Seeing at a glance, smelling in a whiff: Rapid forms of perceptual decision making

Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 485-491

  Uchida, Naoshige ^a,b   Kepecs, Adam ^a   Mainen, Zachary F ^a  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; DECISION MAKING; EYE FIXATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOPHYSICS; REACTION TIME; REVIEW; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SENSORY STIMULATION; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SMELLING; SNIFFING; VISION; VISUAL FIELD; VISUAL INFORMATION; VISUAL SYSTEM;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; REACTION TIME; SACCADES; SMELL; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 33745752234     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrn1933     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Mazurek, M. E., Roitman, J. D., Ditterich, J. & Shadlen, M. N. A role for neural integrators in perceptual decision making. Cereb. Cortex 13, 1257-1269 (2003).
2. Aksay, E., Gamkrelidze, G., Seung, H. S., Baker, R. & Tank, D. W. In vivo intracellular recording and perturbation of persistent activity in a neural integrator. Nature Neurosci. 4, 184-193 (2001).
3. Brody, C. D., Romo, R. & Kepecs, A. Basic mechanisms for graded persistent activity: discrete attractors, continuous attractors, and dynamic representations. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 204-211 (2003).
4. Goldman, M. S., Levine, J. H., Major, G., Tank, D. W. & Seung, H. S. Robust persistent neural activity in a model integrator with multiple hysteretic dendrites per neuron. Cereb. Cortex 13, 1185-1195 (2003).
5. Seung, H. S., Lee, D. D., Reis, B. Y. & Tank, D. W. Stability of the memory of eye position in a recurrent network of conductance-based model neurons. Neuron 26, 259-271 (2000).
6. Wang, X. J. Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity. Trends Neurosci. 24, 455-463 (2001).
7. Koulakov, A. A., Raghavachari, S., Kepecs, A. & Lisman, J. E. Model for a robust neural integrator. Nature Neurosci. 5, 775-782 (2002).
8. Luce, R. D. Response Times: Their Role in Inferring Elementary Mental Organization (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1986).
9. Ratcliff, R. & Smith, P. L. A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time. Psychol. Rev. 111, 333-367 (2004).
10. Ratcliff, R. A theory of memory retrieval. Psychol. Rev. 85, 59-108 (1978).
11. Laming, D. R. Information Theory of Choice-Reaction Time (Academic, New York, 1968).
12. Ratcliff, R., Gomez, P. & McKoon, G. A diffusion model account of the lexical decision task. Psychol. Rev. 111, 159-182 (2004).
13. Stone, M. Models for choice reaction time. Psychometrika 25, 251-260 (1960).
14. Burr, D. C. & Santoro, L. Temporal integration of optic flow, measured by contrast and coherence thresholds. Vision Res. 41, 1891-1899 (2001).
15. Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. & Movshon, J. A. The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. J. Neurosci. 12, 4745-4765 (1992).
16. Roitman, J. D. & Shadlen, M. N. Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task. J. Neurosci. 22, 9475-9489 (2002).
17. Palmer, J., Huk, A. C. & Shadlen, M. N. The effect of stimulus strength on the speed and accuracy of a perceptual decision. J. Vis. 5, 367-404 (2005).
18. Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. Motion perception: seeing and deciding. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 628-633 (1996).
19. Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1916-1936 (2001).
20. Shadlen, M. N. & Gold, J. I. in The Cognitive Neurosciences (ed. Gazzaniga, M.) 1229-1241 (MIT Press, Cambridge, 2004).
21. Smith, P. L. & Ratcliff, R. Psychology and neurobiology of simple decisions. Trends Neurosci. 27, 161-168 (2004).
22. Schall, J. D. Neural correlates of decision processes: neural and mental chronometry. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 182-186 (2003).
23. Hanes, D. P. & Schall, J. D. Neural control of voluntary movement initiation. Science 274, 427-430 (1996).
24. Gold, J. I. & Shadlen, M. N. Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands. Nature 404, 390-394 (2000).
25. Gold, J. I. & Shadlen, M. N. The influence of behavioral context on the representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands. J. Neurosci. 23, 632-651 (2003).
26. Watson, A. B. Probability summation over time. Vision Res. 19, 515-522 (1979).
27. Karpov, A. P. in Neural Mechanisms of Goal-Directed Behavior (eds Thompson, R. F., Hicks, L. H. & Shvyrkov, V. B.) 273-282 (Academic, New York, 1980).
28. Bodyak, N. & Slotnick, B. Performance of mice in an automated olfactometer: odor detection, discrimination and odor memory. Chem. Senses 24, 637-645 (1999).
29. Goldberg, S. J. & Moulton, D. G. Olfactory bulb responses telemetered during an odor discrimination task in rats. Exp. Neurol. 96, 430-442 (1987).
