Bursting of thalamic neurons and states of vigilance

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 95, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 3297-3308

  Llinás, Rodolfo R ^a,c   Steriade, Mircea ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALERTNESS; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; BRAIN FUNCTION; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL FUNCTION; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; ION CONDUCTANCE; NERVE CELL; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP; SPECIES COMPARISON; THALAMOCORTICAL DYSRHYTHMIA SYNDROME; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT;

ACTION POTENTIALS; ANIMALS; AROUSAL; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; CEREBRAL CORTEX; HUMANS; NEURONS; THALAMUS;

EID: 33744946781     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.00166.2006     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Alitto HJ, Weyand TG, and Usrey WM. Distinct properties of stimulus-evoked bursts in the LG nucleus. J Neurosci 25: 514-523, 2005.
2. Andersen P and Andersson SA. Physiological Basis of the Alpha Rhythm. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.
3. Bal T and McCormick DA. Mechanisms of oscillatory activity in guinea-pig nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro: a mammalian pacemaker. J Physiol 468: 669-691, 1993.
4. Budde T, Mager R, and Pape HC. Different types of potassium outward current in relay neurons acutely isolated from the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. Eur J Neurosci. 4: 708-722, 1992.
5. Castro-Alamancos MA and Connors BW. Short-term plasticity of a thalamocortical pathway dynamically modulated by behavioral state. Science 272: 274-277, 1996a.
6. Castro-Alamancos MA and Connors BW. Cellular mechanisms of the augmenting response: short-term plasticity in a thalamocortical pathway. J Neurosci 16: 7742-7756, 1996b.
7. Chemin J, Monteil A, Perez-Reyes E, Bourinet E, Nargeot J, and Lory P. Specific contribution of human T-type calcium channel isotypes (alpha(1G), alpha(1H) and alpha(1I) to neuronal excitability. J Physiol 540: 3-14, 2002.
8. Clay JR and Shrier A. On the role of subthreshold dynamics in neuronal signaling J Theoretical Biol 197: 207-216, 1999.
9. Contreras D, Curró Dossi R, and Steriade M. Electrophysiological properties of cat reticular neurones in vivo. J Physiol 470: 273-294, 1993.
10. Contreras D and Steriade M. Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships. J Neurosci 15: 604-622, 1995.
11. Contreras D and Steriade M. Spindle oscillation: the role of corticothalamic feedback in a thalamically generated rhythm. J Physiol 490: 159-179, 1996.
12. Contreras D, Timofeev I, and Steriade M. Mechanisms of long-lasting hyperpolarizations underlying slow sleep oscillations in cat corticothalamic networks. J Physiol 494: 251-264, 1996.
13. Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA. Calcium currents in rat thalamocortical relay neurons: kinetic properties of the transient, low-threshold current. J Physiol 414: 587-604, 1989.
14. Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, and Prince DA. Differential effects of petit mal anticonvulsants and convulsants on thalamic neurons: calcium current reduction. Br J Pharmacol 100: 800-806, 1990.
15. +-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol 399: 153-176, 1988.
16. 2+ potentials in cells of the cat and rat lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol 413: 543-561, 1989.
17. Curró Dossi R, Nuñez A, and Steriade M. Electrophysiology of a slow (0.5-4 Hz) intrinsic oscillation of cat thalamocortical neurons in vivo. J Physiol 447: 215-234, 1992.
18. Curró Dossi R, Paré D, and Steriade M. Short-lasting nicotinic and longlasting muscarinic depolarizing responses of thalamocortical neurons to stimulation of mesopontine cholinergic nuclei. J Neurophysiol 65: 393-406, 1991.
19. Deschênes M, Paradis, M Roy JP, and Steriade M. Electrophysiology of neurons of lateral thalamic nuclei in cat: resting properteis and burst discharges. J Neurophysiol 51: 1196-1219, 1984.
20. Deschênes M, Roy JP, and Steriade M. Thalamic bursting mechanism, an inward slow current revealed by membrane hyperpolarization. Brain Res 239: 289-293, 1982.
21. Destexhe A, Contreras D, Steriade M, Sejnowski TJ, and Huguenard JR. In vivo, in vitro and computational analysis of dendritic calcium currents in thalamic reticular neurons. J Neurosci 16: 169-185, 1996.
