Numerical modelling of welding

Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering

Volumn 195, Issue 48-49, 2006, Pages 6710-6736

  Lindgren, L E ^a  

^a LULEÅ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Buckling; Cracking; Finite elements; Optimisation; Thermo mechanics; Welding

Indexed keywords

BUCKLING; CRACK INITIATION; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTIMIZATION; THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT;

COMPUTATIONAL WELDING MECHANICS (CWM);

WELDING;

BUCKLING; CRACK INITIATION; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTIMIZATION; THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT; WELDING;

EID: 33746365829     PISSN: 00457825     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2005.08.018     Document Type: Article

References (226)

1. Ueda Y., and Yamakawa T. Analysis of thermal elastic-plastic stress and strain during welding by finite element method. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 2 2 (1971) 90-100
2. Hibbitt H., and Marcal P. A numerical thermo-mechanical model for the welding and subsequent loading of a fabricated structure. Comput. Struct. 3 (1973) 1145-1174
3. Friedman E. Thermomechanical analysis of the welding process using the finite element method. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 97 3 (1975) 206-213
4. E. Rybicki et al., A finite element model for residual stresses in girth-butt welded pipes, in: Numerical Modeling of Manufacturing Processes, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, 1977.
5. Andersson B.A.B. Thermal stresses in a submerged-arc welded joint considering phase transformations. ASME J. Engrg. Mater. Technol. 100 (1978) 356-362
6. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6, in: 6th International Seminar on the Numerical Analysis of Weldability, Graz-Seggau, Institute of Materials, Austria, 2001.
7. International, A. Three dimensional simulation of robot path, heat transfer and residual stresses of a TIG-welded part with complex geometry, in: 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, Pine Mountain, Georgia, 2002.
8. Radaj D. Welding Residual Stresses and Distortion Calculation and measurement (2003), DVS-Verlag p. 397
9. Grøng Ø. Metallurgical Modelling of Welding (1994), The Institute of Materials
10. Lindgren L.-E. Finite element modelling and simulation of welding, Part 1. Increased complexity. J. Therm. Stresses 24 (2001) 141-192
11. Lindgren L.-E. Finite element modelling and simulation of welding, Part 2, Improved material modelling. J. Therm. Stresses 24 (2001) 195-231
12. Lindgren L.-E. Finite element modelling and simulation of welding, Part 3. Efficiency and integration. J. Therm. Stresses 24 (2001) 305-334
13. Runesson K., Skyttebol A., and Lindgren L.-E. Nonlinear finite element analysis and application to welded structures. In: Karihaloo B. (Ed). Numerical and Computational Methods (2003), Elsevier 255-320
14. Oberkampf W.L., and Trucano T.G. Verification and validation in computational fluid dynamics. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 38 3 (2002) 209-272
15. Sudnik W., Radaj D., and Erofeew W. Validation of computerised simulation of welding processes. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 4 (1997), The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Seggau, Graz
16. Lindgren L.-E., Runnemalm H., and Nasstrom M.O. Simulation of multipass welding of a thick plate. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 44 9 (1999) 1301-1316
17. Chen Y., and Sheng I. On the solid-fluid transition zone in welding analysis. Heat and Mass Transfer in Solidification Processing (1991), ASME 21-33
18. Chen Y., and Sheng I. Residual stress in weldment. J. Therm. Stresses 15 1 (1992) 53-69
19. Sheng I., and Chen Y. Modeling welding by surface heating. ASME J. Engrg. Mater. Technol. 114 4 (1992) 439-449
20. Lu F., Yao S., Lou S., and Li Y. Modeling and finite element analysis on GTAW arc and weld pool. Comput. Mater. Sci. 29 3 (2004) 371-378
21. Zacharia T., et al. Modeling of fundamental phenomena in welds. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Engrg. 3 (1995) 265-288
22. Sudnik W., Radaj D., Breitschwerdt S., and Erofeew W. Numerical simulation of weld pool geometry in laser beam welding. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 (2000) 662-671
23. Zhu P. Computer simulation of gas metal welding arcs. 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1998), American Welding Society, Pine Mountain, Georgia
24. A. Lundbäck, Finite Element Modelling and Simulation of Welding of Aerospace Components, Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 2003.
