Salsolinol, a derivate of dopamine, is a possible modulator of catecholaminergic transmission: A review of recent developments

Physiological Research

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 353-364

  Mravec, B ^a,b  

^a Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava   (Slovakia)

^b INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCRINOLOGY   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

1MeDIQ; Dopamine; Parkinson's disease; Prolactoliberin; Salsolinol

Indexed keywords

1 METHYL 3,4 DIHYDROISOQUINOLINE; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); CATECHOLAMINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE DERIVATIVE; LEVODOPA; METHYLTRANSFERASE; N METHYL NORSALSOLINOL; N METHYL SALSOLINOL; NALOXONE; NORSALSOLINOL; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; SALSOLINOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALCOHOLISM; APOPTOSIS; BIODEGRADATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE; CHRONOTROPISM; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROLACTIN RELEASE; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; ISOQUINOLINES; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 33747887455     PISSN: 08628408     EISSN: 08628408     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (98)

1. ANTKIEWICZ-MICHALUK L: Endogenous risk factors in Parkinson's disease: dopamine and tetrahydroisoquinolines. Pol J Pharmacol 54: 567-572, 2002.
2. ANTKIEWICZ-MICHALUK L, MICHALUK J, ROMANSKA I, PAPLA I, VETULANI J: Antidopaminergic effects of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and salsolinol. J Neural Transm 107: 1009-1019, 2000.
3. BAPTISTA CA, KIRBY ML: The cardiac ganglia: cellular and molecular aspects. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 13: 42-54, 1997.
4. BERMANZOHN PC, SIRIS SG: Akinesia: a syndrome common to parkinsonism, retarded depression, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 33: 221-232, 1992.
5. BERNHEIMER H, BIRKMAYER W, HORNYKIEWICZ O, JELLINGER K, SEITELBERGER F: Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 20: 415-455, 1973.
6. BJORKLUND A, LINDVALL O: Dopamine-containing system in the CNS. In: Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Volume 2, Classical Transmitters in the CNS, Part I. BJORKLUND A, HOKFELT T (eds), Elsevier, New York, 1984, pp 55-101.
7. BODNÁR I, MRAVEC B, KUBOVČÁKOVÁ L, FEKETE MIK, NAGY GM, KVETŇANSKÝ R: Immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma catecholamine levels is inhibited by a prolactoliberin (salsolinol) administration. Ann NY Acad Sci 1018: 124-130, 2004a.
8. BODNÁR I, MRAVEC B, KUBOVČÁKOVÁ L, TÓTH EB, FULOP F, FEKETE MIK, KVETŇANSKÝ R, NAGY GM: Stress-, as well as suckling-induced prolactin release is blocked by a structural analogue of the putative hypophyseotrophic prolactin-releasing factor, salsolinol. J Neuroendocrinol 16: 208-213, 2004b.
9. BROWN AS, GERSHON S: Dopamine and depression. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 91: 75-109, 1993.
10. CARLSSON A: The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1: 179-186, 1988.
11. CARLSSON A: A half-century of neurotransmitter research: impact on neurology and psychiatry. Nobel lecture. Biosci Rep 21: 691-710, 2001.
12. CHAVEZ-LARA B, PONCE-LOPEZ MT, BRAVO G, PASTELIN G: Pharmacologic study of dopamine catabolites on the contractility of isolated guinea pig myocardium. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 59: 367-373, 1989.
13. CHUN HS, GIBSON GE, DEGIORGIO LA, ZHANG H, KIDD VJ, SON JH: Dopaminergic cell death induced by MPP(+), oxidant and specific neurotoxicants shares the common molecular mechanism. J Neurochem 76: 1010-1021, 2001.
14. COLLINS MA, BIGDELI MG: Tetrahydroisoquinolines in vivo. I. Rat brain formation of salsolinol, a condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde, under certain conditions during ethanol intoxication. Life Sci 16: 585-601, 1975.