22. Destexhe A, Neubig M, Ulrich D, and Huguenard JR. Dendritic low-threshold calcium currents in thalamic relay cells. Neurosci 18: 3574-3588, 1998.
23. Destexhe A and Sejnowski TJ. The initiation of bursts in thalamic neurons and the cortical control of thalamic sensitivity. Philos Tran Royal Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357: 1649-1657, 2002.
24. Domich L, Oakson G, and Steriade M. Thalamic burst patterns in the naturally sleeping cat: a comparison between cortically projecting and reticularis neurones. J Physiol 379: 429-449, 1986.
25. Fanselow EE, Sameshima K, Baccala LA, and Nicolelis MAL. Thalamic bursting in rats during different awake behavioral states. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 98: 15330-15335, 2001.
26. Fuentealba P and Steriade M. Thalamic oscillations modulate membrane properties of cat thalamic reticular neurons. Thal Rel Sys 3: 53-62, 2005.
27. Gais S, Mölle M, Helms K, and Born J. Learning-dependent increases in sleep density. J Neurosci 22: 6830-6834, 2002.
28. Gerke MB, Duggan AW, Xu L, and Siddall PJ. Thalamic neuronal activity in rats with mechanical allodynia following contusive spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 117: 715-722, 2003.
29. Glenn LL and Steriade M. Discharge rate and excitability of cortically projecting intralaminar thalamic neurons during waking and sleep states. J Neurosci 2: 1287-1404, 1982.
30. Godwin DW, Vaughan JW, and Sherman SM. Metabotropic glutamate receptors switch visual response mode of lateral geniculate nucleus cells from burst to tonic. J Neurophysiol 76: 1800-1816, 1996.
31. Golshani P, Liu XB, and Jones EG. Differences in quantal amplitude reflect GluR4-subunit number at corticothalamic synapses on two populations of thalamic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 4172-4177, 2001.
32. Grubb MS and Thompson ID. Visual response properties of burst and tonic firing in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurophysiol 93: 3224-3247, 2005.
33. Guido W, Lu SM, and Sherman SM. Relative contributions of burst and tonic responses to the receptive field properties of lateral geniculate neurons in the cat. J Neurophysiol 68: 2199-2211, 1992.
34. Guido W and Weyand T. Burst responses in thalamic relay cells of the awake, behaving cat. J Neurophysiol 74: 1782-1786, 1995.
35. Hartings JA, Temereanca S, and Simons DJ. State-dependent processing of sensory stimuli by thalamic reticular neurons. J Neurosci 23: 5264-5271, 2003.
36. He J and Hu B. Differential distribution of burst and single-spike responses in auditory thalamus. J Neurophysiol 88: 2152-2156, 2002.
37. Hirsch JC, Fourment A, and Marc ME. Sleep-related variations of membrane potential in the lateral geniculate body relay neurons of the cat. Brain Research 259: 308-312, 1983.
38. Hu B, Steriade M, and Deschênes M. The cellular mechanism of thalamic ponto-geniculo-occipital waves. Neuroscience 31: 25-35, 1989.
39. Hughlings-Jackson J. Croonian Lectures: On the Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System. Selected Writings. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931.
40. Huguenard JR, Coulter DA, and Prince DA. Fast transient potassium current in thalamic relay neurons: kinetics of activation and inactivation. J Neurophysiol 66: 1304-1315, 1991.
41. Huguenard JR and McCormick DA. Simulation of the currents involved in rhythmic oscillations in thalamic relay neurons. J Neurophysiol 68: 1373-1383, 1992.
42. 2+-dependent burst firing in GABAergic neurons of rat thalamic reticular nucleus. J Neurosci 12: 3804-3817, 1992.
43. Jahnsen H and Llinás R. Electrophysiological properties of guinea-pig thalamic neurons: an in vitro study. J Physiol 349: 205-226, 1984a.
44. Jahnsen H and Llinás R. Ionic basis for electroresponsiveness and oscillatory properties of guinea pig thalamic neurons in vitro. J Physiol 349: 227-247, 1984b.