25. Felippa C., Park K., and Farhat C. Partitioned analysis of coupled mechanical systems I. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 190 (2001) 3247-3270
26. Armero F., and Simo J.C. A new unconditionally stable fractional step method for nonlinear coupled thermomechanical problems. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 35 (1992) 737-766
27. Armero F., and Simo J.C. A priori stability estimates and unconditionally stable product formula algorithms for nonlinear coupled thermoplasticity. Int. J. Plasticity 9 6 (1993) 749-782
28. Agelet de Saracibar C., Cervera M., and Chiumenti M. On the formulation of coupled thermoplastic problems with phase-change. Int. J. Plasticity 15 1 (1999) 1-34
29. Agelet de Saracibar C., Cervera M., and Chiumenti M. On the constitutive modeling of coupled thermomechanical phase-change problems. Int. J. Plasticity 17 12 (2001) 1565-1622
30. Börjesson L., and Lindgren L.-E. Thermal, metallurgical and mechanical models for simulation of multipass welding. ASME J. Engrg. Mater. Technol. 123 Jan (2001) 106-111
31. Ronda J., and Oliver G.J. Consistent thermo-mechano-metallurgical model of welded steel with unified approach to derivation of phase evolution laws and transformation-induced plasticity. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 189 2 (2000) 361-418
32. Oddy A., McDill J., and Goldak J. Consistent strain fields in 3D finite element analysis of welds. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 112 3 (1990) 309-311
33. Lindgren L.-E., and Karlsson L. Deformations and stresses in welding of shell structures. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 2 (1988) 155-164
34. Goldak J., Gu M., and Hughes E. Steady state thermal analysis of welds with filler metal addition. Canad. Metall. Quart. 32 1 (1993) 49-55
35. Balagangadhar D., Dorai G.A., and Tortorelli D.A. A displacement-based Eulerian steadystate formulation suitable for thermo-elasto-plastic material models. Int. J. Solids Struct. 36 16 (1999) 2397-2416
36. Rajadhyaksha S., and Michaleris P. Optimization of thermal processes using an Eulerian formulation and application in laser hardening. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 47 (2000) 1807-1823
37. Balagangadhar D., Dorai G.A., Tortorelli D.A., and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A displacement-based reference frame formulation for steady-state thermo-elasto-plastic material processes. Int. J. Solids Struct. 36 16 (1999) 2397-2416
38. Shanghvi J., and Michaleris P. Thermo-elasto-plastic finite element analysis of quasi-state processes in Eulerian reference frames. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 53 (2002) 1533-1556
39. Paul S., Michaleris P., and Shangvi J. Optimization of thermo-elasto-plastic processes using Eulerian sensitivity analysis. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 56 (2003) 1125-1150
40. Zhang L., and Michaleris P. Investigation of Lagrangian and Eulerian finite element methods for modeling the laser forming process. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 40 (2004) 383-405
41. Bergheau J., Pont D., and Leblond J. Three-dimensional simulation of a laser surface treatment through steady state computation in the heat source's co-moving frame. IUTAM Symposium on the Mechanical Effects of Welding (1992), Springer Verlag, Luleå, Sweden
42. Gu M., Goldak J., Knight A., and Bibby M. Modelling the evolution of microstructure in the heat affected zone of steady state welds. Canad. Metall. Quart. 32 (1993) 351-363
43. Gu M., and Goldak J. Steady-state formulation for stress and distortion of welds. ASME J. Engrg. Ind. 116 (1994) 467-474
44. Goldak J., and Gu M. Computational weld mechanics of the steady state. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2 (1995), The Institute of Materials
45. D. Atteridge et al., 3D Eulerian modeling of electroslag welding, in: 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, Pine Mountain, Georgia, USA, 1998.
46. Lewis R., Morgan K., Thomas H., and Seetharamu K. The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer Analysis (1996), John Wiley & Sons p. 279
47. Bathe K.-J. Finite Element Procedures (1996), Prentice-Hall p. 1037
48. Belytschko T. An overview of semidiscretization and time procedures. In: Belytschko T., and Bathe K.-J. (Eds). Computational Methods in Mechanics (1983), North-Holland 3-65
49. Hughes T. Analysis of transient algorithms with particular reference to stability behavior. In: Belytschko T., and Hughes T. (Eds). Computational Methods for Transient Analysis (1983), North-Holland 68-155
50. Crisfield M.A. Non-linear finite element analysis of solids and structures. Essentials vol. 1 (1991), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester p. 345
51. Jonsson M., Karlsson L., and Lindgren L.-E. Deformations and stresses in butt-welding of large plates. In: Lewis R. (Ed). Numerical Methods in Heat Transfer (1985), Wiley 35-58
52. Karlsson L. Thermal stresses in welding. In: Hetnarski R.B. (Ed). Thermal Stresses (1986), Elsevier Science Publishers 300-389
53. Rolph W.D., and Bathe K.-J. An efficient algorithm for analysis of non linear heat transfer with phase changes. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 18 (1982) 119-134
54. Murthy Y.V.L.N., Rao G.V., and Iyer P.K. Numerical simulation of welding and quenching processes using transient thermal and thermo-elasto-plastic formulations. Comput. Struct. 60 1 (1996) 131-154
