메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue , 2006, Pages 569-590

Dates and rates: Temporal resolution in the deep time stratigraphic record

Author keywords

Chronostratigraphy; Evolutionary rates; Geochronology; Geologic time

Indexed keywords

CORRELATION METHODS; ECOLOGY; GEOCHEMISTRY; INTEGRATION; RADIOMETRY; STRATIGRAPHY;

EID: 33744960674     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125141     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0027061966 scopus 로고
    • Conjunction among taxonomic distributions and the Miocene mammalian biochronology of the Great Plains
    • Alroy J. 1992. Conjunction among taxonomic distributions and the Miocene mammalian biochronology of the Great Plains. Paleobiology 18:326-43
    • (1992) Paleobiology , vol.18 , pp. 326-343
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 2
    • 0028578976 scopus 로고
    • Appearance event ordination: A new biochronologic method
    • Alroy J. 1994. Appearance event ordination: a new biochronologic method. Paleobiology 20:191-207
    • (1994) Paleobiology , vol.20 , pp. 191-207
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 3
    • 0034468596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary pattern and process
    • Alroy J. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary pattern and process, Paleobiology 26:707-3
    • (2000) Paleobiology , vol.26 , pp. 707-713
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 4
    • 0038321368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman
    • Amthor JE, Grotzinger JP, Schroeder S, Bowring SA, Ramezani J, et al. 2003. Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman. Geology 31:431-34
    • (2003) Geology , vol.31 , pp. 431-434
    • Amthor, J.E.1    Grotzinger, J.P.2    Schroeder, S.3    Bowring, S.A.4    Ramezani, J.5
  • 5
    • 0001393727 scopus 로고
    • Rhythms and the measurements of geologic time
    • Barrell J. 1917. Rhythms and the measurements of geologic time. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 28:745-904
    • (1917) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.28 , pp. 745-904
    • Barrell, J.1
  • 6
    • 0037202077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U-Pb calcite age of the Late Permian Castile Formation, Delaware Basin: A constraint on the age of the Permian-Triassic boundary
    • Becker M, Rasbury ET, Meyers WJ, Hanson GN. 2002. U-Pb calcite age of the Late Permian Castile Formation, Delaware Basin: a constraint on the age of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203:681-89
    • (2002) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.203 , pp. 681-689
    • Becker, M.1    Rasbury, E.T.2    Meyers, W.J.3    Hanson, G.N.4
  • 8
    • 0000041803 scopus 로고
    • Stickleback fishes: Bridging the gap between population biology and paleobiology
    • Bell MA. 1988. Stickleback fishes: bridging the gap between population biology and paleobiology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3:320-25
    • (1988) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 320-325
    • Bell, M.A.1
  • 9
    • 0022178883 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of temporal changes in single morphological characters of a Miocene stickleback fish
    • Bell MA, Baumgartner JV, Olson EC. 1985. Patterns of temporal changes in single morphological characters of a Miocene stickleback fish. Paleobiology 11:258-71
    • (1985) Paleobiology , vol.11 , pp. 258-271
    • Bell, M.A.1    Baumgartner, J.V.2    Olson, E.C.3
  • 10
    • 0032432127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new look at evolutionary rates in deep time: Uniting paleontology and high-precision geochronology
    • Bowring SA, Erwin DH. 1998. A new look at evolutionary rates in deep time: uniting paleontology and high-precision geochronology. GSA Today 8:1-6
    • (1998) GSA Today , vol.8 , pp. 1-6
    • Bowring, S.A.1    Erwin, D.H.2
  • 13
    • 84898607588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology and the stratigraphic record
    • ed JM Hanchar, PWO Hoskin, Washington, DC: Mineral. Soc. Am
    • Bowring SA, Schmitz MD. 2005. High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology and the stratigraphic record. In Zircon: Experiments, Isotopes and Trace Element Investigation, ed JM Hanchar, PWO Hoskin, pp. 305-26, Washington, DC: Mineral. Soc. Am.
