Epidemiological impact of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs on the general population

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 405-410

  Barbui, Corrado ^a   Percudani, Mauro ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b RHO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c Unità Operativa di Psichiatria 'G Corberi'   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adverse reactions; Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Epidemiology

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BUTYROPHENONE DERIVATIVE; CLOZAPINE; DOSULEPIN; FLUOXETINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PAROXETINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; ZIPRASIDONE;

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEHYDRATION; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART ARREST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEMOCONCENTRATION; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC DISORDER; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; THROMBOEMBOLISM; WEIGHT GAIN;

ADULT; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SUICIDE;

EID: 33748275083     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.yco.0000228762.40979.8f     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Perez J, Marin N, Vallano A, et al. Consumption and cost of antipsychotic drugs. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2005; 33:110-116.
2. Andretta M, Ciuna A, Corbari L, et al. Impact of regulatory changes on first-and second-generation antipsychotic drug consumption and expenditure in Italy. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40:72-77.
3. Santamaria B, Perez M, Montero D, et al. Use of antipsychotic agents in Spain through 1985-2000. Eur Psychiatry 2002; 17:471-476.
4. Ciuna A, Andretta M, Corbari L, et al. Are we going to increase the use of antidepressants up to that of benzodiazepines? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:629-634.
5. Middleton N, Gunnell D, Whitley E, et al. Secular trends in antidepressant prescribing in the UK, 1975-1998. J Public Health Med 2001; 23:262-267.
6. Helgason T, Tomasson H, Zoega T. Antidepressants and public health in Iceland. Time series analysis of national data. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:157-162.
7. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA 2004; 291:2581-2590.
8. Bramness JG, Hausken AM, Sakshaug S, et al. Prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 1990-2004. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2005; 125:2470-2473.
9. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, et al. Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004; 55-64.
10. Paulose-Ram R, Jonas BS, Orwig D, et al. Prescription psychotropic medication use among the U.S. adult population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57:309-317.
11. Beck CA, Williams JV, Wang JL, et al. Psychotropic medication use in Canada. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50:605-613. A large epidemiological study assessing the prevalence of psychotropic drug use more than 2 days in Canada.
12. Poluzzi E, Motola D, Silvani C, et al. Prescriptions of antidepressants in primary care in Italy: pattern of use after admission of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for reimbursement. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 59:825-831.
13. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Antidepressant drug use in Lombardy, Italy: a population-based study. J Affect Disord 2004; 83:169-175.
14. Patten SB, Williams JV, Wang J, et al. Antidepressant pharmacoepidemiology in a general population sample. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:285-287.
15. Patten SB, Beck C. Major depression and mental health care utilization in Canada: 1994 to 2000. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49:303-309.
16. Meijer WE, Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, et al. Incidence and determinants of long-term use of antidepressants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:57-61.
17. Beck CA, Patten SB, Williams JV, et al. Antidepressant utilization in Canada. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40:799-807.
18. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Antidepressant drug prescribing among elderly subjects: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:113-118.
19. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Epidemiology of first- and second-generation antipsychotic agents in Lombardy, Italy. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005; 38:128-131.
20. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Antipsychotic drug prescribing in the elderly is cause for concern. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 19:347-350.
21. Mirandola M, Andretta M, Corbari L, et al. Prevalence, incidence and persistence of antipsychotic drug prescribing in the Italian general population: retrospective database analysis, 1999-2002. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (in press).
22. Rapoport M, Mamdani M, Shulman KI, et al. Antipsychotic use in the elderly: shifting trends and increasing costs. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:749-753.
