The effect of acute, chronic, and prenatal ethanol exposure on insulin sensitivity

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 111, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 346-373

  Ting, Justin W ^a   Lautt, W Wayne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Diabetes; HISS; Insulin resistance; RIST

Indexed keywords

2,3 BUTANEDIOL; ACETALDEHYDE; ACETIC ACID; ADIPONECTIN; ADRENALIN; ALCOHOL; FATTY ACID; GLUCAGON; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 4; GLUTATHIONE; GROWTH HORMONE; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; LACTIC ACID; LEPTIN; NORADRENALIN; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; RESISTIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ACUTE DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BREAST FEEDING; DRUG EFFECT; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GLUCOSE CLAMP TECHNIQUE; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; INSULIN BINDING; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST; INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ALCOHOLISM; ANIMALS; ETHANOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LACTATION; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS;

EID: 33744779969     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.004     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Abel E.L., and Sokol R.J. Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation. (letter). Lancet 2 (1986) 1222
2. Abel E.L., and Sokol R.J. A revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15 (1991) 514-524
3. Addolorato G., Gasbarrini A., Marcoccia S., Simoncini M., Baccarini P., Vagni G., et al. Prenatal exposure to ethanol in rats: effects on liver energy level and antioxidant status in mothers, fetuses, and newborns. Alcohol 14 (1997) 569-573
4. Akella S.S., Beck M.J., Philbert M.A., and Harris C. Comparison of in vitro and in utero ethanol exposure on indices of oxidative stress. In Vitr Mol Toxicol 13 (2000) 281-296
5. Avogaro A., Fontana P., Valerio A., Trevisan R., Riccio A., Del Prato S., et al. Alcohol impairs insulin sensitivity in normal subjects. Diabetes Res 5 (1987) 23-27
6. Avogaro A., Valerio A., Miola M., Crepaldi C., Pavan P., Tiengo A., et al. Ethanol impairs insulin-mediated glucose uptake by an indirect mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (1996) 2285-2290
7. Aykaç G., Uysal M., Yalçin A.S., Koçak-Toker N., Sivas A., and Öz H. The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic lipid peroxide, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in rats. Toxicology 36 (1985) 71-76
8. Bell R.A., Mayer-Davis E.J., Martin M.A., D'Agostino Jr. R.B., and Haffner S.M. Associations between alcohol consumption and insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 23 (2000) 1630-1636
9. Bergman R.N., and Cobelli C. Minimal modeling, partition analysis, and the estimation of insulin sensitivity. Fed Proc 39 (1980) 110-115
10. Bergman R.N., Ider Y.Z., Bowden C.R., and Cobelli C. Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol 236 (1979) E667-E677
11. Bergman R.N., Finegood D.T., and Ader M. Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo. Endocr Rev 6 (1985) 45-86
12. Casazza J.P., Ishii H., and Veech R.L. The measurement of 2,3-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol in "flushing" and "non-flushing" Japanese. Alcohol 2 (1985) 401-404
13. Castells S., Mark E., Abaci F., and Schwartz E. Growth retardation in fetal alcohol syndrome. Unresponsiveness to growth-promoting hormones. Dev Pharmacol Ther 3 (1981) 232-241
14. Charron M.J., and Kahn B.B. Divergent molecular mechanisms for insulin-resistant glucose transport in muscle and adipose cells in vivo. J Biol Chem 265 (1990) 7994-8000
15. Chen L., and Nyomba B.L. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on glucose tolerance in the rat offspring. Metabolism 52 (2003) 454-462
16. Chen L., and Nyomba B.L. Glucose intolerance and resistin expression in rat offspring exposed to ethanol in utero: modulation by postnatal high-fat diet. Endocrinology 144 (2003) 500-508
