tyrol and its types Harper's Monthly 106 1903 520
35. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind.
36. P. Woolfson The rural Franco-American in Vermont Vermont History 50 1982 151-162
37. R.D. Vicero French-Canadian settlement in Vermont prior to the Civil War The Professional Geographer 23 1971 290-294
38. J.L. Hypes, Recent immigrant stocks in New England agriculture, in: J.K. Wright (Ed.), New England's Prospect: 1933, New York, 1933, 189-205.
39. C. Johnson, New England and its Neighbors, New York, 1924, 183.
40. D. Sibley, Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West, New York, 1995;
41. For more on anti-immigration sentiments in Vermont, see J.M. Lund Vermont nativism: William Paul Dillingham and US immigration legislation Vermont History 63 1995 15-29
42. As one writer noted for the Federal Writers' Project's guidebook on Vermont, 'foreign elements in Vermont have made no appreciable contribution to arts of manners and no changes in the ways of living - or thinking - of Vermonters'. Federal Writers' Project, Vermont: A Guide to the Green Mountain State, Boston, 1937, 52.
43. Examples include, P. Collier (Ed.), Second Biennial Report of the Vermont State Board of Agriculture, Manufacturing and Mining, for the Years 1873-74, Montpelier, VT, 1874
44. G. Bailey and O. Martin, Homeseekers Guide to Vermont Farms, St. Albans, VT, 1911.
45. F.W. Rich Vermont and Vermonters - their future The Vermonter 27 1922 159-160
46. N. Gallagher, Breeding Better Vermonters: The Eugenic Project in the Green Mountain State, Hanover, NH, 1999;
47. K. Dann From degeneration to regeneration: The eugenics survey of Vermont, 1925-1936 Vermont History 59 1991 5-29
48. For discussions of the commission's mission, founding, and results, see The Vermont Commission on Country Life, Rural Vermont: A Program for the Future, Burlington, VT, 1931
49. H.F. Perkins, The comprehensive survey of rural Vermont, in: J.K. Wright (Ed.), New England's Prospect: 1933, New York, 1933, 206-212.
50. On Vermont's Swedish immigration project also see A.B. Valentine, Report of the Commissioner of Agricultural and Manufacturing Interests of the State of Vermont, 1889-1890, Rutland, VT, 1890, 15-19
51. D.M. Harvey The Swedes in Vermont Vermont History 28 1960 39-58
52. J.K. Graffagnino, Vermont in the Victorian Age: Continuity and Change in the Green Mountain State, 1850-1900, Bennington, VT, 1985, 119-121.
53. A.B. Valentine Swedish immigration The Quill 1 1890 28
54. The Vermont Board of Agriculture's first publication was called simply, The Resources and Attractions of Vermont. With a List of Desirable Homes for Sale, Montpelier, VT, 1891.
55. Within a few years this publication was more explicitly titled in an effort to target potential summer home buyers. The 1896 version was titled, A List of Desirable Farms and Summer Homes in Vermont, and was reprinted in the Sixteenth Vermont Agricultural Report by the State Board of Agriculture for the Year 1896, Burlington, VT, 1896
56. The Vermont Board of Agriculture's first publication was called simply, The Resources and Attractions of Vermont. With a List of Desirable Homes for Sale, Montpelier, VT, 1891. Within a few years this publication was more explicitly titled in an effort to target potential summer home buyers. The 1896 version was titled, A List of Desirable Farms and Summer Homes in Vermont, and was reprinted in the Sixteenth Vermont Agricultural Report by the State Board of Agriculture for the Year 1896, Burlington, VT, 1896; For more on the Board of Agriculture's summer home promotions, see A. Rebek The selling of Vermont: From agriculture to tourism, 1860-1910 Vermont History 44 1976 14-27
57. E. Hungerford Our summer migration: A social study Century 20 1891 576
58. also see Rev J.H. Ward The revival of our country towns New England Magazine 1 1889 242-248
59. E.A. Wright The rural-degeneracy cry New England Magazine 36 1907 152-158
60. R. Hitchcock The summer home: The organization of summer communities Outing Magazine 52 1908 498-501
61. A. Chamberlain The ideal abandoned farm New England Magazine 16 1897 474
62. also see P.W. Thayer Selecting a summer home in Vermont The Vermonter 31 1926 161-164
63. For examples, see C.B. Snell Our search - our farm - our vacation The Vermonter 22 1917 33-36
64. P.W. Thayer Evolving a dormant value The Vermonter 38 1933 310-313
65. Summer visitors, for instance, often formed or led New England's turn-of-the-century 'village improvement societies'-organizations which allowed them to shape landscape form in accordance with their own, idealized visions of rural life. See J.A. Conforti, Imagining New England: Exploration of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century, Chapel Hill, 2001, 240-244.