    • (2005) Zircon: Experiments, Isotopes and Trace Element Investigation , pp. 305-326
    • Bowring, S.A.1    Schmitz, M.D.2
  • 15
    • 15944373514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China
    • Condon D, Zhu MY, Bowring S, Wang W, Yang A, Jin YG. 2005. U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China. Science 308:95-99
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 95-99
    • Condon, D.1    Zhu, M.Y.2    Bowring, S.3    Wang, W.4    Yang, A.5    Jin, Y.G.6
  • 16
    • 11744254123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New uppermost Cambrian U-Pb date from Avalonian Wales and age of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary
    • Davidek KL, Landing E, Bowring SA, Westrop SR, Rushton AWA, et al. 1998. New uppermost Cambrian U-Pb date from Avalonian Wales and age of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. Geol. Mag. 135:305-9
    • (1998) Geol. Mag. , vol.135 , pp. 305-309
    • Davidek, K.L.1    Landing, E.2    Bowring, S.A.3    Westrop, S.R.4    Rushton, A.W.A.5
  • 23
    • 0028808464 scopus 로고
    • Cyclostratigraphy, Quo Vadis?
    • ed. MR House, AS Gale, London: Geol. Soc. London
    • Fischer AG. 1995. Cyclostratigraphy, Quo Vadis? In Orbital Forcing Timescales and Cyclostratigraphy, ed. MR House, AS Gale, pp. 199-204. London: Geol. Soc. London
    • (1995) Orbital Forcing Timescales and Cyclostratigraphy , pp. 199-204
    • Fischer, A.G.1
  • 24
    • 0027795038 scopus 로고
    • Time and taphonomy: Quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat
    • Flessa KW, Cutler AH, Meldahl KH. 1993. Time and taphonomy: quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat. Paleobiology 19:266-86
    • (1993) Paleobiology , vol.19 , pp. 266-286
    • Flessa, K.W.1    Cutler, A.H.2    Meldahl, K.H.3
  • 25
    • 0028594464 scopus 로고
    • Shell survival and time-averaging in nearshore and shelf environments: Estimates from the radiocarbon literature
    • Flessa KW, Kowalewski M. 1994. Shell survival and time-averaging in nearshore and shelf environments: estimates from the radiocarbon literature. Lethaia 27:153-66
    • (1994) Lethaia , vol.27 , pp. 153-166
    • Flessa, K.W.1    Kowalewski, M.2
  • 26
    • 0023518957 scopus 로고
    • High-frequency glacio-eustatic sealevel oscillations with Milankovitch characteristics recorded in Middle Triassic platform carbonates in northern Italy
    • Goldhammer RK, Dunn PA, Hardie LA. 1987. High-frequency glacio-eustatic sealevel oscillations with Milankovitch characteristics recorded in Middle Triassic platform carbonates in northern Italy. Am. J. Sci. 287:853-92
    • (1987) Am. J. Sci. , vol.287 , pp. 853-892
    • Goldhammer, R.K.1    Dunn, P.A.2    Hardie, L.A.3
  • 28
    • 33744957485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dating history: The Renaissance & the reformation of chronology
    • Grafton A. 2003. Dating history: the Renaissance & the reformation of chronology. Dœdalus 132:74-85
    • (2003) Dœdalus , vol.132 , pp. 74-85
    • Grafton, A.1
  • 29
    • 0028972893 scopus 로고
    • Biostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on early animal evolution
    • Grotzinger JP, Bowring SA, Saylor BZ, Kaufman AJ. 1995. Biostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on early animal evolution. Science 270:598-604
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 598-604
    • Grotzinger, J.P.1    Bowring, S.A.2    Saylor, B.Z.3    Kaufman, A.J.4
  • 34
    • 0033788640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New perspectives on orbitally forced stratigraphy
    • Hinnov LA. 2000. New perspectives on orbitally forced stratigraphy. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 28:419-75
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 419-475
    • Hinnov, L.A.1
  • 35
    • 84923593540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earth's orbital parameters and cycle stratigraphy
    • See Gradstein et al. 2004
    • Hinnov LA. 2004. Earth's orbital parameters and cycle stratigraphy. See Gradstein et al. 2004, pp. 55-62
    • (2004) , pp. 55-62
    • Hinnov, L.A.1
  • 36
  • 37
    • 4744374716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghuab Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation
    • Hoffmann K-H, Condon DJ, Bowring SA, Crowley TJ. 2004. U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghuab Formation, Namibia: constraints on Marinoan glaciation. Geology 32:817-20
    • (2004) Geology , vol.32 , pp. 817-820
    • Hoffmann, K.-H.1    Condon, D.J.2    Bowring, S.A.3    Crowley, T.J.4
  • 40
    • 84879882169 scopus 로고
    • Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphic significance
    • Huff WD, Bergstrom SM, Kolata DR. 1992. Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphic significance. Geology 20:875-78
    • (1992) Geology , vol.20 , pp. 875-878
    • Huff, W.D.1    Bergstrom, S.M.2    Kolata, D.R.3
  • 42
    • 0034473595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary
    • See Erwin & Wing 2000
    • Jackson ST, Overpeck JT. 2000. Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary. See Erwin & Wing 2000, pp. 194-220
    • (2000) , pp. 194-220
    • Jackson, S.T.1    Overpeck, J.T.2
  • 43
    • 3042660317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern analogs in quaternary paleoecology: Here today, gone yesterday, gone tomorrow?
    • Jackson ST, Williams JW. 2004. Modern analogs in quaternary paleoecology: here today, gone yesterday, gone tomorrow? Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32:495-537
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 495-537
    • Jackson, S.T.1    Williams, J.W.2
  • 44
    • 0001633867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silurian oceanic events: Summary of general characteristics
    • See Landing & Johnson 1999
    • Jeppsson L. 1999. Silurian oceanic events: summary of general characteristics. See Landing & Johnson 1999, pp. 239-57
    • (1999) , pp. 239-257
    • Jeppsson, L.1
  • 45
    • 0034698321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China
    • Jin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao CQ, Erwin DH. 2000. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Science 289:432-36
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 432-436
    • Jin, Y.G.1    Wang, Y.2    Wang, W.3    Shang, Q.H.4    Cao, C.Q.5    Erwin, D.H.6
  • 46
    • 0001555382 scopus 로고
    • Taphonomy and time-averaging of marine shelly faunas
    • ed. PA Allison, DEG Briggs, New York: Plenum
    • Kidwell SM, Bosence DWJ. 1991. Taphonomy and time-averaging of marine shelly faunas. In Taphonomy, ed. PA Allison, DEG Briggs, pp. 115-209. New York: Plenum
    • (1991) Taphonomy , pp. 115-209
    • Kidwell, S.M.1    Bosence, D.W.J.2
  • 47
    • 0036909622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quality of the fossil record: Implications for evolutionary analysis
    • Kidwell SM, Holland SM. 2002. The quality of the fossil record: implications for evolutionary analysis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33:561-88
    • (2002) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.33 , pp. 561-588
    • Kidwell, S.M.1    Holland, S.M.2
  • 48
    • 0033603541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early animal evolution: Emerging views from comparative biology and geology
    • Knoll AH, Carroll SB. 1999. Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284:2129-37
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 2129-2137
    • Knoll, A.H.1    Carroll, S.B.2
  • 49
    • 0345475071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits of paleontological resolution
    • See Harries 2003
    • Kowalewski M, Bambach RK. 2003. Limits of paleontological resolution. See Harries 2003, pp. 1-48
    • (2003) , pp. 1-48
    • Kowalewski, M.1    Bambach, R.K.2
  • 52
    • 0025243087 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges
    • Marshall CR. 1990. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges. Paleobiology 16:1-10
    • (1990) Paleobiology , vol.16 , pp. 1-10
    • Marshall, C.R.1
  • 53
    • 0028604079 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges: Partial relaxation of the assumption of randomly distributed fossil horizons
    • Marshall CR. 1994. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges: partial relaxation of the assumption of randomly distributed fossil horizons. Paleobiology 20:459-69
    • (1994) Paleobiology , vol.20 , pp. 459-469
    • Marshall, C.R.1
  • 54