23. Mamdani M, Rapoport M, Shulman KI, et al. Mental health-related drug utilization among older adults: prevalence, trends, and costs. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13:892-900.
24. Linden M, Bar T, Helmchen H. Prevalence and appropriateness of psychotropic drug use in old age: results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Int Psychogeriatr 2004; 16:461-480.
25. Trifiro G, Spina E, Brignoli O, et al. Antipsychotic prescribing pattern among Italian general practitioners: a population-based study during the years 1999-2002. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61:47-53.
26. Clavenna A, Bonati M, Rossi E, et al. Increase in non-evidence based use of antidepressants in children is cause for concern. BMJ 2004; 328:711-712.
27. Murray ML, de Vries CS, Wong IC. A drug utilisation study of antidepressants in children and adolescents using the General Practice Research Database. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:1098-1102.
28. Hunkeler EM, Fireman B, Lee J, et al. Trends in use of antidepressants, lithium, and anticonvulsants in Kaiser Permanente-insured youths, 1994-2003. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005; 15:26-37.
29. Delate T, Gelenberg AJ, Simmons VA, et al. Trends in the use of antidepressants in a national sample of commercially insured pediatric patients, 1998 to 2002. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55:387-391.
30. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Worrying patterns of out-patient psychotropic drug prescribing in children and adolescents. Psychother Psychosom 2005; 74:189-190.
31. Skurtveit S, Rosvold EO, Furu K. Use of psychotropic drugs in an urban adolescent population: the impact of health-related variables, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors - the Oslo Health Study 2000-2001. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005; 14:277-283.
32. Patel NC, Crismon ML, Hoagwood K, et al. Trends in the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005; 44:548-556.
33. Cooper WO, Hickson GB, Fuchs C, et al. New users of antipsychotic medications among children enrolled in TennCare. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158:753-759.
34. Curtis LH, Masselink LE, Ostbye T, et al. Prevalence of atypical antipsychotic drug use among commercially insured youths in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159:362-366. Analysis of a large administrative claims database in the United States estimating the 1-year prevalence of atypical antipsychotic use by age and sex.
35. Jick H, Kaye JA, Jick SS. Antidepressants and the risk of suicidal behaviors. JAMA 2004; 292:338-343.
36. Martinez C, Rietbrock S, Wise L, et al. Antidepressant treatment and the risk of fatal and non-fatal self harm in first episode depression: nested case-control study. BMJ 2005; 330:389. A large case-control study showing no evidence that the risk of suicide or nonfatal self-harm in adults prescribed SSRIs was greater than in those prescribed tricyclic antidepressants.
37. Valuck RJ, Libby AM, Sills MR, et al. Antidepressant treatment and risk of suicide attempt by adolescents with major depressive disorder: a propensity-adjusted retrospective cohort study. CNS Drugs 2004; 18:1119-1132.
38. Didham RC, McConnell DW, Blair HJ, et al. Suicide and self-harm following prescription of SSRIs and other antidepressants: confounding by indication. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60:519-525.
39. Simon GE, Savarino J, Operskalski B, et al. Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:41-47.
40. Barbui C. Antidepressants and the risk of suicidal behaviors. JAMA 2004; 292:2833.
41. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Geddes JR. Suicide, depression, and antidepressants. BMJ 2005; 330:373-374.
42. Wooltorton E. Risperidone (Risperdal): increased rate of cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. CMAJ 2002; 167:1269-1270.
43. Finkel S, Kozma C, Long S, et al. Risperidone treatment in elderly patients with dementia: relative risk of cerebrovascular events versus other antipsychotics. Int Psychogeriatr 2005; 17:617-629.
44. Formiga F, Fort I, Perez-Castejon JM, et al. Association between risperidone treatment and cerebrovascular adverse events in elderly patients with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53:1446-1448.
45. Gill SS, Rochon PA, Herrmann N, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330:445. A population-based retrospective cohort study showing that older adults with dementia who take atypical antipsychotics and those who take typical antipsychotics are equally at risk of ischaemic stroke.
46. Herrmann N, Mamdani M, Lanctot KL. Atypical antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1113-1115.
47. Liperoti R, Gambassi G, Lapane KL, et al. Cerebrovascular events among elderly nursing home patients treated with conventional or atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1090-1096.
48. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidents in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:468-470.
49. Herrmann N, Lanctot KL. Do atypical antipsychotics cause stroke? CNS Drugs 2005; 19:91-103.
50. Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 2005; 294:1934-1943.