66. As quoted in J. Albers, Hands on the Land: A History of the Vermont Landscape, Cambridge, MA, 1999, 253.
67. Z. Humphrey The new crop The Outlook 134 11 July 1923 381
68. Z. Humphrey The new crop The Outlook 134 11 July 1923 381
69. Z. Humphrey The new crop The Outlook 134 11 July 1923 381
70. The Vermont Commission on Country Life, Rural Vermont: A Program for the Future, Burlington, VT, 1931, 3.
71. For more on suspicion of automobilists in Vermont and beyond, see W.J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945, Baltimore, 1979, 105-127
72. H. Goldman A desirable class of people: The leadership of the Green Mountain Club and social exclusivity, 1920-1936 Vermont History 65 1997 131-152
73. For a discussion of ethnicity and rurality, see J. Agyman and R. Spooner, Ethnicity and the rural environment, in: P. Cloke and J. Little (Eds), Contested Countryside Cultures: Otherness, Marginalisation and Rurality, New York, 1997, 197-217.
74. M. Samuelson, The Story of the Jewish Community of Burlington, Vermont, Burlington, VT, 1976.
75. On race, ethnicity, and tourism in America, see C.S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States, New York, 1999, 206-236.
76. N.C. Belth, Barriers: Patterns of Discrimination Against Jews, New York, 1958, 38
77. also see H. Goldman A desirable class of people: The leadership of the Green Mountain Club and social exclusivity, 1920-1936 Vermont History 65 1997 131-152
78. Vermont Cottages, Camps and Furnished Houses for Rent, Montpelier, VT, 1938, 20, 31.
79. Lake Champlain Club, Malletts Bay, Vt. (n.p. [1920]). There are no pages in this text, but this quote can be found on the final page.
80. As quoted in P. Watson, W. Smith, L. Hill, N. Hill, S. Fisher, P. Haslam, R. Metraux, D. Ling and G. Sangee, The History of Greensboro: The First Two Hundred Years, Greensboro, VT, 1990, 44
81. also see Unenforceable covenants are in many deeds The New York Times 1 August 1986 A9
82. S.T. Hecht Vermont pioneer from flatbush Commentary 19 1955 371
83. The Vermont Commission on Country Life, Rural Vermont: A Program for the Future, Burlington, VT, 1931, 380.
84. I.H. Washington Dorothy Canfield Fisher's Tourists Accommodated and her other promotions of Vermont Vermont History 65 1997 162-163
85. D.C. Fisher, Vermonters, in Federal Writers' Project, Vermont: A Guide to the Green Mountain State, Boston, 1937, 3.
86. D.C. Fisher to W. Wills, 8 June 1944;
87. D.C. Fisher to W. Wills, 28 August 1944, Dorothy Canfield Fisher Collection, Box 22, Folder 19, University of Vermont Special Collections, Bailey Howe Library, Burlington, Vermont.
88. D.C. Fisher, in: M.J. Madigan (Ed.), Seasoned Timber, Hanover, NH, 1939, 1996;
89. D. Baumgardt Dorothy Canfield Fisher: Friend of Jews in life and work Publication of the American Jewish Historical Society 48 1959 245-255
90. D. Canfield, Vermont Summer Homes, Montpelier, VT, 1932, The pages in this work are not numbered. Although the author typically went by the full name of Dorothy Canfield Fisher, she went by Dorothy Canfield for this publication.
91. Canfield, Vermont Summer Homes.
92. B. Bliven Rock-ribbed The New Republic 33 21 February 1923 346
93. Canfield, Vermont Summer Homes.
94. Canfield, Vermont Summer Homes.
95. Canfield, Vermont Summer Homes.