17. Chen L., and Nyomba B.L. Whole body insulin resistance in rat offspring of mothers consuming alcohol during pregnancy or lactation: comparing prenatal and postnatal exposure. J Appl Physiol 96 (2004) 167-172
18. Chen L., Zhang T., and Nyomba B.L. Insulin resistance of gluconeogenic pathways in neonatal rats after prenatal ethanol exposure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286 (2004) R554-R559
19. Chen L., Yao X.H., and Nyomba B.L. In vivo insulin signaling through PI3-kinase is impaired in skeletal muscle of adult rat offspring exposed to ethanol in utero. J Appl Physiol 99 (2005) 528-534
20. Choi D.W., Kim S.Y., Kim S.K., and Kim Y.C. Factors involved in hepatic glutathione depletion induced by acute ethanol administration. J Toxicol Environ Health A 60 (2000) 459-469
21. Christiansen C., Thomsen C., Rasmussen O., Hansen C., and Hermansen K. The acute impact of ethanol on glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid responses and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr 76 (1996) 669-675
22. Clutter W.E., Bier D.M., Shah S.D., and Cryer P.E. Epinephrine plasma metabolic clearance rates and physiologic thresholds for metabolic and hemodynamic actions in man. J Clin Invest 66 (1980) 94-101
23. Cnop M., Landchild M.J., Vidal J., Havel P.J., Knowles N.G., Carr D.R., et al. The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations: distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments. Diabetes 51 (2002) 1005-1015
24. Cordain L., Melby C.L., Hamamoto A.E., O'Neill D.S., Cornier M.A., Barakat H.A., et al. Influence of moderate chronic wine consumption on insulin sensitivity and other correlates of syndrome X in moderately obese women. Metabolism 49 (2000) 1473-1478
25. Davies M.J., Baer D.J., Judd J.T., Brown E.D., Campbell W.S., and Taylor P.R. Effects of moderate alcohol intake on fasting insulin and glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287 (2002) 2559-2562
26. DeFronzo R.A., Tobin J.D., and Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 237 (1979) E214-E223
27. DeFronzo R.A., Jacot E., Jequier E., Maeder E., Wahren J., and Felber J.P. The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose. Results from indirect calorimetry and hepatic and femoral venous catheterization. Diabetes 30 (1981) 1000-1007
28. Devi B.G., Henderson G.I., Frosto T.A., and Schenker S. Effect of ethanol on rat fetal hepatocytes: studies on cell replication, lipid peroxidation and glutathione. Hepatology 18 (1993) 648-659
29. Devi B.G., Schenker S., Mazloum B., and Henderson G.I. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress and enzymatic defenses in cultured fetal rat hepatocytes. Alcohol 13 (1996) 327-332
30. Dornhorst A., and Ouyang A. Effect of alcohol on glucose tolerance. Lancet 2 (1971) 957-959
31. Duncan M.H., Singh B.M., Wise P.H., Carter G., and Alaghband-Zadeh J. A simple measure of insulin resistance. Lancet 346 (1995) 120-121
32. Elton C.W., Pennington J.S., Lynch S.A., Carver F.M., and Pennington S.N. Insulin resistance in adult rat offspring associated with maternal dietary fat and alcohol consumption. J Endocrinol 173 (2002) 63-71
33. Facchini F., Chen Y.D., and Reaven G.M. Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 17 (1994) 115-119
34. Falconer J. The effect of maternal ethanol infusion or placental blood flow and fetal glucose metabolism in sheep. Alcohol Alcohol 25 (1990) 413-416
35. Ferrannini E., and Mari A. How to measure insulin sensitivity. J Hypertens 16 (1998) 895-906
36. Ferrannini E., Natali A., Brandi L.S., Bonadonna R., De Kreutzemberg S.V., Del Prato S., et al. Metabolic and thermogenic effects of lactate infusion in humans. Am J Physiol 265 (1993) E504-E512
37. Fisher S.E. Selective fetal malnutrition: the fetal alcohol syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr 7 (1988) 101-106