15. DAMIER P, HIRSCH EC, AGID Y, GRAYBIEL AM: The substantia nigra of the human brain. II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease. Brain 122: 1437-1448, 1999.
16. DEUTCH AY, ROTH RH: Neurotransmitters. In: Fundamental Neuroscience. SQUIRE LR, BLOOM FE, MCCONNELL SK, ROBERTS JL, SPITZER NC, ZIGMOND MJ (eds), Academic Press, San Diego, 2003, pp 163-196.
17. DOSTERT P, STROLIN BENEDETTI M, DORDAIN G: Dopamine-derived alkaloids in alcoholism and in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. J Neural Transm 74: 61-74, 1988.
18. FREEMAN ME, KANYICSKA B, LERANT A, NAGY GM: Prolactin: Structure, function and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev 80: 1523-1631, 2000.
19. GERMAN DC, MANAYE K, SMITH WK, WOODWARD DJ, SAPER CB: Midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease: computer visualization. Ann Neurol 26: 507-514, 1989.
20. GERMAN DC, MANAYE KF, WHITE CL 3RD, WOODWARD DJ, MCINTIRE DD, SMITH WK, KALARIA RN, MANN DM: Disease-specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss. Ann Neurol 32: 667-676, 1992.
21. GOLDSTEIN DS: Dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease: neurocardiological abnormalities. Lancet Neurol 2: 669-676, 2003.
22. GOLDSTEIN DS, HOLMES C, LI ST, BRUCE S, METMAN LV, CANNON RO: Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease. Ann Intern Med 133: 338-347, 2000.
23. HANSSON E: Transport of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters by primary astroglial cultures. Neurochem Res 10: 667-675, 1985.
24. HEYM C, COMMON B, YIN S, KLIMASCHEWSKI L, COURAUD JY, BACHMANN S: Neurochemistry, connectivity and plasticity of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Ann Anat 175: 309-319, 1993.
25. HEYM C, KLIMASCHEWSKI L, BORGHINI N, FISCHER-COLBRIE R: Immunohistochemistry of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and of SIF cell-associated nerve fibers in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Microsc Res Tech 29: 143-150, 1994.
26. HOKFELT T, FUXE K, GOLDSTEIN M, JOHANSSON O: Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res 66: 235-251, 1974.
27. HOMICSKO KG, KERTESZ I, RADNAI B, TOTH BE, TOTH G, FULOP F, FEKETE MI, NAGY GM: Binding site of salsolinol: its properties in different regions of the brain and the pituitary gland of the rat. Neurochem Int 42: 19-26, 2003.
28. INAZU M, TAKEDA H, IKOSHI H, UCHIDA Y, KUBOTA N, KIUCHI Y, OGUCHI K, MATSUMIYA T: Regulation of dopamine uptake by basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor in cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci Res 34: 235-244, 1999.
29. + RNA. Biochim Biophys Acta 1466: 61-70, 2000.
30. JAKEL RJ, MARAGOS WF: Neuronal cell death in Huntington's disease: a potential role for dopamine. Trends Neurosci 23: 239-245, 2000.
31. KELLEY AE, BERRIDGE KC: The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. J Neurosci 22: 3306-3311, 2002.
32. KENNEY MJ, WEISS ML, HAYWOOD JR: The paraventricular nucleus: an important component of the central neurocircuitry regulating sympathetic nerve outflow. Acta Physiol Scand 177: 7-15, 2003.
33. KHERADPEZHOUH M, SHAVALI S, EBADI M: Salsolinol causing parkinsonism activates endoplasmic reticulumstress signaling pathways in human dopaminergic SK-N-SH cells. Neurosignals 12: 315-324, 2003.
34. KIM HJ, SOH Y, JANG JH, LEE JS, OH YJ, SURH YJ: Differential cell death induced by salsolinol with and without copper: possible role of reactive oxygen species. Mol Pharmacol 60: 440-449, 2001.
35. KOOB GF: Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13: 177-184, 1992.
36. KOSTRZEWA RM: Selective neurotoxins, chemical tools to probe the mind: the first thirty years and beyond. Neurotox Res 1: 3-25, 1999.
37. KOSTRZEWA RM, SEGURA-AGUILAR J: Novel mechanisms and approaches in the study of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. A review. Neurotox Res 5: 375-383, 2003.
38. KURIYAMA K, OHKUMA S, TAGUCHI J, HASHIMOTO T: Alcohol, acetaldehyde and salsolinol-induced alterations in functions of cerebral GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. Physiol Behav 40: 393-399, 1987.