55. Huang H.-C., and Usmani A. Finite Element Analysis for Heat Transfer (1994), Springer Verlag p. 199
56. Pham Q. Comparison of general purpose finite element methods for the Stefan problem. Numer. Heat Transfer Part B-Fund. 27 4 (1995) 417-435
57. Belytschko T., Liu W.K., and Moran B. Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures (2000), John Wiley & Sons p. 650
58. Crisfield M.A. Non-linear finite element analysis of solids and structures. Advanced Topics vol. 2 (1997), John Wiley & Sons
59. Bonet J., and Wood R.D. Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis (1997), Cambridge University Press
60. Simo J., and Pister K. Remarks on rate constitutive constitutive equations for finite deformation problems: computational implications. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 46 (1985) 201-215
61. Johnson G., and Bammann D. A discussion of stress rates in finite deformation problems. Int. J. Solids Struct. 20 8 (1984) 725-737
62. Simo J.C., and Hughes T.J.R. In: Marsden J.E., Sirovich L., and Wiggins S. (Eds). Computational Inelasticity (1997), Springer-Verlag, New York 392
63. Simo J., and Taylor R. Consistent tangent operators for rate-independent elastoplasticity. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 48 (1985) 101-118
64. Ponthot J.P. Unified stress update algorithms for the numerical simulation of large deformation elasto-plastic and elasto-viscoplastic processes. Int. J. Plasticity 18 1 (2002) 91-126
65. Cifuentes A., and Kalbag A. A performance study of tetrahedral and hexahedral elements in 3-D finite element structural analysis. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 12 (1992) 313-331
66. S. Benzley et al., A comparison of all hexagonal and all tetrahedral finite element meshes for elastic and elasto-plastic analysis, in: Proc. of 14th Ann. Int. Meshing Roundtable. Albuquerque, USA, 1995.
67. McDill J., and Oddy A. A non-conforming eight to 26-node hexahedron for three-dimensional thermal-elastoplastic finite element analysis. Comput. Struct. 54 2 (1995) 183-189
68. Chiumenti M., Valverde Q., Agelet de Saracibar C., and Cervera M. A stabilized formulation for incompressible plasticity using linear triangles and tetrahedra. Int. J. Plasticity 20 8-9 (2004) 1487-1504
69. Hughes T., and Winget J. Finite rotation effects in numerical integration of rate constitutive equations arising in large-deformation analysis. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 15 9 (1980) 1862-1867
70. Arif A., Pervez T., and Mughal M. Performance of a finite element procedure for hyperelastic-viscoplastic large deformation problems. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 34 (2000) 89-112
71. Simo J.C. A framework for finite strain elastoplasticity based on maximum plastic dissipation and the multiplicative decomposition: Part I. Continuum formulation. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 66 (1988) 199-219
72. Simo J.C. A framework for finite strain elastoplasticity based on maximum plastic dissipation and the multiplicative decomposition: Part II. Computational aspects. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 68 (1988) 1-31
73. Ramm E., and Matzenmiller A. Consistent linearization in elasto-plastic shell analysis. Engrg. Comput. 5 Dec (1988) 289-299
74. Perzyna P., and Pecherski R. Modified theory of viscoplasticity physical foundations and identification of material functions for advanced strains. Arch. Mech. 35 3 (1983) 423-436
75. Miller A.K. The MATMOD equations. In: Miller A.K. (Ed). Unified Constitutive Equations for Creep and Plasticity (1987), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd 139-219
76. Kassner M.E., and Pérez-Prado M.-T. Five-power-law creep in single phase metals and alloys. Prog. Mater. Sci. 45 (2000) 1-102
77. In: Miller A.K. (Ed). Unified Constitutive Equations for Creep and Plasticity (1987), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd 342
78. Stouffer D.C., and Dame L.T. Inelastic Deformations of Metals-Models, Mechanical Properties and Metallurgy (1996), John Wiley & Sons Inc.
79. Lemaitre J., and Chaboche J.-L. Mechanics of Solid Materials (1990), Cambridge University Press p. 556
80. Bammann D.J. Modeling temperature and strain rate dependent large deformations of metals. Appl. Mech. Rev. 43 5 (1990) 312-319
81. Hughes T. Numerical implementation of constitutive models: rate-independent deviatoric plasticity. Theoretical Foundation for Large Scale Computation of Nonlinear Material Behaviour (1984), Northwestern University, Nijhoff, Evanston, Illinois, USA
82. Chaboche J.L., and Cailletaud G. Integration methods for complex plastic constitutive equations. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 133 1-2 (1996) 125-155
83. Raboin P. A Deformation-Mechanism Material model for Nike3D (1993), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory p. 47
84. Frost H.J., and Ashby M.F. Deformation-Mechanism Maps-The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics (1982), Pergamon Press p. 166
85. Marin E., and McDowell D. A semi-implicit integration scheme for rate-dependent and rate-independent plasticity. Comput. Struct. 63 3 (1997) 579-600
86. de Souza Neto E. A simple robust numerical integration algorithm for a power-law visco-plastic model under both high and low rate-sensitivity. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 20 (2004) 1-17
87. B. Lenz, F. Rick. Lösungsansatze zur Simulation des Laserstrahlschweissens mit thermomechanischen und mechanischen Analysen, in: MARC Benutzertreffen, Munchen, 1999.