38. Fisher S.E., Barnicle M.A., Steis B., Holzman I., and Van Thiel D.H. Effects of acute ethanol exposure upon in vivo leucine uptake and protein synthesis in the fetal rat. Pediatr Res 15 (1981) 335-339
39. Fisher S.E., Atkinson M., Jacobson S., Sehgal P., Burnap J., Holmes E., et al. Selective fetal malnutrition: the effect of in vivo ethanol exposure upon in vitro placental uptake of amino acids in the non-human primate. Pediatr Res 17 (1983) 704-707
40. Flanagan D.E., Moore V.M., Godsland I.F., Cockington R.A., Robinson J.S., and Phillips D.I. Alcohol consumption and insulin resistance in young adults. Eur J Clin Invest 30 (2000) 297-301
41. Flanagan D.E., Pratt E., Murphy J., Vaile J.C., Petley G.W., Godsland I.F., et al. Alcohol consumption alters insulin secretion and cardiac autonomic activity. Eur J Clin Invest 32 (2002) 187-192
42. Friedenberg R., Metz R., Mako M., and Surmaczynska B. Differential plasma insulin response to glucose and glucagon stimulation following ethanol priming. Diabetes 20 (1971) 397-403
43. Garber A.J., Cryer P.E., Santiago J.V., Haymond M.W., Pagliara A.S., and Kipnis D.M. The role of adrenergic mechanisms in the substrate and hormonal response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Invest 58 (1976) 7-15
44. Goodner C.J., Walike B.C., Koerker D.J., Ensinck J.W., Brown A.C., Chideckel E.W., et al. Insulin, glucagon, and glucose exhibit synchronous, sustained oscillations in fasting monkeys. Science 195 (1977) 177-179
45. Goude D., Fagerberg B., and Hulthe J. Alcohol consumption, the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in 58-year-old clinically healthy men (AIR study). Clin Sci (Lond) 102 (2002) 345-352
46. Guarino M.P., Afonso R.A., Raimundo N., Raposo J.F., and Macedo M.P. Hepatic glutathione and nitric oxide are critical for hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance action. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284 (2003) G588-G594
47. Guerri C., and Sanchis R. Alcohol and acetaldehyde in rat's milk following ethanol administration. Life Sci 38 (1986) 1543-1556
48. Guerri C., Esquifino A., Sanchis R., and Grisolia S. Growth, enzymes and hormonal changes in offspring of alcohol-fed rats. Ciba Found Symp 105 (1984) 85-102
49. Hannigan J.H., Welch R.A., and Sokol R.J. Recognition of fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol-related birth defects. In: Mendelson J.H., and Mello N.K. (Eds). Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism (1992), McGraw-Hill, New York 639-667
50. Hansen B.C., Jen K.C., Belbez P.S., and Wolfe R.A. Rapid oscillations in plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose in obese and normal weight humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54 (1982) 785-792
51. Henderson G.I., and Schenker S. The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on the viability and visceral development of the newborn rat. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 16 (1977) 15-32
52. Henderson G.I., Patwardhan R.V., McLeroy S., and Schenker S. Inhibition of placental amino acid uptake in rats following acute and chronic ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 6 (1982) 495-505
53. Henderson G.I., Devi B.G., Perez A., and Schenker S. In utero ethanol exposure elicits oxidative stress in the rat fetus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19 (1995) 714-720
54. Hétu C., Yelle L., and Joly J.G. Influence of ethanol on hepatic glutathione content and on the activity of glutathione S-transferases and epoxide hydrase in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 10 (1982) 246-250
55. Hirshman M.F., Goodyear L.J., Wardzala L.J., Horton E.D., and Horton E.S. Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 265 (1990) 987-991
56. Hotamisligil G.S., Budavari A., Murray D., and Spiegelman B.M. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. Central role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Clin Invest 94 (1994) 1543-1549