39. KVETŇANSKÝ R, SUN CL, LAKE CR, THOA N, TORDA T, KOPIN IJ: Effect of handling and forced immobilization on rat plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology 103: 1868-1874, 1978.
40. LI ST, DENDI R, HOLMES C, GOLDSTEIN DS: Progressive loss of cardiac sympathetic innervation in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 52: 220-223, 2002.
41. LINDVALL O, BJORKLUND A: Organization of catecholamine neurons in the rat central nervous system. In: Handbook of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 9. IVERSEN LL, IVERSEN SD, SNYDER SH (eds), Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, 1978, pp 139-231.
42. LUCCHI L, BOSIO A, SPANO PF, TRABUCCHI M: Action of ethanol and salsolinol on opiate receptor function. Brain Res 232: 506-510, 1982.
43. MARTINEZ-ALVARADO P, DAGNINO-SUBIABRE A, PARIS I, METODIEWA D, WELCH CJ, OLEA-AZAR C, CAVIEDES P, CAVIEDES R, SEGURA-AGUILAR J: Possible role of salsolinol quinone methide in the decrease of RCSN-3 cell survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283: 1069-1076, 2001.
44. MARUYAMA W, NAOI M: Cell death in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 249: 6-10, 2002.
45. MARUYAMA W, DOSTERT P, NAOI M: Dopamine-derived 1-methyl-6,7- dihydroxyisoquinolines as hydroxyl radical promoters and scavengers in the rat brain: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Neurochem 64: 2635-2643, 1995.
46. MARUYAMA W, ABE T, TOHGI H, DOSTERT P, NAOI M: A dopaminergic neurotoxin, (R)-N-methylsalsolinol increases in parkinsonian cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 40: 119-122, 1996.
47. MARUYAMA W, SOBUE G, MATSUBARA K, HASHIZUME Y, DOSTERT P, NAOI M: A dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1(R), 2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, and its oxidation product, 1,2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion, accumulate in the nigro-striatal system of the human brain. Neurosci Lett 223: 61-64, 1997.
48. MARUYAMA W, STROLIN-BENEDETTI M, NAOI M: N-methyl(R)salsolinol and a neutral N-methyltransferase as pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology 8: 55-68, 2000.
49. MARUYAMA W, YI H, TAKAHASHI T, SHIMAZU S, OHDE H, YONEDA F, IWASA K, NAOI M: Neuroprotective function of R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, [R-(-)-BPAP], against apoptosis induced by N-methyl(R)salsolinol, an endogenous dopaminergic neurotoxin, in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Life Sci 75: 107-117, 2004.
50. MASSON G, MESTRE D, BLIN O: Dopaminergic modulation of visual sensitivity in man. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 7: 449-463, 1993.
51. MATSUZAWA S, SUZUKI T, MISAWA M: Involvement of mu-opioid receptor in the salsolinol-associated place preference in rats exposed to conditioned fear stress. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24: 366-372, 2000.
52. MATTHEWS MR: Small, intensely fluorescent cells and the paraneuron concept. J Electron Microsc Tech 12: 408-416, 1989.
53. MICIELI G, TOSI P, MARCHESELLI S, CAVALLINI A: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 24: S32-34, 2003.
54. MISU Y, GOSHIMA Y, UEDA H, OKAMURA H: Neurobiology of L-DOPAergic systems. Prog Neurobiol 49: 415-454, 1996.
55. MISU Y, YUE JL, GOSHIMA Y: L-DOPA systems for blood pressure regulation in the lower brainstem. Neurosci Res 23: 147-158, 1995.
56. MOSER A, SCHOLZ J, NOBBE F, VIEREGGE P, BOHME V, BAMBERG H: Presence of N-methyl-norsalsolinol in the CSF: correlations with dopamine metabolites of patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 131: 183-189, 1995.
57. MOSER A, SIEBECKER F, VIEREGGE P, JASKOWSKI P, KOMPF D: Salsolinol, catecholamine metabolites, and visual hallucinations in L-DOPA treated patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 103: 421-432, 1996.
58. MRAVEC B, BODNÁR I, FEKETE MIK, NAGY GM, KVETŇANSKÝ R: Salsolinol, an antagonist of prolactiliberine, induces an increase in plasma catecholamine levels. Auton Neurosci 115: 35-40, 2004.
