Fear but not awareness predicts enhanced sensory processing in fear conditioning

Psychophysiology

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 216-226

  Moratti, Stephan ^a   Keil, Andreas ^a   Miller, Gregory A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Awareness; Fear conditioning; Fear system; Heart rate; MEG; Steady state visual evoked field potentials

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; FEAR; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROIMAGING; PARIETAL LOBE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STIMULUS RESPONSE; VISUAL CORTEX;

ADULT; ATTENTION; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; AWARENESS; CONDITIONING (PSYCHOLOGY); DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; EVOKED POTENTIALS; FEAR; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MALE; SENSATION;

EID: 33646726319     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-8986.2006.00386.x     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Amaral, D. G. 1986 Amygdalohippocampal and amygdalocortical projections in the primate braAdvances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 203, 3 17.
2. Armony, J. L. Dolan, R. J. 2001 Modulation of auditory neural responses by a visual context in human fear conditioning. Neuroreport, 12, 3407 3411.
3. Bagiella, E., Sloan, R. P. Heitjan, D. F. 2000 Mixed-effects models in psychophysiology. Psychophysiology, 37, 13 20.
4. Benjamini, Y. Hochberg, Y. 1995 Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 57, 289 300.
5. Berg, P. Scherg, M. 1994 A multiple source approach to the correction of eye artifacts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 90, 229 241.
6. Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N. Lang, P. J. 2001 Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276 298.
7. Bradley, M. M., Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Fitzsimmons, J. R., King, W. Desai, P. 2003 Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 369 380.
8. Büchel, C., Morris, J., Dolan, R. J. Friston, K. J. 1998 Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 947 957.
9. Cheng, D. T., Knight, D. C., Smith, C. N., Stein, E. A. Helmstetter, F. J. 2003 Functional MRI of human amygdala activity during Pavlovian fear conditioning: Stimulus processing versus response expression. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 3 10.
10. Davis, M. 1997 Neurobiology of fear responses: The role of the amygdala. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 382 402.
11. Esteves, F., Parra, C., Dimberg, U. Öhman, A. 1994 Nonconscious associative learning: Pavlovian conditioning of skin conductance responses to masked fear-relevant facial stimuli. Psychophysiology, 31, 375 385.
12. Fernandez-Duque, D. Posner, M. I. 2001 Brain imaging of attentional networks in normal and pathological states. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 74 93.
13. Fischer, H., Andersson, J. L., Furmark, T., Wik, G. Fredrikson, M. 2002 Right-sided human prefrontal brain activation during acquisition of conditioned fear. Emotion, 2, 233 241.
14. Fredrikson, M., Wik, G., Fischer, H. Andersson, J. 1995 Affective and attentive neural networks in humans: A PET study of Pavlovian conditioning. NeuroReport, 7, 97 101.
15. Graham, F. K. 1992 Attention: The heartbeat, the blink, and the braIn B. A. Campell, H. Hayne R. Richardson (Eds.), Attention and information processing in infants and adults pp. 3 29 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Hamm, A. O. Vaitl, D. 1996 Affective learning: Awareness and aversion. Psychophysiology, 33, 698 710.
17. Hamm, A. O. Weike, A. I. 2005 The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57, 5 14.
18. Hamm, A. O., Weike, A. I., Schupp, H. T., Treig, T., Dressel, A. Kessler, C. 2003 Affective blindsight: Intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient. Brain, 126, 267 275.
19. Hansen, P. C. O'Leary, D. P. 1993 The use of the L-curve in the regularization of discrete ill-posed problems. SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing, 14, 1487 1503.
20. Hare, R. D. Blevings, G. 1975 Defensive responses to phobic stimuli. Biological Psychology, 3, 1 13.
21. Hauk, O., Keil, A., Elbert, T. Müller, M. M. 2002 Comparison of data transformation procedures to enhance topographical accuracy in time series analysis of the human EEG. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 113, 111 122.
22. Hillyard, S. A., Hinrichs, H., Tempelmann, C., Morgan, S. T., Hansen, J. C., Scheich, H. Heinze, H. J. 1997 Combining steady-state visual evoked potentials and fMRI to localize brain activity during selective attention. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 287 292.
23. Hodes, R. L., Cook, E. W. 3rd. Lang, P. J. 1985 Individual differences in autonomic response: Conditioned association or conditioned fear? Psychophysiology, 22, 545 560.
24. Holm, S. 1979 A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65 70.
25. Hugdahl, K. 1998 Cortical control of human classical conditioning: Autonomic and positron emission tomography data. Psychophysiology, 35, 170 178.