45. Jeanmonod D, Magnin M, and Morel A. Low-threshold calcium spike-bursts in the human thalamus. Brain 119: 363-375, 1996.
46. Jeanmonod D, Magnin M, Morel A, Siegemund M, Cancro R, Lanz M, Llinás R, Ribary U, Kronberg E, Schulman J, and Zonenshayn M. Thalamocortical dysrhythmia II. Clinical and surgical aspects. Thalamus 1: 245-254, 2001.
47. Jeanmonod, D, Schulman J, Ramirez R, Cancro R, Lanz M, Morel A, Magnin M, Siegemund M, Kronberg E, Ribary U, and Llinas R. Neuropsychiatric thalamocortical dysrhythmia: surgical implications. Neurosurg Clin No Am 14: 251-265, 2003.
48. Jeanmonod, D, Sarnthein J, Magnin M, Stern J, Lebzelter C, Auffenberg C, and Morel A. Chronic neurogenic pain: thalamocortical dysrhythmic mechanisms and their surgical treatment. Thal Rel Syst 3: 63-70, 2005.
49. Jones, EG. The Thalamus Revisited. Cambridge University Press. In press.
50. Karten H and Shimizu T. The origins of neocortex: Connections and laminations as distinct events in evolution. J Cogn Neurosci 1: 291-301, 1989.
51. Kersten D and Yuille A. Bayesian models of objective perception Curr Opin Neurobiol 13: 1-9, 2003.
52. 2+ channels. Neuron 31: 35-45, 2001.
53. Kim U and McCormick DA. Functional and ionic properties of a slow afterhyperpolarization in ferret perigeniculate neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol 80: 1222-1235, 1998.
54. Lee J, Kim D, and Shin HS. Lack of delta waves and sleep disturbances during NREM sleep in mice lacking a1G subunit of T-type calcium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 52: 18195-18199, 2004.
55. Lenz FA, Garonzik IM, Zirh TA, and Dougherty PM. Neuronal activity in the region of the thalamic principal sensory nucleus (ventralis caudalis) in patients with pain following amputations. Neuroscience 86: 1065-1081, 1998.
56. Leresche N, Lightowler S, Soltesz I, Jassik-Gerschenfeld D, and Crunelli V. Low-frequency oscillatory activities intrinsic to rat and cat thalamocortical cells. J Physiol 441: 155-174, 1991.
57. Leresche N, Parri HR, Erdemli G, Guyon A, Turner JP, Williams SR, Asprodini E, and Crunelli V. On the action of the anti-absence drug ethosuximide in the rat and cat thalamus. J Neurosci 18: 4842-4853, 1998.
58. Li J, Bickford ME, and Guido W. Distinct firing properties of higher order thalamic relay neurons. J Neurophysiol 90: 291-299, 2003.
59. Lisman, J. Bursts as a unit of neural information: making unreliable synapses reliable. Trends Neurosci 20: 38-43, 1997.
60. Liu XB and Jones EG. Predominance of corticothalamic synaptic inputs to thalamic reticular nucleus neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol 414: 67-79, 1999.
61. Llinás R. I of the Vortex. From Neurons to Self. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2001.
62. Llinás R. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242: 1654-1664, 1988.
63. Llinás, R and Geijo-Barrientos E. In vitro of mammalian thalamic and reticularis thalami neurons. In: Cellular Thalamic Mechanisms, edited by Bentivoglio M and Spreafico R. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988, p. 23-33.
64. Llinás R and Jahnsen H. Electrophysiology of mammalian thalamic neurones in vitro. Nature 297: 406-408, 1982.
65. Llinás R, Ribary U, Contreras D, and Pedroarena C. The neuronal basis for consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 353: 1841-1849, 1998.
66. Llinás R, Ribary U, Jeanmonod D, Kronberg E, and Mitra PP. Thalamo-cortical dysrhythmia: a neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magneto-encephalography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 15222-15227, 1999.
67. Llinás R, Urbano F, Leznik E, Ramírez RR, and van Marle HJF. Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABAergic systems and the edge effect. Trends Neurosci 28: 325-333, 2005.
