Adaptive value of ambling gaits in primates and other mammals

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 209, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 2042-2049

  Schmitt, Daniel ^a   Cartmill, Matt ^a   Griffin, Timothy M ^b   Hanna, Jandy B ^a   Lemelin, Pierre ^c  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ambling; Evolution; Gait; Locomotion; Mammal; Primate; Running; Walking

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; GAIT; HISTOLOGY; LOCOMOTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIMATE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; GAIT; LOCOMOTION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PRIMATES; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALIA; ELEPHANTIDAE; EQUIDAE; MAMMALIA; PRIMATES;

EID: 33745599310     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02235     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Barrey, E. (2001). Inter-limb coordination. In Equine Locomotion (ed. W. Back and H. M. Clayton), pp. 77-94. London: W. B. Saunders.
2. Biewener, A. A. and Taylor, C. R. (1986). Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed? J. Exp. Biol. 123, 383-400.
3. Biknevicius, A. R., Mullineaux, D. R. and Clayton, H. M. (2003). Taking the walk for a run: locomotor mechanics of lateral sequence singlefoot gaits. Integr. Comp. Biol. 43, 988.
4. Biknevicius, A. R., Mullineaux, D. R. and Clayton, H. M. (2004). Ground reaction forces and limb function in tolting horses. Equine Vet. J. 36, 743-747.
5. Cartmill, M. (1974). Rethinking primate origins. Science 184, 436-443.
6. Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. and Schmitt, D. (2002). Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 136, 401-420.
7. Cartmill, M., Lemelin, P. and Schmitt, D. (2006). Primate gaits and primate origins. In Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution (ed. M. J. Ravosa and M. Dagosto). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. In press.
8. Cavagna, A. (1975). Force plates as ergometers. J. Appl. Physiol. 39, 174-179.
9. Demes, B., Jungers, W. L. and Nieschalk, U. (1990). Size- and speed-related aspects of quadrupedal walking in slender and slow lorises. In Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates (ed. F. K. Jouffroy, M. H. Stack and C. Niemitz), pp. 175-198. Florence: Il Sedicesimo.
10. Demes, B., Larson, S. G., Stern, J. T., Jr, Jungers, W. L., Biknevicius, A. R. and Schmitt, D. (1994). The kinetics of primate quadrupedalism: 'hindlimb drive' reconsidered. J. Hum. Evol. 26, 353-374.
11. Fleagle, J. G. (1999). Primate Adaptation and Evolution, 2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press.
12. Gambaryan, P. P. (1974). How Mammals Run. New York: Wiley.
13. Hanna, J., Schmitt, D. and Lemelin, P. (2003). The effect of speed and gait changes on vertical peak forces in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 36, S108.
14. Hildebrand, M. (1967). Symmetrical gaits of primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26, 119-130.
15. Hildebrand, M. (1976). Analysis of tetrapod gaits: general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In Neural Control of Locomotion (ed. R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein and D. G. Stuart), pp. 203-236. New York: Plenum Press.
16. Hildebrand, M. (1985). Walking and running. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp. 38-57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17. Howell, A. B. (1944). Speed in Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Hutchinson, J. R., Famini, D., Lair, R. and Kram, R. (2003). Are fast-moving elephants really running? Nature 422, 493-494.
19. Kimura, T., Okada, M. and Ishida, H. (1979). Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in nonhuman walking. In Environment, Behavior, and Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates (ed. M. E. Morbeck, H. Preuschoft and N. 7omberg), pp. 297-311. New York: Gustav Fischer.
20. Larson, S. G. (1998). Unique aspects of quadrupedal locomotion in nonhuman primates. In Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances (ed. E. Strasser, J. Fleagle, A. Rosenberger and H. McHenry), pp. 157-173. New York: Plenum Press.
21. Larson, S. G., Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P. and Hamrick, M. K. (2000). Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112, 87-101.
22. Larson, S. G., Schmitt, D., Lemelin, P. and Hamrick, M. K. (2001). Limb excursion during quadrupedalism: how do primates compare to other mammals? J. Zool. Lond. 255, 353-365.
23. Lemelin, P. and Schmitt, D. (2004). Seasonal variation in body mass and locomotor kinetics of the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius). J. Morphol. 260, 65-71.
24. Lemelin, P. and Schmitt, D. (2006). Origins of grasping and locomotor adaptations in primates: comparative and experimental approaches using an opossum model. In Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution (ed. M. J. Ravosa and M. Dagosto). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. In Press
25. Lemelin, P., Schmitt, D. and Cartmill, M. (2003). Footfall patterns and interlimb co-ordination in opossums (Family Didelphidae): evidence for the evolution of diagonal-sequence gaits in primates. J. Zool. Lond. 260, 423-429.
26. McGuigan, M. P. and Wilson, A. M. (2003). The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse Equus caballus. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1325-1336.
27. McMahon, T. A. (1985). The role of compliance in mammalian running. J. Exp. Biol. 115, 263-282.
28. McNeill Alexander, R. and Jayes, A. S. (1978). Vertical movements in walking and running. J. Zool. Lond. 185, 27-40.
29. Muybridge, E. (1957). Animals in Motion. New York: Dover.
30. Nicodemus, M. C. and Clayton, H. C. (2003). Temporal variables of four-beat, stepping gaits of gaited horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 80, 133-142.
31. Preuschoft, H. and Günther, M. M. (1994). Biomechanics and body shape in primates compared with horses. Z. Morph. Anthop. 80, 149-165.
32. Robilliard, J. (2005). Mechanical basis of locomotion with spring-like legs. PhD thesis, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
33. Rollinson, J. and Martin, R. D. (1981). Comparative aspects of primate locomotion with special reference to arboreal cercopithecines. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 48, 377-427.
34. Rubin, C. T. and Lanyon, L. E. (1982). Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. J. Exp. Biol. 101, 187-211.
35. Schmitt, D. (1995). A kinematic and kinetic analysis of forelimb use during arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism in Old World monkeys. PhD thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA.
36. Schmitt, D. (1999). Compliant walking in primates. J. Zool. 248, 149-160.
37. Schmitt, D. (2003a). Evolutionary implications of the unusual walking mechanics of the common marmoset (C. jacchus). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128, 28-37.
38. Schmitt, D. (2003b). Substrate size and primate forelimb mechanics: implications for understanding the evolution of primate locomotion. Int. J. Primatol. 24, 1023-1036.
39. Schmitt, D. and Lemelin, P. (2002). Origins of primate locomotion: gait mechanics of the woolly opossum. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118, 231-238.
40. Schmitt, D. and Lemelin, P. (2004). Locomotor mechanics of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). J. Hum. Evol. 47, 85-94.
41. Vilensky, J. A. (1989). Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds? Brain Behav. Evol. 34, 357-364.
42. Vilensky, J. A. and Larson, S. G. (1989). Primate locomotion: utilization and control of symmetrical gaits. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 18, 17-35.
43. Zips, S., Pelharn, C., Scheidl, M., Licka, T. and Girtler, D. (2001). Motion patterns of the toelt of Icelandic horses at different speeds. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 33, 109-115.