30. Slotnick, B. M. in Comparative Perception (eds Stebbins, W. & Berkley, M.) 155-244 (Wiley, New York, 1990).
31. Uchida, N. & Mainen, Z. F. Speed and accuracy of olfactory discrimination in the rat. Nature Neurosci. 6, 1224-1229 (2003).
32. Abraham, N. M. et al. Maintaining accuracy at the expense of speed: stimulus similarity defines odor discrimination time in mice. Neuron 44, 865-876 (2004).
33. Khan, R. M. & Sobel, N. Neural processing at the speed of smell. Neuron 44, 744-747 (2004).
34. Zariwala, H., Uchida, N. & Mainen, Z. F. A study of speed and performance accuracy in an olfactory discrimination task. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 278.9 (2005).
35. VanRullen, R. & Thorpe, S. J. The time course of visual processing: from early perception to decision-making. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13, 454-461 (2001).
36. Johnson, J. S. & Olshausen, B. A. Timecourse of neural signatures of object recognition. J. Vis. 3, 499-512 (2003).
37. Bacon-Mace, N., Mace, M. J., Fabre-Thorpe, M. & Thorpe, S. J. The time course of visual processing: backward masking and natural scene categorisation. Vision Res. 45, 1459-1469 (2005).
38. Keesey, U. T. Effects of involuntary eye movements on visual acuity. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50, 769-774 (1960).
39. Nachmias, J. Effect of exposure duration on visual contrast sensitivity with square-wave gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 421-427 (1967).
40. Tulunay-Keesey, U. & Jones, R. M. The effect of micromovements of the eye and exposure duration on contrast sensitivity. Vision Res. 16, 481-488 (1976).
41. De Bruyn, B. & Orban, G. A. Human velocity and direction discrimination measured with random dot patterns. Vision Res. 28, 1323-1335 (1988).
42. Snowden, R. J. & Braddick, O. J. The temporal integration and resolution of velocity signals. Vision Res. 31, 907-914 (1991).
43. Uka, T. & DeAngelis, G. C. Contribution of middle temporal area to coarse depth discrimination: comparison of neuronal and psychophysical sensitivity. J. Neurosci. 23, 3515-3530 (2003).
44. Harwerth, R. S., Fredenburg, P. M. & Smith, E. L. Temporal integration for stereoscopic vision. Vision Res. 43, 505-517 (2003).
45. Shortess, G. K. & Krauskopf, J. Role of involuntary eye-movements in stereoscopic acuity. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 555-559 (1961).
46. Laing, D. G. Identification of single dissimilar odors is achieved by humans with a single sniff. Physiol. Behav. 37, 163-170 (1986).
47. Laing, D. G., Eddy, A., Francis, G. W. & Stephens, L. Evidence for the temporal processing of odor mixtures in humans. Brain Res. 651, 317-328 (1994).
48. Hick, W. E. On the rate of gain of information. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 4, 11-26 (1952).
49. Müller, J. R., Metha, A. B., Krauskopf, J. & Lennie, P. Information conveyed by onset transients in responses of striate cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 6978-6990 (2001).
50. Osborne, L. C., Bialek, W. & Lisberger, S. G. Time course of information about motion direction in visual area MT of macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 24, 3210-3222 (2004).
51. Oram, M. W. & Perrett, D. I. Time course of neural responses discriminating different views of the face and head. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 70-84 (1992).
52. Tovee, M. J., Rolls, E. T., Treves, A. & Bellis, R. P. Information encoding and the responses of single neurons in the primate temporal visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 640-654 (1993).
53. Heller, J., Hertz, J. A., Kjaer, T. W. & Richmond, B. J. Information flow and temporal coding in primate pattern vision. J. Comput. Neurosci. 2, 175-193 (1995).
54. Buracas, G. T., Zador, A. M., DeWeese, M. R. & Albright, T. D. Efficient discrimination of temporal patterns by motion-sensitive neurons in primate visual cortex. Neuron 20, 959-969 (1998).
55. Cain, W. S. Odor intensity after self-adaptation and cross-adaptation. Psychophysics 7, 271-275 (1969).
56. Ekman, G., Berglund, B., Berglund, U. & Lindvall, T. Perceived intensity of odor as a function of time of adaptation. Scand. J. Psychol. 8, 177-187 (1967).
57. Pryor, G. T., Steinmet, G. & Stone, H. Changes in absolute detection threshold and in subjective intensity of suprathreshold stimuli during olfactory adaptation and recovery. Percept. Psychophys. 8, 331-335 (1970).
58. Kurahashi, T. & Menini, A. Mechanism of odorant adaptation in the olfactory receptor cell. Nature 385, 725-729 (1997).
