Pathophysiological changes of the gastrointestinal tract in ischemic stroke

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 101, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 1655-1665

  Schaller, Bernhard J ^a   Graf, Rudolf ^a   Jacobs, Andreas H ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COCHRANE LIBRARY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSPHAGIA; EMBASE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY DISORDER; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; HANDEDNESS; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; HYDRATION; LENGTH OF STAY; MALNUTRITION; MEDLINE; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEGLUTITION DISORDERS; GASTRIC EMPTYING; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 33745516081     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00540.x     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Schaller B, Jacobs AH, Graf R. Ischemic tolerance: A window to endogenous neuroprotection? Lancet 2003;362:1007-8.
2. Schaller B, Graf R. Cerebral ischemic preconditioning: An experimental phenomenon or clinical important entity of stroke prevention? J Neurol 2002;11:1503-11.
3. Heiss WD, Graf R. Therapeutic window in ischaemic stroke. Experimental concepts, neuroimaging studies and implications for pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs 1997;8:474-91.
4. Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, et al. The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease. Nat Med 1996;2:1217-24.
5. Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, et al. Cranial nerve modulation of human cortical swallowing motor pathways. Am J Physiol 1997;272:G802-8.
6. Martino R, Terrault N, Ezerer F, et al. Dysphagia in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome: Insight into the central control of swallowing. Gastroenterology 2001;121:420-6.
7. Kim PS. Pure lateral medullary infarction: Clinical-radiological correlation of 130 acute, consecutive patients. Brain 2003;126:1864-72.
8. 15O PET activation. J Neurophysiol 1999;81:1917-26.
9. Smithard DG, O'Neill PA, England R, et al. The natural history of dysphagia following a stroke. Dysphagia 1997;12:188-93.
10. Roth EJ. Medical complications encountered in stroke rehabilitation. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1991;2:563-78.
11. Smithard DG, O'Neill PA, Park C, et al. Complication and outcome after acute stroke. Does dysphagia matter? Stroke 1996;27:1200-4.
12. Barer DH. The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:236-41.
13. Heiss WD. Experimental evidence for ischemic thresholds and functional recovery. Stroke 1992;23:1688-92.
14. Schaller B. Physiology of cerebral venous blood flow: From experimental data in animals to normal function in humans. Brain Res Rev 2004;46:243-60.
15. Jacobs AH, Li H, Winkeler A, et al. PET-based molecular imaging in neuroscience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:1051-65.
16. Jean A. Brainstem organization of the swallowing network. Brain Behav Evol 1984;25:109-16.
17. Hamdy S, Mikulis DJ, Crawley A, et al. Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: An event related fMRI study. Am J Physiol 1999;277:G219-25.
18. Schaller B, Graf R. Cerebral venous infarction: The pathophysiological concept. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;18:179-88.
19. Gordon C, Hewer RL, Wade DT. Dysphagia in acute stroke. BMJ 1987;295:411-4.
20. Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D. Swallowing function after stroke: Prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke 1999;30:744-8.
21. Martin RE, Seesle BJ. The role of the cerebral cortex in swallowing. Dysphagia 1993;8:195-202.
22. Miller AJ. Deglutition. Physiol Rev 1982;62:129-84.
23. Kern M, Birn R, Jaradeh S, et al. Swallow-related cerebral cortical activity maps are not specific to deglutition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001;280:G531-8.
24. Schaller B, Jacobs AH, Graf R. Hemispheric dominance for the cortical control of swallowing in humans: A contribution to better understand cortical organization? Eur J Radiol 2004;51:290-1.
25. Johnson ER, McKenzie SW, Rosenquist CJ, et al. Dysphagia following stroke: Quantitative evaluation of pharyngeal transit times. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:419-23.
26. Kern MK, Joradeh S, Amdorfer RC, et al. Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001;280:G354-60.
27. Horner J, Massey EW. Silent aspiration following stroke. Neurology 1988;38:317-9.
28. Buchholz DW. Dysphagia associated with neurological disorders. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1994;48:143-55.
29. Daniels SK, Braily K, Foundas AL. Lingual discoordination and dysphagia following acute stroke: Analyses of lesion localization. Dysphagia 1999;14:85-92.
30. Curtis DJ. Laryngeal dynamics. CRC Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1982;18:29-80.
31. Schaller B. Prospects to the future: The role of free radicals in the treatment of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2005;38:411-25.
32. Augustin JR. Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Res Rev 1996;22:229-44.
33. Alberts MJ, Horner J, Gray L, et al. Aspiration after stroke: Lesion analysis by brain MRI. Dysphagia 1992;7:170-3.
34. Daniels SK, Foundas AL. The role of the insular cortex in dysphagia. Dysphagia 1999;12:146-56.
35. Martin RE, Sessle BJ. The role of the cerebral cortex in swallowing. Dysphagia 1993;8:195-202.
36. Penfield W, Boldrey E. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 1937;60:389-443.
37. Daniels SK, Foundas AL, Iglesias GC, et al. Lesion site in unilateral stroke patients with dysphagia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1996;6:30-4.
