Cerebral venous infarction: The pathophysiological concept

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 179-188

  Schaller, B ^a,b   Graf, R ^a,b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cerebral blood flow; Cerebral sinus; Cerebral veins; Dural sinus; Occlusion; Pathophysiology; Venous infarction

Indexed keywords

ARTERY OCCLUSION; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN INJURY; CAPILLARY; CEREBRAL VENOUS OCCLUSION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLLATERAL CIRCULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; MICROCIRCULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VEIN DILATATION; VEIN OCCLUSION;

ANIMALS; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; CEREBRAL VEINS; HUMANS;

EID: 4644333557     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000079939     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Arai H, Sato K, Okuda O, et al: Transcranial transphenoidal approach for tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000; 142: 751-757.
2. Schmidek HH, Auer LM, Kapp JP: The cerebral venous system. Neurosurgery 1985; 17: 633-678.
3. Rother J, Waggie K, van Bruggen N, et al: Experimental cerebral venous thrombosis: Evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16: 1353-1361.
4. Schoser BGH, Riemenschneider N, Hansen HC: The impact of raised intracranial pressure on cerebral venous hemodynamics: A prospective venous transcranial Doppler ultrasonography study. J Neurosurg 1999; 91: 744-749.
5. Krayenbühl H: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis; in Ojemann RG, Shilito J Jr (eds): Clinical Neurosurgery. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, vol 14, pp 1-24.
6. Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, et al: Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet 1991; 338: 597-600.
7. Lövblad KO, Bassetti C, Schneider J, et al: Diffusion-weighted MR in cerebral venous thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 11: 169-176.
8. Schaller B, Graf R, Wienhard K, et al: A new animal model of cerebral venous infartion: Ligation of the posterior part of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133: 412-418.
9. Schaller B, Graf R, Sanada Y, et al: Hemodynamic changes after occlusion of the posterior superior sagittal sinus: An experimental PETstudy in cats. AJNR 2003; 24: 1876-1880.
10. Schaller B, Graf R, Jacobs AH: Ischemic tolerance: A window to endogenous neuroprotection? Lancet 2003; 362: 1007-1008.
11. Schaller B, Graf R: Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion: The pathophysiological concept as basis of clinical therapy? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 351-371.
12. Sakata K, Kamamoto I, Sekino T: Preoperative angiographic examination of the sylvian drainage system: The rationale of intentional division of the bridgine vein running of the temporal tip; in Hakuba A (ed): Surgery of the Intracranial Venous System. Berlin, Springer, 1996, pp 163-168.
13. Friedman DP: Abnormalities of the deep medullary white matter veins: MR imaging findings. AJR 1997; 168: 1103-1108.
14. Ungersbock K, Heimann A, Kempski O: Cerebral blood flow alterations in a rat model of cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1993; 24: 563-569.
15. Nakase H, Kakizaki T, Miyamoto K, et al: Use of local cerebral blood flow monitoring to predict brain damage after disturbances to the venous circulation: Cortical vein occlusion model by photochemical dye. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: 280-286.
16. Miyamoto K, Heimann A, Kempski O: Microcirculatory alterations in a Mongolian gerbil sinus-vein thrombosis model. J Clin Neurosci 2001; 8(suppl 1):97-105.
17. Ueda K, Nakase H, Miyamoto K, et al: Impact of anatomical difference of the cerebral venous system on microcirculation in a gerbil superior sagittal sinus occlusion model. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000; 142: 75-82.
18. Frerichs KU, Deckert M, Kempski O, et al: Cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis in rats induces long-term deficits in brain function and morphology - Evidence for a cytotoxic genesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 289-300.