88. Ericsson M., Berglund D., and Nylén P. Three dimensional simulation of robot path, heat transfer and residual stresses of a TIG-welded part with complex geometry. 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (2002), ASM International, Pine Mountain, Georgia
89. Lindgren L.-E., Haggblad H.-A., McDill J.M.J., and Oddy A.S. Automatic remeshing for three-dimensional finite element simulation of welding. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 147 3-4 (1997) 401-409
90. Stadthaus M., Michailov V., and Wohlfahrt H. Simulation of weld shape, microstructure, distortion and residual stresses for laser beam welding. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
91. Runnemalm H., and Hyun S. Three-dimensional welding analysis using an adaptive mesh scheme. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 189 (2000) 515-523
92. Hemmer H., Klokkehaug S., and Grong O. Process modelling applied to electron beam welding of duplex stainless steels. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
93. Rieger A., and Wriggers P. Adaptive methods for thermomechanical coupled contact problems. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 59 (2004) 871-894
94. Lindgren L.-E., and Hedblom E. Modelling of addition of filler material in large deformation analysis of multipass welding. Commun. Numer. Methods Engrg. 17 9 (2001) 647-657
95. Huerta A., Rodridguez-Ferran A., Diez P., and Sarrate J. Adaptive finite element strategies based on error assessment. Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 46 (1999) 1803-1818
96. Zienkiewicz O.C., Boroomand B., and Zhu J.Z. Recovery procedures in error estimation and adaptivity. Part I. Adaptivity in linear problems. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 176 1-4 (1999) 111-125
97. Boroomand B., and Zienkiewicz O.C. Recovery procedures in error estimation and adaptivity. Part II. Adaptivity in nonlinear problems of elasto-plasticity behaviour. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 176 1-4 (1999) 127-146
98. Hyun S., and Lindgren L.-E. Smoothing and adaptive remeshing schemes for graded element. Commun. Numer. Methods Engrg. 17 (2001) 1-17
99. Oddy A., Goldak J., McDill J.M., and Bibby M. A distortion metric for iso-parametric finite elements. CSME 12 4 (1988) 213-217
100. L. Fuglsang Andersen, Residual stresses and deformations in steel structures, Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2000, p. 228.
101. Souloumiac B., Boitout F., and Bergheau J. A new local-global approach for the modelling of welded steel component distortions. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
102. F. Faure, B. Souloumiac, J.-M. Bergheau, J.-B. Leblond. Prediction of distortions of large thins structures during welding using shell elements and multiscale approaches, in: Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 7, Graz, Austria, 2003.
103. Ueda Y. Predicting and measuring methods of two- and three-dimensional welding residual stresses by using inherent strain as a parameter. In: Karlsson L. (Ed). Modeling in Welding, Hot Powder Forming and Casting (1997), ASM International 91-113
104. Murakawa H., Luo Y., and Ueda Y. Inherent strain as an interface between computational welding mechanics and its industrial application. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 4 (1998), Institute of Materials, Graz, Austria
105. Lindgren L.-E. Welding simulation-knowing what isn't necessary to know. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
106. Kannengiesser T., et al. The influence of local weld deformation on hot cracking susceptibility. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
107. Rindler W., Kozeschnik E., Enzinger N., and Buchmayr B. A modified hot tearing criterion for steels. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
108. Hashimoto T., et al. Numerical analysis on the weldability of neutron-irradiated stainless steels. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
109. Dike J., et al. Finite element modeling of multipass GMA welds in steel plates. 4th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1995), ASM International, Gatlinburg, USA
110. Goldak J. Modeling thermal stresses and distortions in welds. 2nd International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1989), ASM International, Gatlinburg, USA
111. J. Goldak, M. Bibby, D. Downey, M. Gu. Heat and fluid flow in welds, in: International Welding Congress on Joining Research, Montreal, Canada, 1990.
112. J. Goldak, Thermal analysis of welds, in: K. Karlsson, (Ed.), Modeling in Welding, Hot Powder Forming and Casting, pp. 17-29, 1997.
113. Goldak J., et al. Computer modeling of heat flow in welds. Metall. Trans. B 17B (1986) 587-600
114. J. Goldak et al., Computational heat transfer for weld mechanics, in: Trends in Welding Research, Gatlinburg, USA, 1986.