    • 0034607695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of Neoproterozoic bilaterian body and trace fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for metazoan evolution
    • Martin MW, Grazhdankin DV, Bowring SA, Evans DA, Fedonkin MA, Kirschvink JL. 2000. Age of Neoproterozoic bilaterian body and trace fossils, White Sea, Russia: implications for metazoan evolution. Science 288:841-45
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 841-845
    • Martin, M.W.1    Grazhdankin, D.V.2    Bowring, S.A.3    Evans, D.A.4    Fedonkin, M.A.5    Kirschvink, J.L.6
  • 55
    • 0030442506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High resolution U-Pb dating of Middle Triassic volcaniclastics: Time scale calibration and verification of tuning parameters for carbonate sedimentation
    • Mundil R, Brack P, Meier M, Richer H, Oberli F. 1996. High resolution U-Pb dating of Middle Triassic volcaniclastics: time scale calibration and verification of tuning parameters for carbonate sedimentation. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 141:137-51
    • (1996) Earth Planet Sci. Lett. , vol.141 , pp. 137-151
    • Mundil, R.1    Brack, P.2    Meier, M.3    Richer, H.4    Oberli, F.5
  • 56
    • 0034998757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis: Implications from new zircon U/Pb age data (and their limitations)
    • Mundil R, Metacalfe I, Ludwig KR, Renne PR, Oberli F, Nicoll RS. 2001. Timing of the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis: implications from new zircon U/Pb age data (and their limitations). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 187:131-45
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.187 , pp. 131-145
    • Mundil, R.1    Metacalfe, I.2    Ludwig, K.R.3    Renne, P.R.4    Oberli, F.5    Nicoll, R.S.6
  • 57
    • 0038561168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclicities in Triassic platform carbonates: Synchronizing radio-isotopic and orbital clocks
    • Mundil R, Zuhlke R, Bechstadt T, Peterhansel A, Egenhoff SO, et al. 2003. Cyclicities in Triassic platform carbonates: synchronizing radio-isotopic and orbital clocks. Terra Nova 15:81-87
    • (2003) Terra Nova , vol.15 , pp. 81-87
    • Mundil, R.1    Zuhlke, R.2    Bechstadt, T.3    Peterhansel, A.4    Egenhoff, S.O.5
  • 59
    • 0029731293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Milankovitch climate forcing in the tropics of Pangea during the Late Triassic
    • Olsen PE, Kent DV. 1996. Milankovitch climate forcing in the tropics of Pangea during the Late Triassic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 122:1-26
    • (1996) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. , vol.122 , pp. 1-26
    • Olsen, P.E.1    Kent, D.V.2
  • 60
    • 0346968484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-period Milankovitch cycles from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of eastern North American and their implications for the calibration of the Early Mesozoic time-scale and the long-term behavior of the planets
    • Olsen PE, Kent DV. 1999. Long-period Milankovitch cycles from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of eastern North American and their implications for the calibration of the Early Mesozoic time-scale and the long-term behavior of the planets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 357:1761-86
    • (1999) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A , vol.357 , pp. 1761-1786
    • Olsen, P.E.1    Kent, D.V.2
  • 61
    • 0026308072 scopus 로고
    • Relation of eustasy to stacking patterns of meter-scale carbonate cycles, Late Cambrian, U. S. A
    • Osleger D, Read JF. 1991. Relation of eustasy to stacking patterns of meter-scale carbonate cycles, Late Cambrian, U. S. A. J. Sediment. Petrol. 61:1225-52
    • (1991) J. Sediment. Petrol. , vol.61 , pp. 1225-1252
    • Osleger, D.1    Read, J.F.2
  • 62
    • 84874990958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle Triassic orbital signature recorded in the shallow-marine Latemar carbonate buildup (Dolomites, Italy)
    • Preto N, Hinnov LA, Hardie LA, De Zanche V. 2001. Middle Triassic orbital signature recorded in the shallow-marine Latemar carbonate buildup (Dolomites, Italy). Geology 29:1123-26
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 1123-1126