38. Jean A. Localization and activity of medullary swallowing neurons. J Physiol 1972;64:227-68.
39. Jean A. Nucleus tractus solitary and deglutition: monoamines, excitatory amino acids and cellular properties. In: Baracco R, ed. Nucleus of the solitary tract. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1994:361-75.
40. Kessler JP, Jean A. Identification of the medullary swallowing regions in the rat. Exp Brain Res 1985;57:256-63.
41. Doty RW, Richmond WH, Storey AT. Effect of medullary lesions on coordination of deglutition. Exp Neurol 1967;17:91-106.
42. Barrett RT, Bao X, Miselis RR, et al. Brain stem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneural passage of pseudo-rabies virus. Gastroenterology 1994;107:728-37.
43. Broussard DL, Lynn RB, Wiedner EB, et al. Solitarial premotor neuron projections to the rat esophagus and pharynx: Implications for control of swallowing. Gastroenterology 1998;114:1268-75.
44. Bieger D. The brainstem esophagomotor network pattern generator: A rodent model. Dysphagia 1993;8:203-8.
45. Schaller B, Graf R. Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion: The pathophysiological concept as basis of clinical therapy? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004;24:351-71.
46. Ertekin C, Aydogdu I, Yüceyar N, et al. Electrodiagnostic methods for neurogenic dysphagia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998;109:331-40.
47. Ertekin C, Aydogdu I, Yüceyar N, et al. Pathophysiological mechanism of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2000;123:125-40.
48. Zougrana OR, Amri M, Car A, et al. Intracellular activity of motor neurons of the rostral nucleus ambiguus during swallowing in sheep. J Neurophysiol 1997;77:909-22.
49. Miller AJ. Oral and pharyngeal reflexes in the mammalian nervous system. Their diverse range in complexity and the pivotal role of the tongue. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:409-25.
50. Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, et al. The natural history of clinical consequences of aspiration in acute stroke. QJM 1995;88:409-13.
51. Hasler LH. Motility of the small intestine. In: Yamada T, ed. The textbook of gastroenterology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1995:181-225.
52. Lee JM, Zipfel GJ, Choid DW. The changing landscape of ischemic brain injury mechanisms. Nature 1999;399:A7-14.
53. Ertekin C, Aydogud K, Tarlaci S, et al. Mechanism of dysphagia in suprabulbar palsy with lacunar infarct. Stroke 2000;31:1370-6.
54. Johnston BT, Li Q, Castell JA, et al. Swallowing and esophageal function in Parkinson's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1741-6.
55. Aydogdu I, Ertekin C, Tarlaci S, et al. Dysphagia in lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg's Syndrome). An acute disconnection syndrome in premotor neurons related to swallowing activity? Stroke 2001;32:2081-7.
56. Asoh R, Goyal RK. Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum. Gastroenterology 1987;74:514-20.
57. Doty RW, Bosma JF. An electromyographic analysis of reflex deglutition. J Neurophysiol 1956;19:44-60.
58. Jean A, Car A. Inputs to the swallowing medullary neurons form the peripheral afferent fibers and the swallowing cortical area. Brain Res 1979;178:567-72.
59. Vehovsszky A, Elliot CJ. Heterosynaptic modulation by the octopamergic OC interneurons increases the synaptic outputs of protraction phase interneurons (SO, N1L) in the feeding system of Lymnacea stagnalis. Neuroscience 2002;115:483-94.
60. Aslam M, Kern M, Shaker R. Modulation of oesophagoUOS contractile reflex: Effect of proximal and distal esophageal distention and swallowing. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003;15:323-9.
61. Collman PI, Tremblay L, Diamant NE. The central vagal efferent supply to the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter of the cat. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1430-8.
62. Rossitier CD, Norman WP, Jain M, et al. Control of lower esophageal sphincter pressure by two sites in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Am J Physiol 1990;259:G899-906.
63. Schaller B, Lyrer PH. Focal neurological deficits following spontaneous thrombosis of unruptured giant aneurysm. Eur Neurol 2002;47:175-82.
64. Weber J, Raman C, Hanneqeuin D, et al. Oesophageal manometry in patients with unilateral hemispheric cerebrovascular accidents or idiopathic parkinsonism. J Gastrointest Motil 1991;3:98-106.
65. Aithal GP, Nylander D, Dwarakanath AD, et al. Subclinical esophageal peristaltic dysfunction during the early phase following a stroke. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:274-8.
66. Martin BJW, Carlow MW, Wood H, et al. The association of swallowing dysfunction and aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia 1994;9:1-6.
67. Hilker R, Poetter C, Findeisen N, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke: Implications for neurological intensive care medicine. Stroke 2003;34:975-81.
