Molecular markers in bladder cancer: A critical appraisal

Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations

Volumn 24, Issue 4 SPEC. ISS., 2006, Pages 326-337

  Konety, Badrinath R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Diagnosis; Urine markers

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN; CYTOKERATIN; GELATINASE B; GROWTH FACTOR; HYALURONIC ACID; HYALURONIDASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MOLECULAR MARKER; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN 22; SURVIVIN; TELOMERASE; UROKINASE;

BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER TUMOR; BLOOD GROUP LEWIS SYSTEM; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER GRADING; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CYSTITIS; CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DNA DETERMINATION; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENOTYPE; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; ONCOGENE; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; URINALYSIS; URINE CYTOLOGY;

EID: 33745483986     PISSN: 10781439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.11.023     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Bray F., Sankila R., Ferlay J., et al. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 1995. Eur J Cancer 38 (2002) 99-166
2. Jemal A., Murray T., Ward E., et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (2005) 10-30
3. Messing E.M., Young T.B., Hunt V.B., et al. Hematuria home screening. Repeat testing results. J Urol 154 (1995) 57-61
4. Ramakumar S., Bhuiyan J., Besse J.A., et al. Comparison of screening methods in the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 161 (1999) 388-394
5. Fernandez Gomez J.M., Garcia Rodriguez J., Escaf Barmadah S., et al. Urinary BTA-TRAK in the follow-up of superficial transitional-cell bladder carcinoma. [in Spanish]. Arch Esp Urol 55 (2002) 41-49
6. Halling K.C., King W., Sokolova I.A., et al. A comparison of BTA stat, hemoglobin dipstick, telomerase and Vysis UroVysion assays for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine. J Urol 167 (2002) 2001-2006
7. Parekattil S.J., Fisher H.A., and Kogan B.A. Neural network using combined urine nuclear matrix protein-22, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and urinary intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to detect bladder cancer. J Urol 169 (2003) 917-920
8. Boman H., Hedelin H., Jacobsson S., et al. Newly diagnosed bladder cancer. The relationship of initial symptoms, degree of microhematuria and tumor marker status. J Urol 168 (2002) 1955-1959
9. Landman J., Chang Y., Kavaler E., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of NMP-22, telomerase, and BTA in the detection of human bladder cancer. Urology 52 (1998) 398-402
10. Lahme S., Bichler K.H., Feil G., et al. Comparison of cytology and nuclear matrix protein 22 for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer. Urol Int 66 (2001) 72-77
11. Boman H., Hedelin H., and Holmang S. Four bladder tumor markers have a disappointingly low sensitivity for small size and low grade recurrence. J Urol 167 (2002) 80-83
12. Lodde M., Mian C., Negri G., et al. Role of uCyt+ in the detection and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. Urology 61 (2003) 243-247
13. Melissourgos N., Kastrinakis N.G., Davilas I., et al. Detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in urine of patients with bladder cancer. Evaluation of an emerging tumor marker. Urology 62 (2003) 362-367
14. Pfister C., Chautard D., Devonec M., et al. Immunocyt test improves the diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology. Results of a French multicenter study. J Urol 169 (2003) 921-924
15. Kriegmair M., Baumgartner R., Knuchel R., et al. Detection of early bladder cancer by 5-aminolevulinic acid induced porphyrin fluorescence. J Urol 155 (1996) 105-110
16. Sarosdy M.F., Schellhammer P., Bokinsky G., et al. Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 168 (2002) 1950-1954
17. Zaak D., Kriegmair M., Stepp H., et al. Endoscopic detection of transitional cell carcinoma with 5-aminolevulinic acid. results of 1012 fluorescence endoscopies. Urology 57 (2001) 690-694
18. Schneeweiss S., Kriegmair M., and Stepp H. Is everything all right if nothing seems wrong? A simple method of assessing the diagnostic value of endoscopic procedures when a gold standard is absent. J Urol 161 (1999) 1116-1119