51. Straus SM, Bleumink GS, Dieleman JP, et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:1293-1297.
52. Liperoti R, Gambassi G, Lapane KL, et al. Conventional and atypical antipsychotics and the risk of hospitalization for ventricular arrhythmias or cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:696-701.
53. Wang P, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2335-2341. A large retrospective cohort study suggesting that conventional antipsychotic medications are as likely as atypical agents to increase the risk of death among older individuals.
54. Barbui C, Cipriani A, Tansella M. Risk of death in elderly users of antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:972-973.
55. Meyer J, Koro CE, L'Italien GJ. The metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia: a review. Int Rev Psychiatry 2005; 17:173-180.
56. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-2497.
57. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, et al. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:2289-2304.
58. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366:1059-1062.
59. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein asapredictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2003; 108:414-419.
60. McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 2005; 80:19-32. A study reporting that the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in US schizophrenic patients and represents an enormous source of cardiovascular risk, especially for women.
61. Mackin P, Watkinson HM, Young AH. Prevalence of obesity, glucose homeostasis disorders and metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients taking typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs: a cross-sectional study. Diabetologia 2005; 48:215-221.
62. Cohn T, Prud'homme D, Streiner D, et al. Characterizing coronary heart disease risk in chronic schizophrenia: high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49:753-760.
63. Barner JC, Worchel J, Yang M. Frequency of new-onset diabetes mellitus and use of antipsychotic drugs among Central Texas veterans. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24:1529-1538.
64. Citrome L, Jaffe A, Levine J, et al. Relationship between antipsychotic medication treatment and new cases of diabetes among psychiatric in-patients. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55:1006-1013.
65. Cohen D, Dekker JJ, Peen J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in chronic schizophrenic inpatients in relation to long-term antipsychotic treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16:187-194.
66. Feldman PD, Hay LK, Deberdt W, et al. Retrospective cohort study of diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic treatment in a geriatric population in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2004; 5:38-46.
67. Lambert BL, Chang KY, Tafesse E, et al. Association between antipsychotic treatment and hyperlipidemia among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:12-18.
68. Lambert BL, Chou CH, Chang KY, et al. Antipsychotic exposure and type 2 diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: a matched case-control study of California Medicaid claims. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005; 14:417-425.
69. Leslie DL, Rosenheck RA. Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes attributable to atypical antipsychotic medications. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1709-1711.
70. Moisan J, Gregoire JP, Gaudet M, et al. Exploring the risk of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia among ambulatory users of atypical antipsychotics: a population-based comparison of risperidone and olanzapine. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005; 14:427-436.
71. Ostbye T, Curtis LH, Masselink LE, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and diabetes mellitus in a large outpatient population: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005; 14:407-415.
72. Saari K, Koponen H, Laitinen J, et al. Hyperlipidemia in persons using antipsychotic medication: a general population-based birth cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:547-550.
73. Saari KM, Lindeman SM, Viilo KM, et al. A 4-fold risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:559-563.
74. Sacchetti E, Turrina C, Parrinello G, et al. Incidence of diabetes in a general practice population: a database cohort study on the relationship with haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone or quetiapine exposure. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 20:33-37.
75. Spoelstra JA, Stolk RP, Cohen D, et al. Antipsychotic drugs may worsen metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:674-678.
76. Meyer JM, Koro CE. The effects of antipsychotic therapy on serum lipids: a comprehensive review. Schizophr Res 2004; 70:1-17.
77. American Diabetes Association. American Psychiatric Association. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:596-601.
78. American Diabetes Association. American Psychiatric Association. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Obes Res 2004; 12:362-368.
79. American Diabetes Association. American Psychiatric Association. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:267-272.