    • Preto, N.1    Hinnov, L.A.2    Hardie, L.A.3    De Zanche, V.4
  • 63
    • 84874979925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochronology and calibration of global Milankovitch cyclicity at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary
    • Prokoph A, Villeneuve M, Agterberg FP, Rachold V. 2001. Geochronology and calibration of global Milankovitch cyclicity at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Geology 29:523-26
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 523-526
    • Prokoph, A.1    Villeneuve, M.2    Agterberg, F.P.3    Rachold, V.4
  • 65
    • 10644228445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks: The application of diagenetic xenotime geochronology
    • Rasmussen B. 2005. Radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks: the application of diagenetic xenotime geochronology. Earth Sci. Rev. 68:197-243
    • (2005) Earth Sci. Rev. , vol.68 , pp. 197-243
    • Rasmussen, B.1
  • 66
    • 0029531231 scopus 로고
    • Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism
    • Renne PR, Zhang ZC, Richards MA, Black MT, Basu AR. 1995. Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism. Science 269:1413-16
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 1413-1416
    • Renne, P.R.1    Zhang, Z.C.2    Richards, M.A.3    Black, M.T.4    Basu, A.R.5
  • 67
    • 3042513593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative biostratigraphy - Achieving finer resolution in global correlation
    • Sadler PM. 2004. Quantitative biostratigraphy - achieving finer resolution in global correlation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32:187-213
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 187-213
    • Sadler, P.M.1
  • 68
    • 12344316709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Best-fit intervals consensus sequences: Comparison of the resolving power of traditional biostratigraphy and computer-assisted correlation
    • See Harries 2003
    • Sadler PM, Cooper RA. 2003. Best-fit intervals consensus sequences: comparison of the resolving power of traditional biostratigraphy and computer-assisted correlation. See Harries 2003, pp. 49-94
    • (2003) , pp. 49-94
    • Sadler, P.M.1    Cooper, R.A.2
  • 69
    • 33645780347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CONOP9 programs for solving the stratigraphic correlation and seriation problems as constrained optimization
    • See Harries 2003
    • Sadler PM, Kemple WG, Kooser MA. 2003. CONOP9 programs for solving the stratigraphic correlation and seriation problems as constrained optimization. See Harries 2003, pp. 461-65
    • (2003) , pp. 461-465
    • Sadler, P.M.1    Kemple, W.G.2    Kooser, M.A.3
  • 70
    • 0019169137 scopus 로고
    • Microstratigraphic sampling and the limits of paleontological resolution
    • Schindel DE. 1980. Microstratigraphic sampling and the limits of paleontological resolution. Paleobiology 6:408-26
    • (1980) Paleobiology , vol.6 , pp. 408-426
    • Schindel, D.E.1
  • 71
    • 0020431749 scopus 로고
    • Resolution analysis: A new approach to the gaps in the fossil record
    • Schindel DE. 1982. Resolution analysis: a new approach to the gaps in the fossil record. Paleobiology 8:340-52
    • (1982) Paleobiology , vol.8 , pp. 340-352
    • Schindel, D.E.1
  • 73
    • 0034550671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of the Squantum "tillite" Boston Basin, Massachusetts: U-Pb zirco constraints on terminal Neoproterozoic glaciation
    • Thompson MD, Bowring SA. 2000. Age of the Squantum "tillite" Boston Basin, Massachusetts: U-Pb zirco constraints on terminal Neoproterozoic glaciation. Am. J. Sci. 300:630-55
    • (2000) Am. J. Sci. , vol.300 , pp. 630-655
    • Thompson, M.D.1    Bowring, S.A.2
  • 74
    • 0038561169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sub-Milankovitch and Milankovitch forcing on a model Mesozoic carbonate platform - The Latemar (Middle Triassic, Italy)
    • Zuhlke R, Bechstadt T, Mundil R. 2003. Sub-Milankovitch and Milankovitch forcing on a model Mesozoic carbonate platform - the Latemar (Middle Triassic, Italy). Terra Nova 15:69-80
    • (2003) Terra Nova , vol.15 , pp. 69-80
    • Zuhlke, R.1    Bechstadt, T.2    Mundil, R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.