19. Keesee S.K., Briggman J.V., Thill G., et al. Utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for cancer diagnosis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 6 (1996) 189-214
20. Soloway M.S., Briggman V., Carpinito G.A., et al. Use of a new tumor marker, urinary NMP22, in the detection of occult or rapidly recurring transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract following surgical treatment. J Urol 156 (1996) 363-367
21. Carpinito G.A., Stadler W.M., Briggman J.V., et al. Urinary nuclear matrix protein as a marker for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. J Urol 156 (1996) 1280-1285
22. Muzzonigro G., Minardi D., Galosi A.B., et al. Urinary NMP22 as a new marker in patients with transitional cell carcinoma. [in Italian]. Arch Ital Urol Androl 71 (1999) 171-177
23. Atsu N., Ekici S., Oge O.O., et al. False-positive results of the NMP22 test due to hematuria. J Urol 167 (2002) 555-558
24. Miyanaga N., Akaza H., Ishikawa S., et al. Clinical evaluation of nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) in urine as a novel marker for urothelial cancer. Eur Urol 31 (1997) 163-168
25. Casetta G., Gontero P., Zitella A., et al. BTA quantitative assay and NMP22 testing compared with urine cytology in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Int 65 (2000) 100-105
26. Chahal R., Darshane A., Browning A.J., et al. Evaluation of the clinical value of urinary NMP22 as a marker in the screening and surveillance of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 40 (2001) 415-420
27. Grossman H.B., Messing E., Soloway M., et al. Detection of bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. JAMA 293 (2005) 810-816
28. Witjes J.A., van der Poel H.G., van Balken M.R., et al. Urinary NMP22 and karyometry in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 33 (1998) 387-391
29. Ishii T., Okadome A., Takeuchi F., et al. Urinary levels of nuclear matrix protein 22 in patients with urinary diversion. Urology 58 (2001) 940-942
30. Wiener H.G., Mian C., Haitel A., et al. Can urine bound diagnostic tests replace cystoscopy in the management of bladder cancer?. J Urol 159 (1998) 1876-1880
31. Johnston B., Morales A., Emerson L., et al. Rapid detection of bladder cancer. A comparative study of point of care tests. J Urol 158 (1997) 2098-2101
32. Oeda T., and Manabe D. The usefulness of urinary FDP in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Comparison with NMP22, BTA and cytology. [in Japanese]. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 92 (2001) 1-5
33. Babjuk M., Kostirova M., Mudra K., et al. Qualitative and quantitative detection of urinary human complement factor H-related protein (BTA stat and BTA TRAK) and fragments of cytokeratins 8, 18 (UBC rapid and UBC IRMA) as markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 41 (2002) 34-39
34. Pode D., Golijanin D., Sherman Y., et al. Immunostaining of Lewis X in cells from voided urine, cytopathology and ultrasound for noninvasive detection of bladder tumors. J Urol 159 (1998) 389-392
35. Van der Poel H.G., Van Balken M.R., Schamhart D.H., et al. Bladder wash cytology, quantitative cytology, and the qualitative BTA test in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Urology 51 (1998) 44-50
36. Gutierrez Banos J.L., Rebollo Rodrigo M.H., Antolin Juarez F., et al. Comparative study of BTA stat test, NMP-22, and cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. [in Spanish]. Arch Esp Urol 53 (2000) 21-27
37. Cajulis R.S., Haines III G.K., Frias-Hidvegi D., et al. Cytology, flow cytometry, image analysis, and interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder washes. A comparative study. Diagn Cytopathol 13 (1995) 214-223
38. Golijanin D., Shapiro A., and Pode D. Immunostaining of cytokeratin 20 in cells from voided urine for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 164 (2000) 1922-1925
39. Mian C., Pycha A., Wiener H., et al. Immunocyt. A new tool for detecting transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract. J Urol 161 (1999) 1486-1489
40. Perez Garcia F.J., Eyo A., Escaf Barmadah S., et al. NMP-22 test. Is it useful in the follow-up of patients with superficial bladder tumor. [in Spanish?]. Arch Esp Urol 55 (2002) 1201-1208
41. Su C.K., Yang C.R., Horng Y.Y., et al. NMP22 in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Chin Med Assoc 66 (2003) 294-298
42. Oge O., Atsu N., Kendi S., et al. Evaluation of nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) as a tumor marker in the detection of bladder cancer. Int Nephrol Urol 32 (2001) 367-370