115. J. Goldak, B. Patel, M. Bibby, J. Moore, Computational weld mechanics, in: AGARD Workshop-Structures and Materials 61st Panel meeting, Oberammergau, Germany, 1985.
116. A. Carmet et al. Experimental and numerical study of residual stresses and strains in an electron-beam-welded joint, in: 2nd International Conference on Residual Stresses (ICRS2), Nancy, 1988.
117. Goldak J., Zhou J., Breiguine V., and Montoya F. Thermal stress analysis of welds: from melting point to room temperature. Trans. JWRI 25 2 (1996) 185-189
118. Jones B., Emery A., and Marburger J. An analytical and experimental study of the effects of welding parameters in fusion welds. Weld. J. 72 2 (1993) 51-59
119. Jones B., Emery A., and Marburger J. Design and analysis of test coupon for fusion welding. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 115 (1993) 38-46
120. Roelens J.-B., Maltrud F., and Lu J. Determination of residual stresses in submerged arc multi-pass welds by means of numerical simulation and comparison with experimental measurements. Weld. World 33 3 (1994) 152-159
121. Roelens J.-B. Numerical simulation of multipass submerged arc welding-determination of residual stresses and comparison with experimental measurements. Weld. World 35 2 (1995) 110-117
122. Roelens J. Determination of residual stresses in submerged arc multi-pass welds by means of numerical simulation and comparisons with experimental measurements. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2 (1995), The Institute of Materials, Graz, Austria
123. Goldak J., Chakravarti A., and Bibby M. A new finite element model for welding heat sources. Metall. Trans. B 15B (1984) 299-305
124. Sabapathy P.N., Wahab M.A., and Painter M.J. The prediction of burn-through during in-service welding of gas pipelines. Int. J. Press. Vess. Piping 77 11 (2000) 669-677
125. Lu A., Cai Z., Zhao H., and Wu S. New heat source models for numerical simulation of welded process: segmented Gauss model and segmented string model. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
126. C. Leung, R. Pick. The use of generalized plane strain elements in the prediction of residual stresses in welded flat plates, in: Computer Modelling of Fabrication Processes and Constitutive Behaviour of Metals, 1986.
127. Das S., et al. Finite element modeling of a single-pass GMA weldment. Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI (1993), The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
128. Michaleris P., and DeBiccari A. Prediction of welding distortion. Weld. J. 76 4 (1997) 172-181
129. Feng Z. A computational analysis of thermal and mechanical conditions for weld solidification cracking. Weld. World 33 5 (1994) 340-347
130. Feng Z., Zacharia T., and David S. On the thermomechanical conditions for weld metal solidification cracking. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 3 (1997), The Institute of Materials, Graz, Austria
131. Dike J., Brooks J., and Krafcik J. Finite element modeling and verification of thermal-mechanical behavior in the weld pool region. 4th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1995), ASM International, Gatlinburg, USA
132. Ueda Y., et al. Transient and residual stresses from multipass welding in very thick plates and their reduction from stress relief annealing. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 5 (1976) 179-187
133. Josefson B. Residual stresses and their redistribution during annealing of a girth-butt welded thin-walled pipe. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 104 (1982) 245-250
134. Alberg H., and Berglund D. Comparison of plastic, viscoplastic, and creep models when modelling welding and stress relief heat treatment. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 192 49-50 (2003) 5189-5208
135. Berglund D., Alberg H., and Runnemalm H. Simulation of welding and stress relief heat treatment of an aero engine component. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 39 9 (2003) 865-881
136. D. Berglund, Validation of models for welding and post weld heat treatment in product development of aerospace components, Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 2003.
137. Sekhar N., Roberts S., Robinson J., and Reed R. Characterisation of distortion during the laser welding of wasp alloy: modelling and in-situ process monitoring. 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1998), ASM International, Pine Mountain, USA
138. Leblond J., et al. Metallurgical and mechanical consequences of phase transformations in numerical simulations of welding processes. In: Karlsson L. (Ed). Modeling in Welding, Hot Powder Forming, and Casting (1997), ASM International 61-89
139. Argyris J.H., Szimmat J., and Willam K.J. Computational aspects of welding stress analysis. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 33 (1982) 653-666
140. Argyris J., Szimmat J., and Willam K. Finite element analysis of arc-welding processes. In: Lewis R. (Ed). Numerical Methods in Heat Transfer (1985), Wiley 35-58
141. Chidiac S., and Mirza F. Thermal stress analysis due to welding processes by the finite element method. Comput. Struct. 46 3 (1993) 407-412
142. Myhr O., et al. Modeling of microstructure evolution, residual stresses in processing and distortions in 6082-T6 aluminium weldments. Weld. J. 77 7 (1998) 286-292
143. O. Myhr et al., Modeling of microstructure evolution and residual stresses in processing and welding of 6082 and 7108 aluminium alloys, in: 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, Pine Mountain, Georgia, USA, 1998.
