Ground reaction forces and limb function in tölting Icelandic horses

Equine Veterinary Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 743-747

  Biknevicius, A R ^a   Mullineaux, D R ^b   Clayton, H M ^b  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

4 beat gaits; Ground reaction forces; Horse; Icelandic horses; T lt

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; BIOMECHANICS; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; FORCE; FORELIMB; GAIT; HINDLIMB; HORSE; KINETICS; LIMB; MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; VELOCITY; WALKING;

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 11844258309     PISSN: 04251644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2746/0425164044848190     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (30)

1. Alexander, R.McN. and Jayes, A.S. (1983) A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J. Zool., Lond. 201, 135-152.
2. Barrey, E. (2001) Inter-limb coordination. In: Equine Locomotion, Eds: W. Back and H. Clayton, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. pp 77-94.
3. Biewener, A.A. (1998) Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 120, 73-87.
4. Biknevicius, A.R., Mullineaux, D.R. and Clayton, H.M. (2003) Taking the walk for a run: locomotor mechanics of lateral sequence singlefoot gaits. Integr. Comp. Biol. 43, 988.
5. Bjornsdóttir, S., Ekman, S., Eksell, P. and Lord, P. (2004) High detail radiography and histology of the centrodistal tarsal joint of Icelandic horses age 6 months to 6 years. Equine vet. J. 36, 5-11.
6. Buchner, H.H.L., Obermüller, S. and Scheidl, M. (2000) Body center of mass movement in the sound horse. Vet. J. 160, 225-234.
7. Cavagna, G.A., Heglund, N.C. and Taylor, C.R. (1977) Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimising energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 233, R243-R261.
8. Clayton, H.M. (1994) Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot in horses. Equine vet. J. 26, 230-234.
9. Clayton, H.M. (1995) Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks in horses. Am. J. vet. Res. 56, 849-852.
10. Clayton, H.M., Lanovaz, J.L., Schamhardt, H.C. and van Wessum, R. (1999) The effects of a rider's mass on ground reaction forces and fetlock kinematics at the trot. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 30, 218-221.
11. Clayton, H.M., Schamhardt, H.C., Willemen, M.A., Lanovaz, J.L. and Colborne, G.R. (2000) Kinematics and ground reaction forces in horses with superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Am. J. vet. Res. 61, 197-201.
12. Farley, C.T., Glasheen, J. and McMahon, T.A. (1993) Running springs: speed and animal size. J. expt. Biol. 185, 71-86.
13. Hildebrand, M. (1965) Symmetrical gaits of horses. Science 150, 701-708.
14. Hjertén, G. and Drevemo, S. (1987) A method to analyse forces and moments in the extremities of the horse during the stance phase at the trot. In: Equine Exercise Physiology 2, Eds: J.R. Gillespie and N.B. Robinson, ICEEP Publications, Davis, California. pp 587-598
15. Hodson, E., Clayton, H.M. and Lanovaz, J.L. (2000) The forelimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces. Equine vet. J. 32, 287-294.
16. Hodson, E., Clayton, H.M. and Lanovaz, J.L. (2001) The hindlimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces. Equine vet. J. 33, 38-43.
17. Imus, B. (1995) Heavenly Gaits. The Complete Guide to Gaited Riding Horses. Breakthrough Publications, New York.
18. McLaughlin, R.M., Gaughan, E.M., Roush, J.K. and Skaggs, C.L. (1996) Effects of subject velocity on ground reaction force measurements and stance times in clinically normal horses at the walk and trot. Am. J. vet. Res. 57, 7-11.
19. Merkens, H.W. and Schamhardt, H.C. (1988) Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness I: Lameness model and quantification of ground reaction force patterns of the limbs. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 6, 99-106.
20. Merkens, H.W., Schamhardt, H.C., Hartman, W. and Kersjes, A.W. (1985) Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmblood horses at normal walk. Equine vet. J. 18, 207-214.
21. Merkens, H.W., Schamhardt, H.C., van Osch, G.J.V.M. and Hartman, W. (1993a) Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmbloods at the canter. Am. J. vet. Res. 54, 670-674.
22. Merkens, H.W., Schamhardt, H.C., van Osch, G.J.V.M. and van den Bogert, A.J. (1993b) Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmblood horses at normal trot. Equine vet. J. 25, 134-137.
23. Nicodemus, M.C. and Clayton, H.C. (2003) Temporal variables of 4-beat, stepping gaits of gaited horses. Appl. anim. behav. Sci. 80, 133-142.
24. Nicodemus, M.C., Holt, K.M. and Swatz, K. (2002) Relationship between velocity and temporal variables of the flat shod running walk. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 34, 340-343.
25. Reilly, S.M. and Biknevicius, A.R. (2003) Integrating kinetic and kinematic approaches to the analysis of terrestrial locomotion. In: Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution, Eds: V.L. Bels, J.-P. Gasc and A. Casinos, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford. pp 243-265.
26. Roepstorff, L., Johnston, C. and Drevemo, S. (1999) The effect of shoeing on kinetics and kinematics during stance phase. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 30, 279-285.
27. Roepstorff, L., Johnston, C., Drevemo, S. and Gustas, P. (2002) Influence of draw reins on ground reaction forces at the trot. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 34, 349-352.
28. Schamhardt, H.C., Merkens, H.W. and van Osch, G.J.V.M. (1991) Ground reaction force analysis of horses ridden at the walk and trot. In: Equine Exercise Physiology 3, Eds: S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm and L.B. Jeffcott, ICEEP Publications, Davis, California. pp 120-127.
29. Seeherman, H.J., Morris, E.A. and Fackelman, G.E. (1987) Computerised force plate determination of equine weight-bearing profiles. In: Equine Exercise Physiology 2, Eds: J.R. Gillespie and N.E. Robinson, ICEEPPublications, Davis, California. pp 536-552.
30. Zips, S., Peham, C., Scheidl, M., Licka, T. and Girtler, D. (2001) Motion pattern of the toelt of Icelandic horses at different speeds. Equine vet. J. 33, 109-111.