68. Llinás R and Yarom Y. Electrophysiology of mammalian inferior olivary neurons in vitro. Different types of voltage-dependent ionic conductances. J Physiol 315: 549-567, 1981a.
69. Llinás R, and Yarom Y. Properties and distribution of ionic conductances generating electroresponsiveness of mammalian inferior olivary neurones in vitro. J Physiol 315: 569-584, 1981b.
70. Luo M and Perkel DJ. A GABAergic, strongly inhibitory projection to a thalamic nucleus in the zebra finch song system. J Neurosci 19: 6700-6711, 1999.
71. Luo M and Perkel DJ. Intrinsic and synaptic properties of neurons in an avian thalamic nucleus during song learning. J Neurophysiol 88: 1903-1914, 2002.
72. McCarley RW, Benoit O, and Barrionuevo G. Lateral geniculate nucleus unitary discharge in sleep and waking: state- and rate-specific aspects. J Neurophysiol 50: 798-818, 1983.
73. McCormick DA. Functional properties of a slowly inactivating potassium current in guinea pig dorsal lateral geniculate relay neurons. J Neurophysiol 66: 1176-1189, 1991.
74. McCormick DA and Feeser HR. Functional implications of burst firing and single spike activity in lateral geniculate relay neurons. Neuroscience 39: 103-113, 1990.
75. McCormick DA and Pape HC. Acetylcholine inhibits identified interneurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 334: 246-248, 1988.
76. McCormick DA and Pape HC. Properties of a hyperpolarization-activated cation current and its role in rhythmic oscillation in thalamic relay neurones. J Physiol 431: 291-318, 1990.
77. Mountcastle VB. Perceptual Neuroscience. The Cerebral Cortex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998.
78. Mountcastle VB. The Sensory Hand: Neural Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2005.
79. Munsch T, Budde T, and Pape HC. Voltage-activated intracellular calcium transients in thalamic relay cells and interneurons. Neuroreport 8: 2411-2418, 1997.
80. Nuñez A, Amzica F, and Steriade M. Intrinsic and synaptically generated delta (1-4 Hz) rhythms in dors,al lateral geniculate neurons and their modulation by light-induced fast (30-70 Hz) events. Neurosci 51: 269-284, 1992.
81. Pape HC and McCormick DA. Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of interneurons in the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Neuroscience 68: 1105-1125, 1995.
82. Pape HC, Munsch T, and Budde T. Novel vistas of calcium-mediated signalling in the thalamus. Pfluegers Eur J Physiol 448: 131-138, 2004.
83. Pari HR and Crunelli V. Sodium currents in rat and cat thalamocortical neurons: role of a non-inactivating component in tonic and burst firing. J Neurosci 18: 854-867, 1998.
84. Pedroarena C and Llinás R. Dendritic calcium conductances generate high-frequency oscillation in thalamocortical neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 724-728, 1997.
85. Perez-Reyes E. Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels. Physiol Rev 83: 117-161, 2003.
86. Person AL and Perkel DJ. Unitary IPSP drive precise thalamic spiking in a circuit required for learning. Neuron 46: 129-140, 2005.
87. Plihal W and Born J. Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory. J Cog Neurosci 9: 534-547, 1997.
88. Purpura DP. Operations and processes in thalamic and synaptically related neural subsystems. In: The Neuroscience: Second Study Program, edited by Schmitt FO. New York: Rockefeller Univ. Press, 1970, p. 458-470.
89. Ramcharan EJ, Gnadt JW, and Sherman SM. Burst and tonic firing in thalamic cells of unanesthetized, behaving monkeys. Visual Neurosci 17: 55-62, 2000.
90. Ramcharan EJ, Gnadt JW, and Sherman SM. Higher-order thalamic relays burst more than first-order relays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 12236-12441, 2005.
91. Rhodes PA and Llinás R. A model of thalamocortical relay cells. J Physiol 565: 765-781, 2005.
92. Romer, A. Vertebrate Paleontology. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press, 1966.
93. Santoro B, Chen S, Luthi A, Pavlidis P, Shumyatsky GP, Tibbs GR, and Siegelbaum SA. Molecular and functional heterogeneity of hyperpolarization- activated pacemaker channels in the mouse CNS. J Neurosci 20: 5264-7525, 2000.