144. Wang Z., and Inoue T. Viscoplastic constitutive relation incorporating phase transformation-application to welding. Mater. Sci. Technol. 1 Oct (1985) 899-903
145. T. Inoue, Z. Wang, High temperature behaviour of steels with phase transformation and the simulation of quenching and welding processes, in: 4th International Conference on the Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Stockholm, Sweden, 1983.
146. Goldak J., et al. Thermal stress analysis in solids near the liquid region in welds. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 3 (1997), The Institute of Materials, Graz, Austria
147. Mahin K., et al. Evaluation of residual stress distribution in a traveling GTA weld using finite element and experimental techniques. Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes IV (1988), The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
148. Mahin K., et al. Prediction and measurements of residual elastic strain distributions in gas tungsten arc welds. Weld. J. 70 9 (1991) 245-260
149. Winters W., and Mahin K. PASTA2D Modeling of an axisymmetric stationary gas tungsten arc weld. 5th International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes (1991), The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Davos, Austria
150. Ortega A., et al. Thermomechanical modeling of a stationary gas metal arc weld: a comparison between numerical and experimental results. 3rd International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1992), ASM International, Gatlinburg, USA
151. Ortega A., et al. Analysis and validation of multi-pass girth welds in pipes. 8th International Conference of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes (1998), The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, San Diego, USA
152. Dike J., et al. Finite element modeling and validation of residual stresses in 304L girth welds. 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1998), ASM International, Pine Mountain, USA
153. Bammann D.J., Chiesa M.L., and Johnson G.C. Modeling large deformation and failure in manufacturing processes. 19th International Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (1996), Elsevier Science, Kyoto
154. Bammann D.J., and Ortega A.R. The influence of the Bauschinger effect and yield definition on the modeling of welding processes. Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI (1993), The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale
155. J. Devaux, D. Pont, J. Leblond, Numerical simulation of the repair of a defect-containing zone by a manual welding procedure, in: ASME 10th Conference on Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE), 1991.
156. E. Friedman, Numerical simulation of the gas tungsten-arc welding process, in: ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Atlanta, USA, 1977.
157. Papazoglou V.J., and Masubuchi K. Numerical analysis of thermal stresses during welding including phase transformation effects. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 104 (1982) 198-203
158. Tekriwal P., and Mazumder J. Transient and residual thermal strain-stress analysis of GMAW. ASME J. Engrg. Mater. Technol. 113 (1991) 336-343
159. A. Chakravarti, L. Mali, J. Goldak, Prediction of distortion and residual stresses in panel welds, in: Computer Modelling of Fabrication Processes and Constitutive Behaviour of Metals, Ottawa, Canada, 1986.
160. A. Chakravarti, L. Malik, A. Rao, J. Goldak, Prediction of distortion in overlayed repair welds, in: 5th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Thermal Problems, Montreal, Canada, 1987.
161. Murthy Y., Venkata Rao G., and Krishna Iyer P. Analysis of residual stresses in hemispherical head to cylindrical shell joints of steam generator by weld cycle simulation. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 44 3-4 (1994) 273-280
162. Brown S., and Song H. Finite element simulation of welding of large structures. J. Engrg. Ind. 114 (1992) 441-451
163. Leblond J., Mottet G., and Devaux J. A theoretical and numerical approach to the plastic behavior of steels during phase transformations-I. Derivation of general relations. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 34 4 (1985) 395-409
164. Leblond J., Mottet G., and Devaux J. A theoretical and numerical approach to the plastic behavior of steels during phase transformations-II. Study of classical plasticity for ideal-plastic phases. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 34 4 (1986) 411-432
165. Berglund D., and Runnemalm H. Comparison of deformation pattern and residual stresses in finite element models of a TIG-welded stainless steel plate. 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (2002), ASM International, Pine Mountain, Georgia
166. J.M.J. McDill, A. Oddy, J. Goldak, Comparing 2-D plane strain and 3-D analyses of residual stresses in welds, in: The 3rd International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 1992.
167. Dong Y., Hong J., Tsai C., and Dong P. Finite element modeling of residual stresses in austenitic stainless steel pipe girth welds. Weld. J. 76 10 (1997) 442-449
168. Dong P., Zhang J., and Li M. Computational modeling of weld residual stresses and distortions-an integrated framework and industrial applications. ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Conference (1998), ASME Press. Vess. & Piping Division
169. Ravichandran G., Raghupathy V.P., Ganesan N., and Krishnakumar R. Prediction of axis shift distortion during circumferential welding of thin pipes using the finite element method. Weld. J. January (1997) 39-55
170. Ravichandran G., Raghupathy V.P., Ganesan N., and Krishnakumar R. Analysis of transient longitudinal distortion in fillet welded T-beam using FEM with degenerated shell element. Int. J. Join. Mater. 8 4 (1996) 170-179
171. M. Gu, J. Goldak, Mixing thermal shell and brick elements in fea of weld, in: 10th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE), 1991.