57. Hotamisligil G.S., Murray D.L., Choy L.N., and Spiegelman B.M. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits signaling from the insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 (1994) 4854-4858
58. Idänpään-Heikkilä J., Jouppila P., Akerblom H.K., Isoaho R., Kauppila E., and Koivisto M. Elimination and metabolic effects of ethanol in mother, fetus, and newborn infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 112 (1972) 387-393
59. Jorfeldt L., and Juhlin-Dannfelt A. The influence of ethanol on splanchnic and skeletal muscle metabolism in man. Metabolism 27 (1978) 97-106
60. Kahn S.E. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 46 (2003) 3-19
61. Kaufman M.H., and Woollam D.H. The passage to the foetus and liquor amnii of ethanol administered orally to the pregnant mouse. Br J Exp Pathol 62 (1981) 357-361
62. Kelly S.J., Mahoney J.C., Randich A., and West J.R. Indices of stress in rats: effects of sex, perinatal alcohol and artificial rearing. Physiol Behav 49 (1991) 751-756
63. Khan A.H., and Pessin J.E. Insulin regulation of glucose uptake: a complex interplay of intracellular signalling pathways. Diabetologia 45 (2002) 1475-1483
64. Kiechl S., Willeit J., Poewe W., Egger G., Oberhollenzer F., Muggeo M., et al. Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption: large, prospective, cross sectional population study (Bruneck study). BMJ 313 (1996) 1040-1044
65. Koçak-Toker N., Uysal M., Aykaç G., Sivas A., Yalçin S., and Öz H. Influence of acute ethanol administration on hepatic glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities in the rat. Pharmacol Res Commun 17 (1985) 233-239
66. Koerker D.J., Goodner C.J., Hansen B.W., Brown A.C., and Rubenstein A.H. Synchronous, sustained oscillation of C-peptide and insulin in the plasma of fasting monkeys. Endocrinology 102 (1978) 1649-1652
67. Koppes L.L., Dekker J.M., Hendriks H.F., Bouter L.M., and Heine R.J. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 719-725
68. Krebs H.A. The effects of ethanol on the metabolic activities of the liver. Adv Enzyme Regul 6 (1968) 467-480
69. Kreisberg R.A. Glucose-lactate inter-relations in man. N Engl J Med 287 (1972) 132-137
70. Lang D.A., Matthews D.R., Peto J., and Turner R.C. Cyclic oscillations of basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in human beings. N Engl J Med 301 (1979) 1023-1027
71. Lang D.A., Matthews D.R., Burnett M., Ward G.M., and Turner R.C. Pulsatile, synchronous basal insulin and glucagon secretion in man. Diabetes 31 (1982) 22-26
72. Latour M.G., and Chan C.C. A rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) in anesthetized mice. Diabetes 51 (2002) A422
73. Lautt W.W. The HISS story overview: a novel hepatic neurohumoral regulation of peripheral insulin sensitivity in health and diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharm 77 (1999) 553-562
74. Lautt W.W. A new paradigm for diabetes and obesity: the hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) hypothesis. J Pharmacol Sci 95 (2004) 9-17
75. Lautt W.W., Wang X., Sadri P., Legare D.J., and Macedo M.P. Rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST). Can J Physiol Pharm 76 (1998) 1080-1086
76. Lautt W.W., Macedo M.P., Sadri P., Takayama S., Duarte R.F., and Legare D.J. Hepatic parasympathetic (HISS) control of insulin sensitivity determined by feeding and fasting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281 (2001) G29-G36
77. Lautt W.W., Legare D.J., Reid M.A.G., Sadri P., Ting J.W., and Prieditis H. Alcohol suppresses meal-induced insulin sensitization (MIS). Metab Syndr Relat Disord 3 (2005) 51-59
78. Lazarus R., Sparrow D., and Weiss S.T. Alcohol intake and insulin levels. The Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 145 (1997) 909-916
79. Levy J.C., Matthews D.R., and Hermans M.P. Correct homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) evaluation uses the computer program. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 2191-2192
80. Liu R.H., Mizuta M., Kurose T., and Matsukura S. Early events involved in the development of insulin resistance in Zucker fatty rat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 (2002) 318-326