43. Akagashi K., Tanda H., Kato S., et al. Availability of NMP22 (nuclear matrix protein 22) for the diagnosis of urothelial cancer. [in Japanese]. Hinyokika Kiyo 47 (2001) 307-310
44. Fukui Y., Samma S., Fujimoto K., et al. Screening methods in the detection of bladder cancer. Comparison of nuclear matrix protein-22, bladder tumor antigen and cytological examinations. [in Japanese]. Hinyokika Kiyo 47 (2001) 311-314
45. Shao Y., Zhuang J., Xu S.X., et al. Significance of urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 in diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary tract. [in Chinese]. AiZheng 21 (2002) 1005-1007
46. Mahnert B., Tauber S., Kriegmair M., et al. Measurements of complement factor H-related protein (BTA-TRAK assay) and nuclear matrix protein (NMP22 assay)-Useful diagnostic tools in the diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer?. Clin Chem Lab Med 41 (2003) 104-110
47. Stampfer D.S., Carpinito G.A., Rodriguez-Villanueva J., et al. Evaluation of NMP22 in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 159 (1998) 394-398
48. Hughes J.H., Katz R.L., Rodriguez-Villanueva J., et al. Urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22). a diagnostic adjunct to urine cytologic examination for the detection of recurrent transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder. Diagn Cytopathol 20 (1999) 285-290
49. Serretta V., Pomara G., Rizzo I., et al. Urinary BTA-stat, BTA-trak and NMP22 in surveillance after TUR of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 38 (2000) 419-425
50. Gutierrez Banos J.L., Rebollo Rodrigo M.H., Antolin Juarez F.M., et al. NMP 22, BTA stat test and cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. A comparative study. Urol Int 66 (2001) 185-190
51. Sanchez-Carbayo M., Urrutia M., Hernandez-Cerceno M.L., et al. Cytokeratins (UBC and CYFRA 21-1) and nuclear matrix proteins (NMP22) as urine tumor markers in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc) 114 (2000) 361-366
52. Mian C., Lodde M., Haitel A., et al. Comparison of the monoclonal UBC-ELISA test and the NMP22 ELISA test for the detection of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 55 (2000) 223-226
53. Eissa S., Swellam M., Sadek M., et al. Comparative evaluation of the nuclear matrix protein, fibronectin, urinary bladder cancer antigen and voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder tumors. J Urol 168 (2002) 465-469
54. Miyoshi Y., Matsuzaki J., and Miura T. Evaluation of usefulness of urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) in the detection of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma. [in Japanese]. Hinyokika Kiyo 47 (2001) 379-383
55. Friedrich M.G., Toma M.I., Hellstern A., et al. Comparison of multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization in urine with other noninvasive tests for detecting bladder cancer. BJU Int 92 (2003) 911-914
56. Oge O., Atsu N., Sahin A., et al. Comparison of BTA stat and NMP22 tests in the detection of bladder cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol 34 (2000) 349-351
57. Sarosdy M.F., Hudson M.A., Ellis W.J., et al. Improved detection of recurrent bladder cancer using the Bard BTA stat Test. Urology 50 (1997) 349-353
58. Pode D., Shapiro A., Wald M., et al. Noninvasive detection of bladder cancer with the BTA stat test. J Urol 161 (1999) 443-446
59. Irani J., Desgrandchamps F., Millet C., et al. BTA stat and BTA TRAK. A comparative evaluation of urine testing for the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 35 (1999) 89-92
60. Heicappell R., Muller M., Fimmers R., et al. Qualitative determination of urinary human complement factor H-related protein (hcfHrp) in patients with bladder cancer, healthy controls, and patients with benign urologic disease. Urol Int 65 (2000) 181-184
61. Friedrich M.G., Hellstern A., Hautmann S.H., et al. Non-invasive urine tests in diagnosis and as prognostic markers for urinary bladder carcinoma. Comparison of the BTAstat and NMP 22 tests with immunocytology using monoclonal antibodies against Lewis X and 486p3/12. [in German]. Urologe A 42 (2003) 523-530
62. Lokeshwar V.B., Schroeder G.L., Selzer M.G., et al. Bladder tumor markers for monitoring recurrence and screening comparison of hyaluronic acid-hyaluronidase and BTA-Stat tests. Cancer 95 (2002) 61-72