59. MUSSHOFF F: Chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of chronic and acute alcohol consumption. J Chromatography B 781: 457-480, 2002.
60. MUSSHOFF F, SCHMIDT P, DETTMEYER R, PRIEMER F, WITTIG H, MADEA B: A systematic regional study of dopamine and dopamine-derived salsolinol and norsalsolinol levels in human brain areas. Forensic Sci Int 105: 1-11, 1999.
61. MUSSHOFF F, SCHMIDT P, DETTMEYER R, PRIEMER F, JACHAU K, MADEA B: Determination of dopamine and dopamine-derived (R)-/(S)-salsolinol and norsalsolinol in various human brain areas using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 113: 359-366, 2000.
62. MUSSHOFF F, LACHENMEIER DW, SCHMIDT P, DETTMEYER R, MADEA B: Systematic regional study of dopamine, norsalsolinol, and (R/S)-salsolinol levels in human brain areas of alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 46-52, 2005.
63. NAGATSU T: Isoquinoline neurotoxins in the brain and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 29: 99-111, 1997.
64. NAGATSU T: Amine-related neurotoxins in Parkinson's disease: past, present, and future. Neurotoxicol Teratol 24: 565-569, 2002.
65. NAOI M, MARUYAMA W, DOSTERT P, KOHDA K, KAIYA T: A novel enzyme enantio-selectively synthesizes (R)salsolinol, a precursor of a dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol. Neurosci Lett 212: 183-186, 1996.
66. NAOI M, MARUYAMA W, DOSTERT P, HASHIZUME Y: N-methyl-(R)salsolinol as a dopaminergic neurotoxin: from an animal model to an early marker of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 50: 89-105, 1997.
67. NAOI M, MARUYAMA W: Cell death of dopamine neurons in aging and Parkinson's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 111: 175-188, 1999.
68. NAOI M, MARUYAMA W, YAGI K, YOUDIM M: Anti-apoptotic function of L-(-)deprenyl (Selegiline) and related compounds. Neurobiology (Budapest) 8: 69-80, 2000.
69. NAOI M, MARUYAMA W, AKAO Y, YI H: Dopamine-derived endogenous N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol: its role in Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicol Teratol 24: 579-591, 2002.
70. NAOI M, MARUYAMA W, NAGY GM: Dopamine-derived salsolinol derivatives as endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitors: occurrence, metabolism and function in human brains. Neurotoxicology 25: 193-204, 2004.
71. NIEOULLON A: Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention. Prog Neurobiol 67: 53-83, 2002.
72. NIWA T, TAKEDA N, YOSHIZUMI H, TATEMATSU A, YOSHIDA M, DOSTERT P, NAOI M, NAGATSU T: Presence of 2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, novel endogenous amines, in parkinsonian and normal human brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177: 603-609, 1991.
73. OPACKA-JUFFRY J, BROOKS DJ: L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and its decarboxylase: new ideas on their neuroregulatory roles. Mov Disord 10: 241-249, 1995.
74. PACÁK K: Stressor-specific activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Physiol Res 49: S11-17, 2000.
75. PACÁK K, PALKOVITS M, KOPIN IJ, GOLDSTEIN DS: Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity: in vivo microdialysis studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 16: 89-150, 1995.
76. PUTSCHER I, HABER H, WINKLER A, FICKEL J, MELZIG MF: Effect of S(-)- and R(+)-salsolinol on the POMC gene expression and ACTH release of an anterior pituitary cell line. Alcohol 12: 447-452, 1995.
77. RADNAI B, KANDAR Z, SOMOGYVARI-VIGH A, MERGL Z, OLAH M, FULOP F, VECSERNYES M, NAGY GM: Salsolinol induces a decrease in cyclic AMP at the median eminence and an increase at the adenohypophysis in lactating rats. Brain Res Bull 65: 105-110, 2005.
78. RODD ZA, BELL RL, ZHANG Y, GOLDSTEIN A, ZAFFARONI A, MCBRIDE WJ, LI TK: Salsolinol produces reinforcing effects in the nucleus accumbens shell of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 440-449, 2003.
79. SANDLER M, CARTER SB, HUNTER KR, STERN GM: Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids: in vivo metabolites of L-dopa in man. Nature 241: 439-443, 1973.