81. Lomeo F., Khokher M.A., and Dandona P. Ethanol and its novel metabolites inhibit insulin action on adipocytes. Diabetes 37 (1988) 912-915
82. López-Tejero D., Llobera M., and Herrera E. Permanent abnormal response to a glucose load after prenatal ethanol exposure in rats. Alcohol 6 (1989) 469-473
83. Lundquist F., Tygstrup N., Winkler K., Mellemgaard K., and Munck-Petersen S. Ethanol metabolism and production of free acetate in the human liver. J Clin Invest 41 (1962) 955-961
84. Lundquist F., Sestoft L., Damgaard S.E., Clausen J.P., and Trap-Jensen J. Utilization of acetate in the human forearm during exercise after ethanol ingestion. J Clin Invest 52 (1973) 3231-3235
85. Macdonald C.M., Dow J., and Moore M.R. A possible protective role for sulphydryl compounds in acute alcoholic liver injury. Biochem Pharmacol 26 (1977) 1529-1531
86. Matthews D.R., Hosker J.P., Rudenski A.S., Naylor B.A., Treacher D.F., and Turner R.C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28 (1985) 412-419
87. Mayer E.J., Newman B., Quesenberry C.P., Friedman Jr. G.D., and Selby J.V. Alcohol consumption and insulin concentrations. Role of insulin in associations of alcohol intake with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Circulation 88 (1993) 2190-2197
88. McAuley K.A., Williams S.M., Mann J.I., Walker R.J., Lewis-Barned N.J., Temple L.A., et al. Diagnosing insulin resistance in the general population. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 460-464
89. McMonagle J., and Felig P. Effects of ethanol ingestion on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in normal and diabetic subjects. Metabolism 24 (1975) 625-632
90. Megeney L.A., Neufer P.D., Dohm G.L., Tan M.H., Blewett C.A., Elder G.C., et al. Effects of muscle activity and fiber composition on glucose transport and GLUT-4. Am J Physiol 264 (1993) E583-E593
91. Metz R., Berger S., and Mako M. Potentiation of the plasma insulin response to glucose by prior administration of alcohol. An apparent islet-priming effect. Diabetes 18 (1969) 517-522
92. Meyers A.F., Gong Y., Zhang M., Casiro O.G., Battistuzzi S., Pettigrew N., et al. Liver development in a rat model of fetal alcohol syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 47 (2002) 767-772
93. Minuk G.Y., Meyers A.F., Legare D.J., Sadri P., and Lautt W.W. Fetal exposure to alcohol results in adult insulin resistance in the rat. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 41 (1998) 39-40
94. Mishra L., Le N.A., Brown W.V., and Mezey E. Effect of acute intravenous alcohol on plasma lipoproteins in man. Metabolism 40 (1991) 1128-1130
95. Moore M.C., Satake S., Baranowski B., Hsieh P.S., Neal D.W., and Cherrington A.D. Effect of hepatic denervation on peripheral insulin sensitivity in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282 (2002) E286-E296
96. Morton S., and Mitchell M.C. Effects of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione turnover in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 34 (1985) 1559-1563
97. Mukherjee A.B., and Hodgen G.D. Maternal ethanol exposure induces transient impairment of umbilical circulation and fetal hypoxia in monkeys. Science 218 (1982) 700-702
98. Muñoz M.E., Martin M.I., Fermoso J., Gonzalez J., and Esteller A. Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione and glutathione-related enzyme activities in rat liver. Drug Alcohol Depend 20 (1987) 221-226
99. Nestel P.J., and Hirsch E.Z. Mechanism of alcohol-induced hypertriglyceridemia. J Lab Clin Med 66 (1965) 357-365
100. Nikkilä E.A., and Taskinen M.R. Ethanol-induced alterations of glucose tolerance, postglucose hypoglycemia, and insulin secretion in normal, obese, and diabetic subjects. Diabetes 24 (1975) 933-943
101. Norgaard A., and Thaysen T.E.H. Clinical investigations into the effect of intravenous injection of insulin. Acta Med Scand 72 (1929) 492-510