172. Näsström M., et al. Combined 3D and shell modelling of welding. IUTAM Symposium on the Mechanical Effects of Welding (1992), Springer Verlag, Luleå, Sweden
173. J. McDill, K. Runnemalm, A. Oddy, An 8- to 16-node solid graded shell element for far-field applications in 3-D thermal-mechanical fea, in: 12th International Conference on Mathematical and Computer Modelling and Scientific Computing, Chichago, 1999.
174. Rybicki E., and Stonesifer R. Computation of residual stresses due to multipass welds in piping systems. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 192 August (1980) 323-331
175. P. Michaleris, Z. Feng, G. Cambell, Evaluation of 2D and 3D fea models for predicting residual stress and distortion, in: ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Conference, Florida, 1997.
176. Rybicki E.F., and Stonesifer R.B. Computation of residual stresses due to multipass welds in piping systems. ASME J. Press. Vess. Technol. 101 May (1979) 149-154
177. Y. Ueda et al., Transient and residual stresses from multipass welding in very thick plates and their reduction from stress relief annealing, in: 3rd International Conference on Pressure Vessel Technology, Tokyo, 1977.
178. Wikander L., Karlsson L., Näsström M., and Webster P. Finite element simulation and measurements of welding residual stresses. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Engrg. 2 (1994) 845-864
179. Z. Cai, H. Zhao, A. Lu, An efficient finite-element approach for modeling of actual welded structures, submitted for publication.
180. Ueda Y., and Yuan M. Prediction of residual stresses in butt-welded plates using inherent strain. ASME J. Engrg. Mater. Technol. 115 Oct (1993) 417-423
181. Yuan M., and Ueda Y. Prediction of residual stresses in welded T- and I-joints using inherent strains. ASME J. Engrg. Mater. Technol. 118 (1996) 229-234
182. J. Wang, H. Lu, H. Murakawa, Y. Luo, Prediction of welding deformations by FEM based on inherent strains, in: 8th International Conference of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, San Diego, USA, 1998.
183. Shi Q.Y., Lu A.L., Zhao H.Y., and Wu A.P. Development and application of adaptive mesh technique in three dimensional numerical simulation of welding process. Acta Metall. Sinica 13 1 (2000) 33-39 (English Letters)
184. Deng D., Serizawa H., and Murakawa H. Theoretical prediction of welding distortion considering positioning and the gap between parts. Trans. JWRI 30 2 (2001) 89-96
185. Shibahara M., Serizawa H., and Murakawa H. Finite element analysis using interface element for predicting deformation during butt welding considering root gap and tack welds. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Res. Inst. 31 1 (2002) 63-70
186. Radaj D. Integrated finite element analysis of welding residual stress and distortion. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
187. Fricke S., Keim E., and Schmidt J. Numerical weld modeling-a method for calculating weld-induced residual stresses. Nucl. Engrg. Des. 206 2-3 (2001) 139-150
188. E. Hedblom, L.-E. Lindgren, G. Nordgren, L. Gillander, Welding procedures with reduced residual stresses for components in nuclear power plants, in: 15th Int. Conf. on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT-15), Seoul, South Korea, 1999.
189. E. Hedblom, Simulation of multipass welding to reduce intergranular stress corrosion cracking, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 2000.
190. E. Hedblom, Multipass welding of nuclear components-computations, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Luleå, 2002, p. 33.
191. E. Hedblom, Multipass welding of nuclear components-measurements, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Luleå, 2002, p. 48.
192. Mochizuki M., Enomoto K., and Toyoda M. Residual stress control for assuring integrity against fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking in welded components. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
193. Zhang J., et al. Modeling of weld residual stresses in core shroud structures. Nucl. Engrg. Des. 195 2 (2000) 171-187
194. Teng T.-L., Fung C.-P., Chang P.-H., and Yang W.-C. Analysis of residual stresses and distortions in T-joint fillet welds. Int. J. Press. Vess. Piping 78 8 (2001) 523-538
195. Teng T.-L., Fung C.-P., and Chang P.-H. Effect of weld geometry and residual stresses on fatigue in butt-welded joints. Int. J. Press. Vess. Piping 79 7 (2002) 467-482
196. Teng T.-L., and Chang P.-H. Effect of residual stresses on fatigue crack initiation life for butt-welded joints. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 145 3 (2004) 325-335
197. J. Hansen, Numerical modelling of welding induced stresses, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark, 2003.