94. + channels operating at subthreshold potentials with unique expression in heart and brain. J Neurophysiol. 75: 2174-2179, 1996.
95. Sherman SM. A wake-up call from the thalamus. Nat Neurosci 4: 344-346, 2001.
96. Sherman SM and Guillery RW. Functional organization of thalamocortical relays. J Neurophysiol 76: 1367-1395, 1996.
97. Schnitzler A and Gross J. Normal and pathological oscillatory communication in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 6: 285-296, 2005.
98. Soltesz, I, Lightowler S, Leresche N, Jassik-Gerschenfeld D, Pollard C, Crunelli V, and Veselovsky NS. Two inward currents and the transformation of low-frequency oscillations of rat and cat thalamocortical cell. J Physiol 441: 175-197, 1991.
99. Song I, Kim D, Choi S, Sun Y, and Shin HS. Role of the a1GT-type calcium channel in spontaneous absence Seizures in mutant mice. J Neurosci 24: 5249-5257, 2004.
100. Spencer KM, Nestor PG, Perlmutter R, Niznikiewicz MA, Klump MC, Frumin M, Shenton ME, and McCarley RW. Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 17288-17293, 2004.
101. Staley KJ, Otis TS, and Mody I. Membrane properties of dentate gyrus granule cells comparison of sharp microelectrode and whole-cell recordings. JNeurophysiol 67: 1346-1358, 1992.
102. Steriade M. Cortical long-axoned cells and putative interneurons during the sleep-waking cycle. Behav Brain Sci 3: 465-514, 1978.
103. Steriade M. The Intact and Sliced Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001a.
104. Steriade M. To burst, or rather, not to burst. Nat Neurosci 4:671, 2001b.
105. Steriade M, Amzica F, and Contreras D. Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous cortical rhythms during brain activation. J Neurosci 16: 392-417, 1996.
106. Steriade M, Curró Dossi R, and Contreras D. Electrophysiological properties of intralaminar thalamocortical cells discharging rhythmic (∼40 Hz) spike-bursts at ∼1000 Hz during waking and rapid eye movement sleep. Neurosci 56: 1-9, 1993a.
107. Steriade M, Curró Dossi R, Paré D, and Oakson G. Fast oscillations (20-40 Hz) in thalamocortical systems and their potentiation by mesopontine cholinergic nuclei in the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4396-4400, 1991.
108. Steriade M and Deschênes M. The thalamus as a neuronal oscillator. Brain Res Rev 8: 1-63, 1984.
109. Steriade M, Domich L, and Oakson G. Reticularis thalami neurons revisited: activity changes during shifts in states of vigilance. J Neurosci 6: 68-81, 1986.
110. Steriade M, Domich L, Oakson G, and Deschênes M. The deafferented reticularis thalami nucleus generates spindle rhythmicity. J Neurophysiol 57: 260-273, 1987.
111. Steriade M and Llinás R. The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay. Physiol Rev 68: 649-742, 1988.
112. Steriade M, Oakson G, and Diallo A. Reticular influences on lateralis posterior thalamic neurons. Brain Res 131: 55-71, 1977.
113. Steriade M, Nuñez A, and Amzica F. A novel slow (<1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components. J Neurosci 13: 3252-3265, 1993b.
114. Steriade M and Timofeev I. Neuronal plasticity in thalamocortical networks during sleep and waking oscillations. Neuron 37: 563-576, 2003.
115. Steriade M, Timofeev I, Grenier F, and Dürmüller N. Role of thalamic and cortical neurons in augmenting responses: dual intracellular recordings in vivo. J Neurosci 18: 6425-6443, 1998.
116. Stickgold R, James L, and Hobson JA. Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nat Neurosci 3: 1237-1238, 2000.
117. Ströhmann B, Schwarz DWF, and Puil E. Mode of firing and rectifying properties of nucleus ovoidalis neurons in the avian auditory thalamus. J Neurophysiol 71: 1351-1360, 1994.
118. Swadlow HA and Gusev AG. The impact of "bursting" thalamic impulses at a neocortical synapses. Nat Neurosci 4: 402-408, 2001.