63. Mian C., Lodde M., Haitel A., et al. Comparison of two qualitative assays, the UBC rapid test and the BTA stat test, in the diagnosis of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 56 (2000) 228-231
64. Ellis W.J., Blumenstein B.A., Ishak L.M., et al., The Multi Center Study Group. Clinical evaluation of the BTA TRAK assay and comparison to voided urine cytology and the Bard BTA test in patients with recurrent bladder tumors. Urology 50 (1997) 882-887
65. Thomas L., Leyh H., Marberger M., et al. Multicenter trial of the quantitative BTA TRAK assay in the detection of bladder cancer. Clin Chem 45 (1999) 472-477
66. Heicappell R., Wettig I.C., Schostak M., et al. Quantitative detection of human complement factor H-related protein in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 35 (1999) 81-87
67. Yoshida K., Sugino T., Tahara H., et al. Telomerase activity in bladder carcinoma and its implication for noninvasive diagnosis by detection of exfoliated cancer cells in urine. Cancer 79 (1997) 362-369
68. Arias Funez F., Fernandez Fernandez E., Escudero Barrilero A., et al. Telomerase activity as marker of superficial tumor of the bladder. [in Spanish]. Arch Esp Urol 53 (2000) 231-236
69. Erdem E., Dikmen G., Atsu N., et al. Telomerase activity in diagnosis of bladder cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol 37 (2003) 205-209
70. Neves M., Ciofu C., Larousserie F., et al. Prospective evaluation of genetic abnormalities and telomerase expression in exfoliated urinary cells for bladder cancer detection. J Urol 167 (2002) 1276-1281
71. Isurugi K., Suzuki Y., Tanji S., et al. Detection of the presence of catalytic subunit mRNA associated with telomerase gene in exfoliated urothelial cells from patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 168 (2002) 1574-1577
72. Pham H.T., Block N.L., and Lokeshwar V.B. Tumor-derived hyaluronidase. A diagnostic urine marker for high-grade bladder cancer. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 778-783
73. Hautmann S.H., Schroeder G.L., Civantos F., et al. Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase. 2 new bladder carcinoma markers. [in German]. Urologe A 40 (2001) 121-126
74. Gregoire M., Fradet Y., Meyer F., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology, and deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry and cytology on bladder washings during followup for bladder tumors. J Urol 157 (1997) 1660-1664
75. Meloni A.M., Peier A.M., Haddad F.S., et al. A new approach in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer. FISH analysis of urine, bladder washings, and tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 71 (1993) 105-118
76. Vriesema J.L., Atsma F., Kiemeney L.A., et al. Diagnostic efficacy of the ImmunoCyt test to detect superficial bladder cancer recurrence. Urology 58 (2001) 367-371
77. Feil G., Bichler K.H., Paulgen-Nelde H.J., et al. ImmunoCyt-A new urine test in diagnosis of bladder cancer. [in German]. Urologe A 42 (2003) 531-537
78. Klein A., Zemer R., Buchumensky V., et al. Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urinary cytology of patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer 82 (1998) 349-354
79. Lin S., Hirschowitz S.L., Williams C., et al. Cytokeratin 20 as an immunocytochemical marker for detection of urothelial carcinoma in atypical cytology. Preliminary retrospective study on archived urine slides. Cancer Detect Prev 25 (2001) 202-209
80. Rotem D., Cassel A., Lindenfeld N., et al. Urinary cytokeratin 20 as a marker for transitional cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 37 (2000) 601-604
81. Retz M., Lehmann J., Amann E., et al. Mucin 7 and cytokeratin 20 as new diagnostic urinary markers for bladder tumor. J Urol 169 (2003) 86-89
82. Inoue T., Nakanishi H., Inada K., et al. Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of urinary cytokeratin 20 detects transitional cell carcinoma cells. J Urol 166 (2001) 2134-2141
83. Ramazan Sekeroglu M., Aydin S., et al. Diagnostic value of cytokeratin-18 as a tumor marker in bladder cancer. Clin Biochem 35 (2002) 327-331
84. Nisman B., Barak V., Shapiro A., et al. Evaluation of urine CYFRA 21-1 for the detection of primary and recurrent bladder carcinoma. Cancer 94 (2002) 2914-2922
85. Shariat S.F., Casella R., Khoddami S.M., et al. Urine detection of survivin is a sensitive marker for the noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Urol 171 (2004) 626-630
