Misuses of correlation and regression analyses in orthodontic research: The problem of mathematical coupling

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

Volumn 130, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 62-68

  Tu, Yu Kang ^a   Nelson Moon, Zararna L ^a   Gilthorpe, Mark S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; DENTAL RESEARCH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MATHEMATICS; METHODOLOGY; ORTHODONTICS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DENTAL RESEARCH; MATHEMATICS; ORTHODONTICS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

EID: 33745852796     PISSN: 08895406     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.12.022     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Marcus R.G., Cohl E., and Uribarri J. Protein intake seems to respond to increase in Kt/V despite baseline baseline Kt/V greater than 1.2. Am J Nephrol 19 (1999) 500-504
2. Buhre W., Kazmaier S., Sonntag H., and Weyland A. Changes in cardiac output and intrathoracic blood volume. a mathematical coupling of data?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45 (2001) 863-867
3. Nelson L.D., Safcsak K., Cheatham M.L., and Block E.F. Mathematical coupling does not explain the relationship between right ventricular end-diastolic volume and cardiac output. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 940-943
4. Conrad S.A. Right ventricular volumetric measurements. new tricks for an old dog. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 1081-1082
5. Kemp H.J., Parnham A., and Tomson C.R. Urea kinetic modelling. a measure of dialysis adequacy. Ann Clin Biochem 38 (2001) 20-27
6. Tu Y.-K., Gilthorpe M.S., and Griffiths G.S. Is reduction of pocket probing depth correlated with the baseline value or is it 'mathematical coupling'?. J Dent Res 81 (2002) 722-726
7. Tu Y.-K., Maddick I.H., Griffiths G.S., and Gilthorpe M.S. Mathematical coupling still undermines the statistical assessment of clinical research. illustration from the treatment of guided tissue regeneration. J Dent 32 (2004) 133-142
8. Tu Y.-K., Clerehugh V., and Gilthorpe M.S. Ratio variables in regression analysis can give rise to spurious results. a lesson from guided tissue regeneration. J Dent 32 (2004) 143-151
9. Archie J.P. Mathematical coupling. a common source of error. Ann Surg 193 (1981) 296-303
10. Andersen B. Methodological errors in medical research (1990), Blackwell, London
11. Altman D.G. Statistics in medical journals. Stat Med 1 (1982) 59-71
12. Altman D.G. Statistics in medical journals. developments in the 1980s. Stat Med 10 (1991) 1897-1913
13. Shaw W.C., Richmond S., O'Brien K., Brook P., and Stephens C.D. Quality control in orthodontics. indices of orthodontic treatment need and treatment standards. Br Dent J 170 (1991) 107-112
14. Richmond S., Shaw W.C., O'Brien K.D., Buchanan I.B., Jones R., Stephens C.D., et al. The development of the PAR index (peer assessment rating). reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod 14 (1992) 125-139
15. Richmond S., Shaw W.C., Roberts C.T., and Andrews M. The PAR index (peer assessment rating). methods to determine outcome of orthodontic treatment in terms of improvement and standards. Eur J Orthod 14 (1992) 180-187
16. DeGuzman L., Bahiraei D., Vig K.W., Vig P.S., Weyant R.J., and O'Brien K. The validation of the peer assessment rating index for malocclusion and treatment difficulty. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 107 (1995) 172-176
17. Kerr W.J.S., Buchanan I.B., and McColl J.H. Use of the PAR index in assessing the effectiveness of removable orthodontic appliances. Br J Orthod 20 (1993) 351-357
18. Kerr W.J.S., Buchanan I.B., McNair F.I., and McColl J.H. Factors influencing the outcome and duration of removable appliance treatment. Eur J Orthod 16 (1994) 181-186
19. Taylor P.J.S., Kerr W.J.S., and McColl J.H. Factors associated with the standard and duration of orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod 23 (1996) 335-341
20. Teh L.H., Kerr W.J.S., and McColl J.H. Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in the general dental services in Scotland. J Orthod 27 (2000) 175-180
21. King G.J., McGorray S.P., Wheeler T.T., Dolce C., and Taylor M. Comparison of peer assessment rating (PAR) from 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols for Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 123 (2003) 489-496
22. McGuinness N.J., and McDonald J.P. The influence of operator changes on orthodontic treatment times and results in a postgraduate teaching environment. Eur J Orthod 20 (1998) 159-167
23. O'Brien K.D., Robbins R., Vig K.W.L., Vig P.S., Shnorthhokian H., and Weyant R. The effectiveness of Class II Division 1 treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 107 (1995) 329-334
24. Edler R., Wertheim D., and Greenhill D. Outcome measurement in the correction of mandibular asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 125 (2004) 435-443
25. Mirabella A.D., and Årtun J. Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 108 (1995) 48-55
26. Linge L., and Linge B.O. Patient characteristics and treatment variables associated with apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 99 (1991) 35-43
27. Årtun J., Garol J.D., and Little R.M. Long-term stability of mandibular incisors following successful treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod 66 (1996) 229-238
28. Kirjavainen M., Kirjavainen T., Hurmerinta K., and Haavikko K. Orthopedic cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in Class II correction. Angle Orthod 70 (2000) 317-325
29. Naumann S.A., Behrents R.G., and Buschang P.H. Vertical components of overbite change. a mathematical model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 117 (2000) 486-495
30. Oldham P.D. A note on the analysis of repeated measurements of the same subjects. J Chronic Dis 15 (1962) 969-977
31. Greenen R., and van de Vijver F.J.R. A simple test of the law of initial value. Psychophysiology 30 (1993) 525-530
32. Guilford J.P., and Fruchter B. Fundamental statistics in psychology and education (1973), McGraw-Hill, New York
33. Glantz S.A., and Slinker B.Y. Applied regression and analysis of variance (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York
34. Miller A.J. Subset selection in regression (1990), Chapman & Hall, London
35. Pitman E. A note on normal correlation. Biometrika 31 (1939) 9-12
36. Morgan W. A test for the significance of the differences between two variances in a sample from a normal bivariate distribution. Biometrika 31 (1939) 13-19