Prevalence, incidence and persistence of antipsychotic drug prescribing in the Italian general population: Retrospective database analysis, 1999-2002

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 412-420

  Mirandola, Mersia ^a   Andretta, Margherita ^a   Corbari, Letizia ^a   Sorio, Adriano ^a   Nosè, Michela ^b   Barbui, Corrado ^b  

^a Servizio Farmaceutico ULSS 20   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antipsychotic drugs; Epidemiology; Incidence; Persistence; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVE; BENZATROPINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOTIAPINE; CLOZAPINE; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; LITHIUM; MOLINDONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; ORPHENADRINE; PERPHENAZINE; PROMAZINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; THIORIDAZINE; ZUCLOPENTHIXOL;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; DATA BASE; DRUG USE; DYSTHYMIA; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; ITALY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CHILD; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; DRUG UTILIZATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG;

EID: 33745782532     PISSN: 10538569     EISSN: 10991557     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pds.1162     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. King M, Nazroo J, Welch S, et al. Psychotic symptoms in the general population of England A comparison of ethnic groups (The EMPIRIC study). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 375-381.
2. Lundberg P, Cantor-Graae E, Kabakyenga J, et al. Prevalence of delusional ideation in a district in southwestern Uganda. Schizophr Res 2004; 71: 27-34.
3. Ballon N, Ursulet G, Merle S, et al. Excess of psychoses among the French West Indian population. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49: 335-338.
4. van OJ. Is there a continuum of psychotic experiences in the general population? Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2003; 12: 242-252.
5. Bak M, Myin-Germeys I, Hanssen M, et al. When does experience of psychosis result in a need for care? A prospective general population study. Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 349-358.
6. Stefanis NC, Hanssen M, Smirnis NK, et al. Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 347-358.
7. Verdoux H, van OJ. Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2002; 54: 59-65.
8. Folnegovic Z, Folnegovic-Smalc V. Schizophrenia in Croatia: interregional differences in prevalence and a comment on constant incidence. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 248-255.
9. Kapur S, Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics. Patients value the lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. Br Med J 2000; 321: 1360-1361.
10. Lambert M, Naber D. Current issues in schizophrenia: overview of patient acceptability, functioning capacity and quality of life. CNS Drugs 2004; 18 (Suppl. 2): 5-17.
11. Naber D, Karow A. Good tolerability equals good results: the patient's perspective. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11 (Suppl. 4): S391-S396.
12. Andretta M, Ciuna A, Corbari L, et al. Impact of regulatory changes on first- and second-generation antipsychotic drug consumption and expenditure in Italy. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 72-77.
13. Mond J, Morice R, Owen C, et al. Use of antipsychotic medications in Australia between July 1995 and December 2001. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2003; 37: 55-61.
14. Santamaria B, Perez M, Montero D, et al. Use of antipsychotic agents in Spain through 1985-2000. Eur Psychiatry 2002; 17: 471-476.
15. Menzin J, Boulanger L, Friedman M, et al. Treatment adherence associated with conventional and atypical antipsychotics in a large state Medicaid program. Psychiatr Serv 2003; 54: 719-723.
16. McCombs JS, Nichol MB, Stimmel GL, et al. Use patterns for antipsychotic medications in medicaid patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 (Suppl. 19): 5-11.
17. Weiden PJ, Kozma C, Grogg A. et al. Partial compliance and risk of rehospitalization among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55: 886-891.
18. Gilmer TP, Dolder CR, Lacro JP, et al. Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 692-699.
19. Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Dunn LB, et al. Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 103-108.
20. Martin BC, Miller LS, Kotzan JA. Antipsychotic prescription use and costs for persons with schizophrenia in the 1990s: current trends and five year time series forecasts. Schizophr Res 2001; 47: 281-292.
21. Eaddy M, Grogg A, Locklear J. Assessment of compliance with antipsychotic treatment and resource utilization in a medicaid population. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 263-272.