86. Shariat S.F., Zippe C., Ludecke G., et al. Nomograms including nuclear matrix protein 22 for prediction of disease recurrence and progression in patients with Ta, T1 or CIS transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 173 (2005) 1518-1525
87. Miyanaga N., Akaza H., Tsukamoto S., et al. Usefulness of urinary NMP22 to detect tumor recurrence of superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection. Int J Clin Oncol 8 (2003) 369-373
88. Konety B. In office urinary markers for bladder cancer. What's new. Urol Times 32 (2004) 34-35
89. Sarosdy M.F., DeVere White R.W., et al. Results of a multicenter trial using the BTA test to monitor for and diagnose recurrent bladder cancer. J Urol 154 (1995) 379-383
90. D'Hallewin M.A., and Baert L. Initial evaluation of the bladder tumor antigen test in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 155 (1996) 475-476
91. Ianari A., Sternberg C.N., Rossetti A., et al. Results of Bard BTA test in monitoring patients with a history of transitional cell cancer of the bladder. Urology 49 (1997) 786-789
92. Murphy W.M., Rivera-Ramirez I., Medina C.A., et al. The bladder tumor antigen (BTA) test compared to voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder neoplasms. J Urol 158 (1997) 2102-2106
93. Malkowicz S.B. The application of human complement factor H-related protein (BTA TRAK) in monitoring patients with bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 27 (2000) 63-73
94. Nasuti J.F., Gomella L.G., Ismial M., et al. Utility of the BTA stat test kit for bladder cancer screening. Diagn Cytopathol 21 (1999) 27-29
95. Blumenstein B.A., Ellis W.J., and Ishak L.M. The relationship between serial measurements of the level of a bladder tumor associated antigen and the potential for recurrence. J Urol 161 (1999) 57-60
96. Zimmerman R.L., Bagley D., Hawthorne C., et al. Utility of the Bard BTA test in detecting upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology 51 (1998) 956-958
97. Gibanel R., Ribal M.J., Filella X., et al. BTA TRAK urine test increases the efficacy of cytology in the diagnosis of low-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Anticancer Res 22 (2002) 1157-1160
98. Sharma S., Zippe C.D., Pandrangi L., et al. Exclusion criteria enhance the specificity and positive predictive value of NMP22 and BTA stat. J Urol 162 (1999) 53-57
99. Ponsky L.E., Sharma S., Pandrangi L., et al. Screening and monitoring for bladder cancer. Refining the use of NMP22. J Urol 166 (2001) 75-78
100. Holt S.E., Shay J.W., and Wright W.E. Refining the telomere-telomerase hypothesis of aging and cancer. Nat Biotechnol 14 (1996) 836-839
101. Harley C.B., Futcher A.B., and Greider C.W. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345 (1990) 458-460
102. Blackburn E.H. Telomerases. Annu Rev Biochem 61 (1992) 113-129
103. Kim N.W., Piatyszek M.A., Prowse K.R., et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266 (1994) 2011-2015
104. Kavaler E., Landman J., Chang Y., et al. Detecting human bladder carcinoma cells in voided urine samples by assaying for the presence of telomerase activity. Cancer 82 (1998) 708-714
105. Cassel A., Rahat M.A., Lahat N., et al. Telomerase activity and cytokeratin 20 as markers for the detection and followup of transitional cell carcinoma. an unfulfilled promise. J Urol 166 (2001) 841-844
106. Liu B.C., and Loughlin K.R. Telomerase in human bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 27 (2000) 115-123
107. Knudson W., Biswas C., Li X.Q., et al. The role and regulation of tumour-associated hyaluronan. Ciba Found Symp 143 (1989) 150-159
108. Lokeshwar V.B., Obek C., Soloway M.S., et al. Tumor-associated hyaluronic acid. A new sensitive and specific urine marker for bladder cancer. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 773-777
109. Lokeshwar V.B., Obek C., Pham H.T., et al. Urinary hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase. Markers for bladder cancer detection and evaluation of grade. J Urol 163 (2000) 348-356
110. Lokeshwar V.B., Soloway M.S., and Block N.L. Secretion of bladder tumor-derived hyaluronidase activity by invasive bladder tumor cells. Cancer Lett 131 (1998) 21-27
111. Lokeshwar V.B., Schroeder G.L., Selzer M.G., et al. Bladder tumor markers for monitoring recurrence and screening comparison of hyaluronic acid-hyaluronidase and BTA-Stat tests. Cancer 95 (2002) 61-72
112. Badalament R.A., Hermansen D.K., Kimmel M., et al. The sensitivity of bladder wash flow cytometry, bladder wash cytology, and voided cytology in the detection of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 60 (1987) 1423-1427