19. Robertson JB Jr, Brackmann DE, Fayad JN: Complications of venous insufficiency after neurologic skull base surgery. Am J Otol 2000; 21: 701-705.
20. Nakase H, Kempski OS, Heimann A, et al: Microcirculation after cerebral venous occlusion as assessed by laser Doppler scanning. J Neurosurg 1997; 87: 307-314.
21. Tsai FY, Wang AM, Matovich VB, et al: MR staging of acute dural sinus thrombosis: Correlation with venous pressure measurements and implications for treatment and prognosis. AJNR 1995; 16: 1021-1029.
22. Gotoh M, Ohmoto T, Kuyama H: Experimental study of venous circulatory disturbance by dural sinus occlusion. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 124: 120-126.
23. Fujita K, Kojima N, Tamaki N, et al: Brain edema in intracranial venous hypertension; in Inaba Y, Klatzo I, Spatz M (eds): Brain Edema. Tokyo, Springer, 1985, pp 228-234.
24. Yuh WTC, Simonson TM, Wang AM, et al: Venous sinus occlusive disease: MR findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15: 309-316.
25. Yasargil MG, Damur M: Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses; in Newton TH, Potts DG (eds): Radiology of the Skull and Brain: Angiography. St Louis, Mosby, 1974.
26. Bering EAJ, Salibi B: Production of hydrocephalus by increased cephalic-venous pressure. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1959; 81: 47/693-52/698.
27. Garcia JH: Thrombosis of cranial veins and sinuses: Brain parenchymal effects; in Einhäupl K, Kempski O, Baethmann A (eds): Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. New York, Plenum Press, 1990, 27-38.
28. Fries G, Wallenfang T, Hennen J, et al: Occlusion of the pig superior sagittal sinus, bridging and crotical veins: Multistep evolution of sinus-vein thrombosis. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 127-133.
29. Fujita K, Kojima N, Tamaki N, et al: Brain edema in intracranial venous hypertension; in Inaba Y, Klatzo I, Spatz M (eds): Brain Edema. Tokyo, Springer, 1985, pp 228-234.
30. Sato S, Miyahara Y, Dohmoto Y, et al: Cerebral microcirculation in experimental sagittal sinus occlusion in dogs; in Auer LM, Lowe F (eds): The Cerebral Veins. New York, Springer, 1984, pp 111-117.
31. Bousser MG, Barnett HJM: Cerebral venous thrombosis; in Barnett HLM, Mohr JP, Stein BM, Yatsu FM (eds): Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, ed 2. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1992.
32. Schaller B, Graf R: Cerebral ischemic preconditioning: An experimental phenomenon or clinical important entity of stroke prevention? J Neurol 2002; 11: 1503-1511.
33. Yoshimoto Y, Endo M, Mori T, et al: Correlation between venous stump pressure and brain damage after cortical vein occlusion: An experimental study. J Neurosurg 1997; 86: 694-698.
34. Kurokawa Y, Hashi K, Okuyama T, et al: Regional ischemia in cerebral venous hypertension due to embolic occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus in the rat. Surg Neurol 1990; 34: 390-395.
35. Gotoh M, Ohmoto T, Kuyama H: Experimental study of venous circulatory disturbance by fural sinus occlusion. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 124: 120-126.
36. Bousser MG, Chiras J, Bories J, et al: Cerebral venous thrombosis - A review of 38 areas. Stroke 1985; 16: 199-213.
37. Kristensein B, Malm J, Markgren P, et al: CSF hydrodynamics in superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 4: 287-293.
38. Wagner E, Traystman R: Effects of cerebral venous and cerebrospinal fluid pressure on cerebral blood flow; in Auer L, Löw F (eds): The Cerebral Veins. Vienna, Springer, 1984, pp 223-230.
39. Marmarou A, Shulman K, LaMorgense J: Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid system. J Neurosurg 1975; 43: 523-534.
40. Sano H, Kawase T, Toya S: The changes in the cerebral microcirculation during increased intracranial pressure; in Auer LM, Löw F (eds): The Cerebral Veins. Vienna, Springer, 1984, pp 231-238.
41. Kotani J, Adachi R, Fujita N, et al: Effect of cerebral venous congestion on the pressurevolume index in the evaluation of intracranial pressure dynamics. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1993; 5: 121-126.