59. Leinders-Zufall, T., Greer, C. A., Shepherd, G. M. & Zufall, F. Imaging odor-induced calcium transients in single olfactory cilia: specificity of activation and role in transduction. J. Neurosci. 18, 5630-5639 (1998).
60. Getchell, T. V. & Shepherd, G. M. Adaptive properties of olfactory receptors analysed with odour pulses of varying durations. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 282, 541-560 (1978).
61. Friedrich, R. W. & Laurent, G. Dynamic optimization of odor representations by slow temporal patterning of mitral cell activity. Science 291, 889-894 (2001).
62. Stopfer, M., Jayaraman, V. & Laurent, G. Intensity versus identity coding in an olfactory system. Neuron 39, 991-1004 (2003).
63. Friedrich, R. W. & Laurent, G. Dynamics of olfactory bulb input and output activity during odor stimulation in zebrafish. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2658-2669 (2004).
64. Mazor, O. & Laurent, G. Transient dynamics versus fixed points in odor representations by locust antennal lobe projection neurons. Neuron 48, 661-673 (2005).
65. Zohary, E., Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370, 140-143 (1994).
66. Wang, X. J. Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits. Neuron 36, 955-968 (2002).
67. Wong, K. F. & Wang, X. J. A recurrent network mechanism of time integration in perceptual decisions. J. Neurosci. 26, 1314-1328 (2006).
68. Smith, P. L. Psychophysically principled models of visual simple reaction time. Psychol. Rev. 102, 567-593 (1995).
69. Ratcliff, R. & Rouder, J. F. Modeling response times for two-choice decisions. Psychol Sci 9, 347-356 (1998).
70. Ratcliff, R. A theory of order relation in perceptual matching. Psychol. Rev. 88, 212-225 (1981).
71. Busemeyer, J. R. & Townsend, J. T. Decision field theory: a dynamic-cognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment. Psychol. Rev. 100, 432-459 (1993).
72. Cook, E. P. & Maunsell, J. H. Dynamics of neuronal responses in macaque MT and VIP during motion detection. Nature Neurosci. 5, 985-994 (2002).
73. Usher, M. & McClelland, J. L. The time course of perceptual choice: the leaky, competing accumulator model. Psychol. Rev. 108, 550-592 (2001).
74. Irwin, D. E. Information integration across saccadic eye movements. Cognit Psychol. 23, 420-456 (1991).
75. Nakayama, K. in Vision: Coding and Efficiency (ed. Blakemore, C.) 411-422 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990).
76. O'Regan, J. K. & Noe, A. A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behav. Brain Sci. 24, 939-973 (2001).
77. Rayner, K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol. Bull. 124, 372-422 (1998).
78. Ahissar, E. & Arieli, A. Figuring space by time. Neuron 32, 185-201 (2001).
79. Rensink, R. A. Change detection. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53, 245-277 (2002).
80. Melcher, D. & Morrone, M. C. Spatiotopic temporal integration of visual motion across saccadic eye movements. Nature Neurosci. 6, 877-881 (2003).
81. O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Clarendon, Oxford, 1978).
82. Laing, D. G. Optimum perception of odor intensity by humans. Physiol. Behav. 34, 569-574 (1985).
83. Laing, D. G. Natural sniffing gives optimum odour perception for humans. Perception 12, 99-117 (1983).
84. Wise, P. M. & Cain, W. S. Latency and accuracy of discriminations of odor quality between binary mixtures and their components. Chem. Senses 25, 247-265 (2000).
85. Spors, H. & Grinvald, A. Spatio-temporal dynamics of odor representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Neuron 34, 301-315 (2002).
86. VanRullen, R. & Koch, C. Is perception discrete or continuous? Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 207-213 (2003).
87. Cang, J. & Isaacson, J. S. In vivo whole-cell recording of odor-evoked synaptic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. J. Neurosci. 23, 4108-4116 (2003).
88. Margrie, T. W. & Schaefer, A. T. Theta oscillation coupled spike latencies yield computational vigour in a mammalian sensory system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 546, 363-374 (2003).
89. Buonviso, N., Amat C. & Litaudon, P. Respiratory modulation of olfactory neurons in the rodent brain. Chem. Senses 31, 145-154 (2006).
90. Kepecs, A., Uchida, N. & Mainen, Z. F. The sniff as a unit of olfactory processing. Chem. Senses 31, 167-179 (2006).
91. Yabus, A. Eye movements and Vision (Plenum, New York, 1967).
92. Hines, D. J. & Whishaw, I. Q. Home bases formed to visual cues but not to self-movement (dead reckoning) cues in exploring hippocampectomized rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 2363-2375 (2005).
93. Marks, L. Sensory Processes: The New Psychophysics (Academic, New York, 1974).
94. Wickelgren, W. Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics. Acta Psychologica 41, 67-85 (1977).