119. Talley EM, Cribbs LL, Lee JH, Daud A, Perez-Reyes E, and Bayliss DA. Differential distribution of three members of a gene family encoding low-voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels. J Neurosci 19: 1895-1911, 1999.
120. Talley EM, Solorzano G, Depaulis A, Perez-Reyes E, and Bayliss DA. Low-voltage-activated calcium channel subunit expression in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 75: 159-165, 2000.
121. Tannigkeit F, Schwarz DWF, and Puil E. Mechanism for signal transformation in lemniscal auditory thalamus. J. Neurophysiol 76: 3597-3608, 1996.
122. Thomson AM. Facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation at central synapses. Trends Neurosci 23: 305-312, 2000.
123. Timofeev I, Grenier F, and Steriade M. Disfacilitation and active inhibition in the neocortex during the natural sleep-wake cycle: an intracellular study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 1924-1929, 2001.
124. Timofeev I and Steriade M. Fast (mainly 30-100 Hz) oscillations in the cat cerebellothalamic pathway and their synchronization with cortical potentials. J Physiol 504: 153-168, 1997.
125. Traub RD, Contreras D, Cunningham MO, Murray H, LeBeau FEN, Roopun A, Bibbig A, Wilent WB, Higley MJ, and Whittington MA. Single-column thalamocortical network model exhibiting gamma oscillations, sleep spindles, and epileptogenic bursts. J Neurophysiol 93: 2194-2232, 2005.
126. Trimmer KJ and Rhodes JS. Localization of voltage gated ion channels in mammalian brain. Annu Rev Physiol 66: 477-519, 2004.
127. Tsakiridou E, Bertollini L, de Curtis M, Avanzini G, and Pape HC. Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 3110-3117, 1995.
128. Vega-Saenz de Miera EC, Rudy B, Sugimori M, and Llinas R. Molecular characterization of the sodium channel subunits expressed in mammalian cerebellar Purkinje cells. Proc Nat Acad Sci 94: 7059-7064, 1997.
129. Vitko I, Chen YC, Arias JM, Shen Y, Wu XR, and PerezReyes E. Functional-characterization and neuronal modeling of the effects of childhood absence epilepsy variants of cacna1h, a T-type calcium-channel. J Neurosci 25: 4844-4855, 2005.
130. Weyand TG, Boudreaux M, and Guido W. Burst and tonic response modes in thalamic neurons during sleep and wakefulness. J Neurophysiol 85: 1107-1118, 2001.
131. Williams SR and Stuart GJ. Action potential backpropagation and somato-dendritic distribution of ion channels in thalamocortical neurons. J Neurosci 20: 1307-1317, 2000.
132. Wolfart J, Debay D, Le Masson G, Destexhe A, and Bal T. Synaptic background activity controls spike transfer from thalamus to cortex. Nat Neurosci 8: 1760-1767, 2005.
133. Woody, C, Gruen E, and Wang X. Electrical properties affecting discharge of units of the mid- and posterolateral thalamus of conscious cats. Neurosci 122: 531-539, 2003.
134. Zhan XJ, Cox CL, and Sherman SM. Dendritic depolarization efficiently attenuates low-threshold calcium spikes in thalamic relay cells. J Neurosci 20: 3909-3914, 2000.
135. Zhang Y, Mori M, Burgess DL, and Noebels JL. Mutations in high-voltage-activated calcium channel genes stimulate low-voltage-activated currents in mouse thalamic relay neurons. J Neurosci 22: 6362-6371, 2002.
136. Zhou Q, Godwin DW, O'Malley DM, and Adams PR. Visualization of calcium influx through channels that shape the burst and tonic firing modes of thalamic relay cells. J Neurophysiol 77: 2816-2825, 1997.
137. Zhu JJ, Lytton WW, Xue JT, and Uhlrich DJ. An intrinsic oscillation in interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurophysiol 81: 702-711, 1999a.
138. Zhu JJ, Uhlrich DJ, and Lytton WW. Burst firing in identified rat geniculate interneurons. Neuroscience 91: 1445-1460, 1999b.
139. Zirh TA, Lenz FA, Reich SG, and Dougherty PM. Patterns of bursting occurring in thalamic cells during parkinsonian tremor. Neuroscience 83: 107-121, 1998.