42. Chai JP, Skaryak LA, Ungerleider RM, et al: Jugular ligation does not increase pressure but does increase bihemispheric cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1864-1871.
43. Collins RC, Borowsky IW: Metabolic anatomy of brain: A comparison of regional capillary density, glucose metabolism and enzyme activities. J Comp Neurol 1989; 288: 401-413.
44. Kikano GE, LaManna JC, Harik SI: Brain perfusion in acute and chronic hyperglycemia in rats. Stroke 1989; 20: 1027-1031.
45. Long DM: Microvascular changes in cold injury edema; in Go KG, Baethman A (eds): Recent Progress in the Study and Therapy of Brain Edema. New York, Plenum Press, 1984.
46. Iannotti F, Hoff JT, Schielke GP: Brain tissue pressure in focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1985;62:83-89.
47. Turcani P, Gotoh F, Ishihara N, et al: Are blood platelets involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain edema in gerbils? Stroke 1988; 19:486-489.
48. Grogaard B, Schjurer L, Gerdin B, et al: Delayed hypoperfusion after incomplete forebrain ischemia in the rat: The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989;9:500-505.
49. Chiang J, Kowada M, Ames A, et al: Cerebral ischemia III: Vascular changes. Am J Pathol 1986;52:45-76.
50. Palkarvi L, Rehncorna S, Sonderfeldt B, et al: Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage: Quantitative ultrastructural changes in capillaries of rat cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1983;60:232-240.
51. Nakase H, Nagata K, Otsuka H, et al: Local cerebral blood flow autoregulation following 'asymptomatic' cerebral venous occlusion in the rat. J Neurosurg 1998;89:118-124.
52. De Bruijn SFTM, Stam J, for the Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Group: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low molecular weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1999;30: 484-488.
53. Govier AV, Reves JG, McKay RD, et al: Factors and the influence on regional cerebral blood flow during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;38:592-600.
54. Gloor P, Ball G, Schaul N: Brain lesions that produce delta waves in the EEG. Neurology 1977;27:326-333.
55. Hossmann KA: Periinfarct depolarization. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1996;8:195-208.
56. Back T, Ginsberg M, Dietrich WD, et al: Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: Effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:202-213.
57. Astrup J, Siesjö BK, Symon L: Threshold in cerebral ischemia: The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981;12:723-725.
58. Hachinski VC, Wilson JX, Smith KE, et al: Effect of age on autonomic and cardiac responses in the rat stroke model. Arch Neurol 1992;49:690-696.
59. Jacobson I, Harper AM, McDowall DG: Relationship between venous pressure and cortical blood flow. Nature 1963;200:173-175.
60. Ekström-Jodal B: Effect of increased venous pressure on cerebral blood flow in dogs. Acta Physiol Scand (Suppl) 1970;350:51-61.
61. Stam J, De Bruuijn SFTM, deVeber G: Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 2003;34:1054-1055.
62. Kim KS, Weinberg PE: Venous cerebral infarction. Surg Neurol 1981;15:118-124.
63. Emerson TE Jr, Parker JL: Effects of local increases of venous pressure on canine cerebral hemodynamics; in Langfi tt TW, McHenry LC Jr, Reivich M, Wollman H (eds): Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism. New York, Springer, 1975, pp 10-13.
64. Raisis JE, Kindt GW, McGillicuddy JE, et al: The effect of primary elevation of cerebral venous pressure on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure. J Surg Res 1979;26:101-107.
65. Kurokowa Y, Hashi K, Okuyama T, et al: Regional ischemia in cerebral venous hypertension due to embolic occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus in the rat. Surg Neurol 1990;34:390-395.
66. Yoshimoto Y, Endo M, Mori T, et al: Correlation between venous stump pressure and brain damage after cortical vein occlusion: an experimental study. J Neurosurg 1997;86:694-698.