113. Veltri R.W., Partin A.W., and Miller M.C. Quantitative nuclear grade (QNG). A new image analysis-based biomarker of clinically relevant nuclear structure alterations. J Cell Biochem Suppl 35 Suppl (2000) 151-157
114. Pariente J.L., Bordenave L., Michel P., et al. Initial evaluation of CYFRA 21-1 diagnostic performances as a urinary marker in bladder transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol 158 (1997) 338-341
115. Haliassos A., Liloglou M., Likourinas M., et al. H-ras oncogene mutations in urine of patients with bladder tumors. description of a novel non-invasive method for the detection of neoplasia. Int J Oncol 1 (1992) 731-734
116. Fitzgerald J.M., Ramchurren N., Rieger K., et al. Identification of H-ras mutations in urine sediments complements cytology in the detection of bladder tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (1995) 129-133
117. Primdahl H., von der Maase H., Christensen M., et al. Allelic deletions of Rb and L-myc in urine sediments from patients with bladder tumors or carcinoma in situ. Oncol Rep 9 (2002) 551-555
118. Xu H.J., Cairns P., Hu S.X., et al. Loss of Rb protein expression in primary bladder cancer correlates with loss of heterozygosity at the Rb locus and tumor progression. Int J Cancer 53 (1993) 781-784
119. Dulaimi E., Uzzo R.G., Greenberg R.E., et al. Detection of bladder cancer in urine by a tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation panel. Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004) 1887-1893
120. Van Le T.S., Myers J., Konety B.R., et al. Functional characterization of the bladder cancer marker, BLCA-4. Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004) 1384-1391
121. Konety B.R., Nguyen T.S., Dhir R., et al. Detection of bladder cancer using a novel nuclear matrix protein, BLCA-4. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 2618-2625
122. Konety B.R., Nguyen T.S., Brenes G., et al. Clinical usefulness of the novel marker BLCA-4 for the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 164 (2000) 634-639
123. Decenzo J.M., Howard P., and Irish C.E. Antigenic deletion and prognosis of patients with stage A transitional cell bladder carcinoma. J Urol 114 (1975) 874-878
124. Cordon-Cardo C., Reuter V.E., Lloyd K.O., et al. Blood group-related antigens in human urothelium. enhanced expression of precursor, LeX, and LeY determinants in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Res 48 (1988) 4113-4120
125. Sheinfeld J., Reuter V.E., Melamed M.R., et al. Enhanced bladder cancer detection with the Lewis X antigen as a marker of neoplastic transformation. J Urol 143 (1990) 285-288
126. Golijanin D., Sherman Y., Shapiro A., et al. Detection of bladder tumors by immunostaining of the Lewis X antigen in cells from voided urine. Urology 46 (1995) 173-177
127. Hautmann S., Toma M., Lorenzo, et al. ImmunoCyt and the HA-HAase urine tests for the detection of bladder cancer. a side-by-side comparison. Eur Urol 46 (2004) 466-471
128. Schroeder G.L., Lorenzo-Gomez M.F., Hautmann S.H., et al. A side by side comparison of cytology and biomarkers for bladder cancer detection. J Urol 172 (2004) 1123-1126
129. Toma M.I., Friedrich M.G., Hautmann S.H., et al. Comparison of the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology with other urine tests in the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. World J Urol 22 (2004) 145-149
130. Bhuiyan J., Akhter J., and O'Kane D.J. Performance characteristics of multiple urinary tumor markers and sample collection techniques in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Clin Chim Acta 331 (2003) 69-77
131. Sanchez-Carbayo M., Herrero E., Megias J., et al. Comparative sensitivity of urinary CYFRA 21-1, urinary bladder cancer antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen and NMP22 to detect bladder cancer. J Urol 162 (1999) 1951-1956
132. Giannopoulos A., Manousakas T., Gounari A., et al. Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the BTA stat test, NMP22 and urinary bladder cancer antigen for primary and recurrent bladder tumors. J Urol 166 (2001) 470-475
133. Prescott J.L., Montie J., Pugh T.W., et al. Clinical sensitivity of p53 mutation detection in matched bladder tumor, bladder wash, and voided urine specimens. Cancer 91 (2001) 2127-2135
134. Gonzalez-Zulueta M., Ruppert J.M., Tokino K., et al. Microsatellite instability in bladder cancer. Cancer Res 53 (1993) 5620-5623