102. Nuutinen H.U., Salaspuro M.P., Valle M., and Lindros K.O. Blood acetaldehyde concentration gradient between hepatic and antecubital venous blood in ethanol-intoxicated alcoholics and controls. Eur J Clin Invest 14 (1984) 306-311
103. Patarrao R.S., Lautt W.W., Guarino M.P., Afonso R.A., Ribeiro R.T., Fernandes A.B., et al. Atropine inhibits postprandial insulin sensitivity in a dose dependent manner in humans. Diabetologia 48 Suppl. 1 (2005) A211
104. Piatti P.M., Monti L.D., Caumo A., Santambrogio G., Magni F., Galli-Kienle M., et al. The continuous low dose insulin and glucose infusion test: a simplified and accurate method for the evaluation of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in population studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 (1995) 34-40
105. Porksen N., Munn S., Steers J., Veldhuis J.D., and Butler P.C. Effects of glucose ingestion versus infusion on pulsatile insulin secretion. The incretin effect is achieved by amplification of insulin secretory burst mass. Diabetes 45 (1996) 1317-1323
106. Radziuk J., and Pye S. Hepatic glucose uptake, gluconeogenesis and the regulation of glycogen synthesis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 17 (2001) 250-272
107. Rawat A.K. Effect of maternal ethanol consumption on foetal and neonatal rat hepatic protein synthesis. Biochem J 160 (1976) 653-661
108. Razay G., and Heaton K.W. Moderate alcohol consumption has been shown previously to improve insulin sensitivity in men. BMJ 314 (1997) 443-444
109. Razay G., Heaton K.W., Bolton C.H., and Hughes A.O. Alcohol consumption and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in British women. BMJ 304 (1992) 80-83
110. Reaven G., and Miller R. Study of the relationship between glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load in man. Diabetes 17 (1968) 560-569
111. Reaven G.M., Bernstein R., Davis B., and Olefsky J.M. Nonketotic diabetes mellitus: insulin deficiency or insulin resistance?. Am J Med 60 (1976) 80-88
112. Reid M.A., Latour M.G., Legare D.J., Rong N., and Lautt W.W. Comparison of the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST), the insulin tolerance test (ITT), and the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HIEC) to measure insulin action in rats. Can J Physiol Pharm 80 (2002) 811-818
113. Reyes E., and Ott S. Effects of buthionine sulfoximine on the outcome of the in utero administration of alcohol on fetal development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20 (1996) 1243-1251
114. Reyes E., Ott S., and Robinson B. Effects of in utero administration of alcohol on glutathione levels in brain and liver. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17 (1993) 877-881
115. Robinson R.S., and Seelig Jr. L.L. Effects of maternal ethanol consumption on hematopoietic cells in the rat fetal liver. Alcohol 28 (2002) 151-156
116. Rutstein D.D., Veech R.L., Nickerson R.J., Felver M.E., Vernon A.A., Needham L.L., et al. 2,3-butanediol: an unusual metabolite in the serum of severely alcoholic men during acute intoxication. Lancet 2 (1983) 534-537
117. Sadri P., and Lautt W.W. Blockade of hepatic nitric oxide synthase causes insulin resistance. Am J Physiol 277 (1999) G101-G108
118. Sadri P., Legare D.J., and Lautt W.W. Insulin resistance caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 40 (1997) 19-20
119. Sadri P., Legare D.J., Takayama S., and Lautt W.W. Fetal ethanol exposure causes hepatic insulin sensitizing substance-dependent insulin resistance. Can J Diabetes 27 (2003) 239-247
120. Sadri P., Legare D.J., Takayama S., and Lautt W.W. Increased incidence of hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance (HISS)-dependent insulin resistance in female rats prenatally exposed to ethanol. Can J Physiol Pharm 83 (2005) 383-387
121. Sadri, P., Reid, M. A. G., Afonso, R. A., Schafer, J., Legare, D. J., & Macedo, M. P., et al. (in press). Meal-induced insulin sensitization in conscious and anesthetized rat models comparing liquid mixed meal with glucose and sucrose. Br J Nutr.