198. Hansen J. Residual stresses from welding of large diesel engine structures. FE-Design 2000, Design and Analysis of Welded High Strength Steel Structures (2002), Engineering Materials Advisory Services Ltd., Stockholm, Sweden
199. Michaleris P., and Sun X. Finite element analysis of thermal tensioning techniques mitigating weld buckling distortion. Weld. J. 76 11 (1997) 451-457
200. Michaleris P., Dantzig J.A., and Tortorelli D.A. Minimization of welding residual stress and distortion in large structures. Weld. J. 78 11 (1999) 361-366
201. Song J., Peters J., Noor A., and Michaleris P. Sensitivity analysis of the thermomechanical response of welded joints. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40 16 (2003) 4167-4180
202. P. Michaleris, J.A. Dantzig, D.A. Tortorelli, Optimization of the thermal tensioning process for minimum residual stress and distortion, in: 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, 1998.
203. Guan Q., Guo D., Li C., and Leggatt R. Low stress non-distortion (LSND) welding-a new technique for thin materials. Weld. World 33 3 (1994) 160-167
204. Dye D., et al. Application of low stress low distortion welding to the gas tungsten arc welding of wrought nickel-base alloy C263. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
205. J. Song, P. Michaleris, J. Shangvi, Optimization of thermo-elasto-plastic manufacturing processes, Under review, 2002.
206. Yang Y., Dong P., Zhang J., and Tian X. A hot-cracking mitigating technique for welding high strength aluminum alloy. Weld. J. 79 1 (2000) 9-17
207. Hansen J., Hattel J., and Lorentzen T. Numerical and experimental investigation of submerged arc welding in mild steel plates. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 5 (2001), Institute of Materials
208. Stone H., Roberts S., and Reed R. A process model for the distortion induced by the electron-beam welding of a nickel-based superalloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 31A Sep (2000) 2261-2273
209. Lu F., Yao S., Lou S., and Li Y. Modeling and finite element analysis on GTAW arc and weld pool. Comput. Mater. Sci. 29 3 (2004) 371-378
210. Myhr O.R., Grong O., and Andersen S.J. Modelling of the age hardening behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloys. Acta Mater. 49 1 (2001) 65-75
211. Myhr O.R., and Grong O. Modelling of non-isothermal transformations in alloys containing a particle distribution. Acta Mater. 48 7 (2000) 1605-1615
212. Yang Y., et al. Welding-induced distortion control techniques in heavy industries. 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (2002), ASM International, Pine Mountain, Georgia
213. Yang Y., et al. Weld modeling technology development for ship building applications. 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (2002), ASM International, Pine Mountain, Georgia
214. J. Goldak et al., Real-time computational weld mechanics-a progress report, in: Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 7, Graz, Austria, 2003.
215. L. Depradeux, J. Jullien, Numerical simulations of thermomechanical phenomena during TIG welding and experimental validation on analytical tests of increasing complexity, in: Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 7, Graz, Austria, 2003.
216. Satoh K. Transient thermal stresses of weld heat-affected zone by both-ends-fixed bar analogy. Trans. Jpn. Weld. Soc. 3 1 (1972) 125-134
217. Vincent Y., Petit-Grostabussiat S., and Jullien J. Thermal, metallurgical and mechanical simulations and experimental validation of the residual stresses in the heat-affected zone. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 6 (2001), Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, Graz, Austria
218. P. Michaleris, Prediction and minimization of welding induced distortion, in: International Institute of Welding, 1997.
219. M. Do-Quang, G. Amberg, Modelling of time-dependent 3D weld pool flow, in: Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 7, Graz, Austria, 2003.
220. Winkler C., et al. The effect of surfactant redistribution on the weld pool shepa during GTA-welding. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 5 (2000) 1-13
221. Yang Z., and DebRoy T. Modeling geometry and structure of gas-metal-arc welded HSLA-100 steel. 5th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (1998), ASM International, Pine Mountain, Georgia
222. He X., Fuerschbach P., and DebRoy T. Heat transfer and fluid flow during laser spot welding of 304 stainless steel. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) 1388-1398
223. Zhao H., and DebRoy T. Macroporosity free aluminium alloy weldments through numerical simulation of keyhole mode laser welding. J. Appl. Phys. 93 12 (2003) 10089-10096
224. Elmer J., et al. Kinetic modeling of phase transformations occurring in the HAZ of C-Mn steel welds based on direct observations. Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 3333-3349
225. K. Domkin, Physically based models of metal plasticity, Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 2003.
226. Grong O., and Shercliff H.R. Microstructural modelling in metals processing. Prog. Mater. Sci. 47 2 (2002) 163-282