135. Mao L., Schoenberg M.P., Scicchitano M., et al. Molecular detection of primary bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis. Science 271 (1996) 659-662
136. Steiner G., Schoenberg M.P., Linn J.F., et al. Detection of bladder cancer recurrence by microsatellite analysis of urine. Nat Med 3 (1997) 621-624
137. Goessl C., Muller M., Straub B., et al. DNA alterations in body fluids as molecular tumor markers for urologic malignancies. Eur Urol 41 (2002) 662-676
138. Utting M., Muller G., Werner W., et al. Detection of tumor genetic alterations of bladder carcinomas in body fluids depends on sample treatment before DNA isolation. Ann NY Acad Sci 906 (2000) 67-71
139. Fradet Y., and Cordon-Cardo C. Critical appraisal of tumor markers in bladder cancer. Semin Urol 11 (1993) 145-153
140. Knowles M.A. What we could do now. Molecular pathology of bladder cancer. Mol Pathol 54 (2001) 215-221
141. Sokolova I.A., Halling K.C., Jenkins R.B., et al. The development of a multitarget, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine. J Mol Diagn 2 (2000) 116-123
142. Kipp B.R., Karnes R.J., Brankley S.M., et al. Monitoring intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Urol 173 (2005) 401-404
143. Smith S.D., Wheeler M.A., Plescia J., et al. Urine detection of survivin and diagnosis of bladder cancer. JAMA 285 (2001) 324-328
144. Hausladen D.A., Wheeler M.A., Altieri D.C., et al. Effect of intravesical treatment of transitional cell carcinoma with bacillus Calmette-Guerin and mitomycin C on urinary survivin levels and outcome. J Urol 170 (2003) 230-234
145. Saint F., Kurth N., Maille P., et al. Urinary IL-2 assay for monitoring intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin response of superficial bladder cancer during induction course and maintenance therapy. Int J Cancer 107 (2003) 434-440
146. Kumar A., Dubey D., Bansal P., et al. Urinary interleukin-8 predicts the response of standard and low dose intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (modified Danish 1331 strain) for superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 168 (2002) 2232-2235
147. Thalmann G.N., Sermier A., Rentsch C., et al. Urinary interleukin-8 and 18 predict the response of superficial bladder cancer to intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 164 (2000) 2129-2133
148. Sanchez-Carbayo M., Urrutia M., Romani R., et al. Serial urinary IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha, UBC, CYFRA 21-1 and NMP22 during follow-up of patients with bladder cancer receiving intravesical BCG. Anticancer Res 21 (2001) 3041-3047
149. Bianco F.J., Gervasi D.C., Tiguert R., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in bladder washes from bladder cancer patients predict pathological stage and grade. Clin Cancer Res 4 (1998) 3011-3016
150. Durkan G.C., Nutt J.E., Marsh C., et al. Alteration in urinary matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio predicts recurrence in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res (2003) 2576-2582
151. Sier C.F., Casetta G., Verheijen J.H., et al. Enhanced urinary gelatinase activities (matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9) are associated with early-stage bladder carcinoma. A comparison with clinically used tumor markers. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 2333-2340
152. Hasui Y., Marutsuka K., Asada Y., et al. Prognostic value of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Urology 47 (1996) 34-37
153. Casella R., Shariat S.F., Monoski M.A., et al. Urinary levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in the detection of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 95 (2002) 2494-2499
154. Shariat S.F., Casella R., Monoski M.A., et al. The addition of urinary urokinase-type plasminogen activator to urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 and cytology improves the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 170 (2003) 2244-2247
155. Messing E.M., and Murphy-Brooks N. Recovery of epidermal growth factor in voided urine of patients with bladder cancer. Urology 44 (1994) 502-506
156. Fuse H., Mizuno I., Sakamoto M., et al. Epidermal growth factor in urine from the patients with urothelial tumors. Urol Int 48 (1992) 261-264
157. Momose H., Kakinuma H., Shariff S.Y., et al. Tumor-promoting effect of urinary epidermal growth factor in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 51 (1991) 5487-5490