122. Sanchis R., Sancho-Tello M., and Guerri C. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on pregnant rats and their offspring. Alcohol Alcohol 21 (1986) 295-305
123. Sarkola T., Iles M.R., Kohlenberg-Mueller K., and Eriksson C.J. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, and lactate levels after alcohol intake in white men and women: effect of 4-methylpyrazole. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 (2002) 239-245
124. Savoy-Moore R.T., Dombrowski M.P., Cheng A., Abel E.A., and Sokol R.J. Low dose alcohol contracts the human umbilical artery in vitro. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13 (1989) 40-42
125. Scheen A.J., Paquot N., Castillo M.J., and Lefebvre P.J. How to measure insulin action in vivo. Diabetes Metab Rev 10 (1994) 151-188
126. Scheppach W., Wiggins H.S., Halliday D., Self R., Howard J., Branch W.J., et al. Effect of gut-derived acetate on glucose turnover in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 75 (1988) 363-370
127. Schneider J., Liesenfeld A., Mordasini R., Schubotz R., Zofel P., Kubel F., et al. Lipoprotein fractions, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase during short-term and long-term uptake of ethanol in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 57 (1985) 281-291
128. Shaw S., Jayatilleke E., Ross W.A., Gordon E.R., and Leiber C.S. Ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation: potentiation by long-term alcohol feeding and attenuation by methionine. J Lab Clin Med 98 (1981) 417-424
129. Shaw S., Rubin K.P., and Lieber C.S. Depressed hepatic glutathione and increased diene conjugates in alcoholic liver disease. Evidence of lipid peroxidation. Dig Dis Sci 28 (1983) 585-589
130. Shelmet J.J., Reichard G.A., Skutches C.L., Hoeldtke R.D., Owen O.E., and Boden G. Ethanol causes acute inhibition of carbohydrate, fat, and protein oxidation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 81 (1988) 1137-1145
131. Shen S.W., Reaven G.M., and Farquhar J.W. Comparison of impedance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normal subjects and in subjects with latent diabetes. J Clin Invest 49 (1970) 2151-2160
132. Sierksma A., Patel H., Ouchi N., Kihara S., Funahashi T., Heine R.J., et al. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 184-189
133. Singh S.P., Snyder A.K., and Pullen G.L. Fetal alcohol syndrome: glucose and liver metabolism in term rat fetus and neonate. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10 (1986) 54-58
134. Singh S.P., Kumar Y., Snyder A.K., Ellyin F.E., and Gilden J.L. Effect of alcohol on glucose tolerance in normal and noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12 (1988) 727-730
135. Singh S.P., Snyder A.K., and Pullen G.L. Maternal alcohol ingestion inhibits fetal glucose uptake and growth. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11 (1989) 215-219
136. Speisky H., Kera Y., Penttila K.E., Israel Y., and Lindros K.O. Depletion of hepatic glutathione by ethanol occurs independently of ethanol metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12 (1988) 224-228
137. Spolarics Z., Bagby G.J., Pekala P.H., Dobrescu C., Skrepnik N., and Spitzer J.J. Acute alcohol administration attenuates insulin-mediated glucose use by skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 267 (1994) E886-E891
138. Steinberg H.O., Tarshoby M., Monestel R., Hook G., Cronin J., Johnson A., et al. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J Clin Invest 100 (1997) 1230-1239
139. Steppan C.M., and Lazar M.A. Resistin and obesity-associated insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13 (2002) 18-23
140. Steppan C.M., Bailey S.T., Bhat S., Brown E.J., Banerjee R.R., Wright C.M., et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409 (2001) 307-312
141. Taylor A.N., Branch B.J., Liu S.H., and Kokka N. Long-term effects of fetal ethanol exposure on pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16 (1982) 585-589