68. Smithard DG, O'Neill PA, Park C, et al. Complications and outcome after acute stroke: Does dysphagia matter? Stroke 1996;27:1200-4.
69. Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbiit R, et al. The natural history of clinical consequences of aspiration in acute stroke. QJM 1995;88:409-3.
70. Cramer SC, Basting E. Mapping clinically relevant plasticity after stroke. Neuropharmacology 2000;39:842-51.
71. Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, et al. Recovery of swallowing after dysphagic stroke relates to functional reorganization in the intact motor cortex. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1104-12.
72. Bogeski G, Lean NP, Kitchener PD, et al. Analysis of factors that determine the compliance of rat jejunum to distension in vivo. Neurogastronterol Motil 2003;15:417-25.
73. Cook IJ, Kahrilas PJ. Technical review on management of oropharyngeal dsyphagia. Gastroenterology 1999;116:455-78.
74. Hamdy S, Iilani S, Price V, et al. Modulation of human swallowing behaviour by thermal and chemical stimulation in health and after brain injury. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003;15:69-77.
75. Chan KH, Mann KS, Lai ECS, et al. Factors influencing the development of gastrointestinal complications after neurosurgery: Results of multivariate analysis. Neurosurgery 1989;25:378-82.
76. FOOD Trial Collaboration. Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcome after stroke: Observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke 2003;34:1450-6.
77. Choi-Kwon S, Yang YH, Kim EK, et al. Nutritional status in acute stroke, undernutrition versus overnutrition in different stroke subtypes. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;98:187-2.
78. Wijdicks EFM, Fulgham JR, Batts KP. Gastrointestinal bleeding in stroke. Stroke 1994;25:2146-8.
79. Davenport RJ, Dennis MJ, Warlow CP. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke. Stroke 1996;27:421-4.
80. Machfoed MH, Herainy Eko T. Cimetidine parenteral for prevention of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in acute stroke patients. Can J Neurol Sci 1993;20:S247.
81. Kimmey MB. Cardioprotective effects and gastrointestinal risks of aspirin: Maintaining the delicate balance. Am J Med 2004;117(suppl 5A):725-85.
82. Rogers RC, Hermann GE, Travagli RA. Brainstem pathways responsible for oesophageal control of gastric motility and tone in the rat. J Physiol 1999;514:369-83.
83. Sengupta JN, Kauvar D, Goyal RK. Characteristics of vagal oesophageal tension-sensitive afferent fibers in the opossum. J Neurophysiol 1989;61:1001-10.
84. Krowicki ZK, Sharkey KA, Serron SC, et al. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in rat dorsal vagal complex and effects of microinjection of nitric oxide compounds upon gastric motor function. J Comp Neurol 1997;377:49-69.
85. Willing AE, Berthoud HR. Gastric distension-induced c-fos expression in catecholaminergic neurons of rat dorsal vagal complex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1997;272:R59-67.
86. Hansen MB. Neurohumoral control of gastrointestinal motility. Physiol Res 2003;52:1-30.
87. Schaller B. Zopiclone: Some remarks on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133:100.
88. Hildebrand P, Werth B, Beglinger C, et al. Human gastric-releasing peptide: Biological potency in humans. Regul Pept 1991;36:423-33.
89. Ullman T, Reding M. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in stroke. Semin Neurol 1996;16:269-75.
90. Turton A, Wroe S, Trepte N, et al. Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996;101(3):16-28.
91. Schaller B, Graf R. Hypothermia and stroke: The pathophysiological background. Pathophysiology 2003;10:7-35.
92. Hall KE. Aging and neural control of the gastrointestinal tract. II: Neural control of the aging gut: Can an old dog learn new tricks? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G827-32.
93. Orr WC, Chen CL. Aging and neural control of the gastrointestinal tract. IV: Clinical and physiological aspects of gastrointestinal motility and aging. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G1226-31.
94. Yamada T. Yoshikawa M, Takaki M, et al. In vitro functional gut-like organ formation from mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2002;20:41-9.
95. Gordon C, Langton Hever R, Wade DT. Dysphagia in acute stroke. BMJ 1987;295:411-4.
96. Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: A systematic review. Dysphagia 2001;16:7-8.
97. Norton B, Homer-Ward M, Long RG, et al. A randomised prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric feeding offer acute dysphagic stroke. BMJ 1996;312:13-6.
98. Ertekin C, Kiylioglu N, Tarlaci S, et al. Effect of mucosal anaesthesia on oropharyngeal swallowing. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2000;126:567-2.
99. Fraser C, Power M, Hamdy S, et al. Driving plasticity in human adult motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. Neuron 2002;345:831-40.
100. Gow D, Rothwell J, Hobosn A, et al. Induction of long-term plasticity in human swallowing motor cortex following repetitive cortical stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:1044-51.
101. Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Aziz Q, et al. Long-term reorganization of human motor cortex driven by short-term sensory stimulation. Nat Neurosci 1998;1:64-8.