158. Chow N.H., Liu H.S., Lee E.I., et al. Significance of urinary epidermal growth factor and its receptor expression in human bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 17 (1997) 1293-1296
159. Saika T., Tsushima T., Nasu Y., et al. Epidermal growth factor in urine from patients with bladder cancer. Urol Res 28 (2000) 230-234
160. Chodak G.W., Hospelhorn V., Judge S.M., et al. Increased levels of fibroblast growth factor-like activity in urine from patients with bladder or kidney cancer. Cancer Res 48 (1988) 2083-2088
161. Chopin D.K., Caruelle J.P., Colombel M., et al. Increased immunodetection of acidic fibroblast growth factor in bladder cancer, detectable in urine. J Urol 150 (1993) 1126-1130
162. Eder I.E., Stenzl A., Hobisch A., et al. Transforming growth factors-beta 1 and beta 2 in serum and urine from patients with bladder carcinoma. J Urol 156 (1996) 953-957
163. Crew J.P., O'Brien T., Bicknell R., et al. Urinary vascular endothelial growth factor and its correlation with bladder cancer recurrence rates. J Urol 161 (1999) 799-804
164. Jeon S.H., Lee S.J., and Chang S.G. Clinical significance of urinary vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with superficial bladder tumors. Oncol Rep 8 (2001) 1265-1267
165. Matsumura Y., Hanbury D., Smith J., et al. Non-invasive detection of malignancy by identification of unusual CD44 gene activity in exfoliated cancer cells. BMJ 308 (1994) 619-624
166. Miyake H., Hara I., Gohji K., et al. Urinary cytology and competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of a specific CD44 variant to detect and monitor bladder cancer. J Urol 160 (1998) 2004-2008
167. Miyake H., Hara, Arakawa S., et al. Utility of competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of specific CD44 variant RNA for detecting upper urinary tract transitional-cell carcinoma. II. Mol Urol 3 (1999) 365-370
168. Miyake H., Eto H., Arakawa S., et al. Over expression of CD44V8-10 in urinary exfoliated cells as an independent prognostic predictor in patients with urothelial cancer. J Urol 167 (2002) 1282-1287
169. Woodman A.C., Goodison S., Drake M., et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of bladder carcinoma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of CD44 isoforms in exfoliated urothelia. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 2381-2392
170. Celis J.E., Ostergaard M., Rasmussen H.H., et al. A comprehensive protein resource for the study of bladder cancer. http://biobase.dk/cgi-bin/celis. Electrophoresis 20 (1999) 300-309
171. Celis J.E., Wolf H., and Ostergaard M. Bladder squamous cell carcinoma biomarkers derived from proteomics. Electrophoresis 21 (2000) 2115-2121
172. Ostergaard M., Rasmussen H.H., Nieldsen H.V., et al. Proteome profiling of bladder squamous cell carcinomas. Identification of markers that define their degree of differentiation. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 4111-4117
173. Celis J.E., Ostergaard M., Basse B., et al. Loss of adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein and other protein biomarkers is associated with progression of human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 56 (1996) 4782-4790
174. Ostergaard M., Wolf H., Orntoft T.F., et al. Psoriasin (S100A7). A putative urinary marker for the follow-up of patients with bladder squamous cell carcinomas. Electrophoresis 20 (1999) 349-354
175. Vlahou A., Schellhammer P.F., Mendrinos S., et al. Development of a novel proteomic approach for the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in urine. Am J Pathol 158 (2001) 1491-1502
176. Iwaki H., Kageyama S., Isono T., et al. Diagnostic potential in bladder cancer of a panel of tumor markers (calreticulin, gamma-synuclein, and catechol-o-methyltransferase) identified by proteomic analysis. Cancer Sci 95 (2004) 955-961
177. Liu W., Guan M., Wu D., et al. Using tree analysis pattern and SELDI-TOF-MS to discriminate transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder cancer from noncancer patients. Eur Urol 47 (2005) 456-462
178. Lotan Y., and Roehrborn C.G. Cost-effectiveness of a modified care protocol substituting bladder tumor markers for cystoscopy for the followup of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. a decision analytical approach. J Urol 167 (2002) 75-79
179. Willis C.M., Church S.M., Guest C.M., et al. Olfactory detection of human bladder cancer by dogs. Proof of principle study. BMJ 329 (2004) 712