142. Través C., Camps L., and López-Tejero D. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol levels during chronic ethanol intake in pregnant rats and their offspring. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52 (1995) 93-99
143. Vettor R., Lombardi A.M., Fabris R., Pagano C., Cusin I., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., et al. Lactate infusion in anesthetized rats produces insulin resistance in heart and skeletal muscles. Metabolism 46 (1997) 684-690
144. Videla L.A., and Valenzuela A. Alcohol ingestion, liver glutathione and lipoperoxidation: metabolic interrelations and pathological implications. Life Sci 31 (1982) 2395-2407
145. Videla L.A., Fernandez V., de Marinis A., Fernandez N., and Valenzuela A. Liver lipoperoxidative pressure and glutathione status following acetaldehyde and aliphatic alcohols pretreatments in the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 104 (1982) 965-970
146. Villarroya F., and Mampel T. Glucose tolerance and insulin response in offspring of ethanol-treated pregnant rats. Gen Pharmacol 16 (1985) 415-417
147. Viña J., Estrela J.M., Guerri C., and Romero F.J. Effect of ethanol on glutathione concentration in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem J 188 (1980) 549-552
148. Wallace T.M., Levy J.C., and Matthews D.R. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 1487-1495
149. Weinberg J. Nutritional issues in perinatal alcohol exposure. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 6 (1984) 261-269
150. Weinberg J. Prenatal ethanol exposure alters adrenocortical response to predictable and unpredictable stressors. Alcohol 9 (1992) 427-432
151. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., and King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 1047-1053
152. Xie H., and Lautt W.W. Insulin resistance produced by hepatic denervation or muscarinic cholinergic blockade. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 37 (1994) 39-40
153. Xie H., and Lautt W.W. Induction of insulin resistance by cholinergic blockade with atropine in the cat. J Auton Pharmacol 15 (1995) 361-369
154. Xie H., and Lautt W.W. Insulin resistance caused by hepatic cholinergic interruption and reversed by acetylcholine administration. Am J Physiol 271 (1996) E587-E592
155. Xie H., and Lautt W.W. Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle produced by hepatic parasympathetic interruption. Am J Physiol 270 (1996) E858-E863
156. Xie H., Tsybenko V.A., Johnson M.V., and Lautt W.W. Insulin resistance of glucose response produced by hepatic denervations. Can J Physiol Pharm 71 (1993) 175-178
157. Xu D., Dhillon A.S., Abelmann A., Croft K., Peters T.J., and Palmer T.N. Alcohol-related diols cause acute insulin resistance in vivo. Metabolism 47 (1998) 1180-1186
158. Yang C.M., and Carlson G.P. Effects of ethanol on glutathione conjugation in rat liver and lung. Biochem Pharmacol 41 (1991) 923-929
159. Yang H.Y., Shum A.Y., Ng H.T., and Chen C.F. Effect of ethanol on human umbilical artery and vein in vitro. Gynecol Obstet Invest 21 (1986) 131-135
160. Yki-Järvinen H., and Nikkilä E.A. Ethanol decreases glucose utilization in healthy man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61 (1985) 941-945
161. Yki-Järvinen H., Koivisto V.A., Ylikahri R., and Taskinen M.R. Acute effects of ethanol and acetate on glucose kinetics in normal subjects. Am J Physiol 254 (1988) E175-E180
162. Yu B., Schroeder A., and Nagy L.E. Ethanol stimulates glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT-4 in H9c2 myotubes via a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279 (2000) E1358-E1365
163. Zilkens R.R., Burke V., Watts G., Beilin L.J., and Puddey I.B. The effect of alcohol intake on insulin sensitivity in men: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 608-612
164. Zimmet P., Alberti K.G., and Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 414 (2001) 782-787