22. Kaye JA, Bradbury BD, Jick H. Changes in antipsychotic drug prescribing by general practitioners in the United Kingdom from 1991 to 2000: a population-based observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 56: 569-575.
23. Trifiro G, Spina E, Brignoli O, et al. Antipsychotic prescribing pattern among Italian general practitioners: a population-based study during the years 1999-2002. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61: 47-53.
24. Ashcroft DM, Frischer M, Lockett J, et al. Variations in prescribing atypical antipsychotic drugs in primary care: cross-sectional study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safe 2002; 11: 285-289.
25. Hermann RC, Yang D, Ettner SL, et al. Prescription of antipsychotic drugs by office-based physicians in the United States, 1989-1997. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 425-430.
26. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Epidemiology of First- and Second-generation antipsychotic agents in Lombardy, Italy. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005; 38: 128-131.
27. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Antipsychotic drug prescribing in the elderly is cause for concern. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 19: 347-350.
28. Hamann J, Ruppert A, Auby P, et al. Antipsychotic prescribing patterns in Germany: a retrospective analysis using a large outpatient prescription database. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18: 237-242.
29. Barbui C, Campomori A, Mezzalira L, et al. Psychotropic drug use in Italy, 1984-99: the impact of a change in reimbursement status. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16: 227-233.
30. Barbui C, Danese A, Guaiana G, et al. Prescribing second-generation antipsychotics and the evolving standard of care in Italy. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35: 239-243.
31. Clavenna A, Bonati M, Rossi E, et al. Increase in non-evidence based use of antidepressants in children is cause for concern. Br Med J 2004; 328: 711-712.
32. Barbui C, Percudani M, Fortino I, et al. Past use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of cerebrovascular events in the elderly. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 20: 169-171.
33. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Antidepressant drug prescribing among elderly subjects: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 113-118.
34. Pietraru C, Barbui C, Poggio L, et al. Antidepressant drug prescribing in Italy, 2000: analysis of a general practice database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 57: 605-609.
35. Al-Zakwani IS, Barron JJ, Bullano MF, et al. Analysis of healthcare utilization patterns and adherence in patients receiving typical and atypical antipsychotic medications. Curr Med Res Opin 2003; 19: 619-626.
36. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistic Methodology. Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistic Methodology ed. Oslo: WHO; 2003.
37. Jablensky A. The 100-year epidemiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 28: 111-125.
38. Barbui C, Tansella M. Psychotropic drug epidemiology: the road travelled, the road ahead. Int Rev Psychiatry 2005; 17: 143-151.
39. Wooltorton E. Risperidone (Risperdal): increased rate of cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. CMAJ 2002; 167: 1269-1270.
40. Wooltorton E. Olanzapine (Zyprexa): increased incidence of cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. CMAJ 2004; 170: 1395.
41. Gill SS, Rochon PA, Herrmann N, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population based retrospective cohort study. Br Med J 2005; 330: 445.
42. Herrmann N, Mamdani M, Lanctot KL. Atypical antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 1113-1115.
43. Percudani M, Barbui C, Fortino I, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidents in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 468-470.
44. Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, et al. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. Br Med J 2000; 321: 1371-1376.
45. Luo RD, Belleti DA, Tran D, et al. National prescribing patterns in the management of extrapyramidal symptoms among patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Med 2002; 32: 261-269.
46. Jones G. Prescribing and taking medicines. Br Med J 2003; 327: 819.
47. Pitkala KH, Laurila JV, Strandberg TE, et al. Behavioral symptoms and the administration of psychotropic drugs to aged patients with dementia in nursing homes and in acute geriatric wards. Int Psychogeriatr 2004; 16: 61-74.
48. Bronskill SE, Anderson GM, Sykora K, et al. Neuroleptic drug therapy in older adults newly admitted to nursing homes: incidence, dose, and specialist contact. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 749-755.