80. SCHOLZ J, KLINGEMANN I, MOSER A: Increased systemic levels of norsalsolinol derivatives are induced by levodopa treatment and do not represent biological markers of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75: 634-636, 2004.
81. SCHULTZ W, DAYAN P, MONTAGUE PR: A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275: 1593-1599, 1997.
82. SCHWARTZ JH: Neurotransmitters. In: Principles of Neural Sciences. KANDEL ER, SCHWARTZ JH, JESSELL TM (eds), McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000, pp 280-297.
83. SEGURA AGUILAR J, KOSTRZEWA RM: Neurotoxins and neurotoxic species implicated in neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 6: 615-630, 2004.
84. SLAVÍKOVÁ J, KUNCOVÁ J, REISCHIG J, DVOŘÁKOVÁ M: Catecholaminergic neurons in the rat intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Neurochem Res 28: 593-598, 2003.
85. SOKOLOVA NA, CHUDAKOV LI, ASHMARIN IP, VINOGRADOVA TM, VOLODIN ND, VLASOV GP, NIKONOVA IN: The positive chronotropic effects of salsolinol on the isolated rat heart. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova 76: 1043-1047, 1990.
86. STORCH A, KAFTAN A, BURKHARDT K, SCHWARZ J: 1-Methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol) is toxic to dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells via impairment of cellular energy metabolism. Brain Research 855: 67-75, 2000.
87. STORCH A, OTT S, HWANG YI, ORTMANN R, HEIN A, FRENZEL S, MATSUBARA K, OHTA S, WOLF HU, SCHWARZ J: Selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity of isoquinoline derivatives related to Parkinson's disease: studies using heterologous expression systems of the dopamine transporter. Biochem Pharmacol 63: 909-920, 2002.
88. +-dependent uptake of the neurotransmitter candidate L-DOPA in the CNS. Neuroscience 104: 1-14, 2001.
89. TAKEDA H, INAZU M, MATSUMIYA T: Astroglial dopamine transport is mediated by norepinephrine transporter. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 366: 620-623, 2002.
90. TANAKA K, CHIBA T: Intraganglionic portal sinus located between small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and principal ganglionic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig. Cell Tissue Res 265: 57-61, 1991.
91. TANAKA K, CHIBA T: Microvascular organization of sympathetic ganglia, with special reference to small intenselyfluorescent cells. Microsc Res Tech 35: 137-145, 1996.
92. TEDROFF JM: The neuroregulatory properties of L-DOPA. A review of the evidence and potential role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 8: 195-204, 1997.
93. TÓTH BE, HOMICSKO K, RADNAI B, MARUYAMA W, DEMARIA JE, VECSERNYES M, FEKETE MIK, FULOP F, NAOI M, FREEMAN ME, NAGY GM: Salsolinol is a putative endogenous neuro-intermediate lobe prolactin-releasing factor. J Neuroendocrinol 13: 1042-1050, 2001.
94. TÓTH BE, BODNÁR I, HOMICSKO K, FULOP F, FEKETE MIK, NAGY GM: Physiological role of salsolinol: its hypophysiotrophic function in the regulation of pituitary prolactin secretion. Neurotoxicol Terratol 24: 655-666, 2002.
95. VETULANI J, ANTKIEWICZ-MICHALUK L, NALEPA I, SANSONE M: A possible physiological role for cerebral tetrahydroisoquinolines. Neurotox Res 5: 147-155, 2003.
96. VETULANI J, NALEPA I, ANTKIEWICZ-MICHALUK L, SANSONE M: Opposite effect of simple tetrahydroisoquinolines on amphetamine- and morphine-stimulated locomotor activity in mice. J Neural Transm 108: 513-526, 2001.
97. WEINBERGER DR, BERMAN KF, CHASE TN: Mesocortical dopaminergic function and human cognition. Ann NY Acad Sci 537: 330-338, 1988.
98. YI H, MARUYAMA W, AKAO Y, TAKAHASHI T, IWASA K, YOUDIM MB, NAOI M: N-Propargylamine protects SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis induced by an endogenous neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, through stabilization of mitochondrial membrane and induction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. J Neural Transm 113: 21-32, 2006.