26. Jensen, O. Vanni, S. 2002 A new method to identify multiple sources of oscillatory activity from magnetoencephalographic data. NeuroImage, 15, 568 574.
27. Junghöfer, M. Peyk, P. 2004 Analyse und Visualisierung von Hirnstrom- und Hirnmagnetfeld-Messungen. MATLAB Select, 2, 24 28.
28. Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T. Lang, P. J. 2002 Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing. Psychophysiology, 39, 641 649.
29. Keil, A., Moratti, S., Sabatinelli, D., Bradley, M. M. Lang, P. J. 2005 Additive effects of emotional content and spatial selective attention on electrocortical facilitation. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1187 1197.
30. Kemp, A. H., Gray, M. A., Eide, P., Silberstein, R. B. Nathan, P. J. 2002 Steady-state visually evoked potential topography during processing of emotional valence in healthy subjects. NeuroImage, 17, 1684 1692.
31. Knight, D. C., Cheng, D. T., Smith, C. N., Stein, E. A. Helmstetter, F. J. 2004 Neural substrates mediating human delay and trace fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 218 228.
32. Knight, D. C., Nguyen, H. T. Bandettini, P. A. 2003 Expression of conditional fear with and without awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 100, 15280 15283.
33. Kuniecki, M., Coenen, A. M. Kaiser, J. 2002 Correlation between long latency evoked potentials from amygdala and evoked cardiac response to fear conditioned stimulus in rats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 62, 85 92.
34. LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E. Phelps, E. A. 1998 Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 937 945.
35. Lacey, B. C. Lacey, J. I. 1980 Presidential address, 1979. Cognitive modulation of time-dependent primary bradycardia. Psychophysiology, 17, 209 221.
36. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. Cuthbert, B. N. 1997 Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes pp. 97 135 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Lang, P. J. Hnatiow, M. 1962 Stimulus repetition and the heart rate response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 781 785.
38. LeDoux, J. E. 1993 Emotional networks in the braIn J. M. H. Michael Lewis (Ed.), Handbook of emotions pp. 109 118 New York: Guilford Press.
39. LeDoux, J. E. 2000 Emotion circuits in the braAnnual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155 184.
40. Lipp, O. V., Sheridan, J. Siddle, D. A. 1994 Human blink startle during aversive and nonaversive Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behavioral Processes, 20, 380 389.
41. Lovibond, P. F. Shanks, D. R. 2002 The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behavioral Processes, 28, 3 26.
42. Moratti, S. Keil, A. 2005 Cortical activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning depends on heart rate response patterns: An MEG study. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 459 471.
43. Moratti, S., Keil, A. Stolarova, M. 2004 Motivated attention in emotional picture processing is reflected by activity modulation in cortical attention networks. NeuroImage, 21, 954 964.
44. Morgan, S. T., Hansen, J. C. Hillyard, S. A. 1996 Selective attention to stimulus location modulates the steady-state visual evoked potential. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 93, 4770 4774.
45. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A. Dolan, R. J. 1998 Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467 470.
46. Müller, M. M. Hillyard, S. 2000 Concurrent recording of steady-state and transient event-related potentials as indices of visual-spatial selective attention. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, 1544 1552.
47. Müller, M. M. Hübner, R. 2002 Can the spotlight of attention be shaped like a doughnut? Evidence from steady-state visual evoked potentials. Psychological Sciences, 13, 119 124.
48. Müller, M. M., Teder, W. Hillyard, S. A. 1997 Magnetoencephalographic recording of steady-state visual evoked cortical activity. Brain Topography, 9, 163 168.
49. Öhman, A., Flykt, A. Esteves, F. 2001 Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 130, 466 478.
50. Öhman, A. Mineka, S. 2001 Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483 522.
51. Oldfield, R. C. 1971 The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinbourgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97 113.
52. Olsson, A. Phelps, E. A. 2004 Learned fear of "unseen" faces after Pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear. Psychological Science, 15, 822 828.
53. Pearce, J. M. Hall, G. 1980 A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review, 87, 532 552.
54. Perlstein, W. M., Cole, M. A., Larson, M., Kelly, K., Seignourel, P. Keil, A. 2003 Steady-state visual evoked potentials reveal frontally-mediated working memory activity in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 342, 191 195.
55. Pinheiro, J. C. Bates, D. M. 2000 Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS 1st ed New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
56. Regan, D. 1989 Human brain electrophysiology: Evoked potentials and evoked magnetic fields in science and medicine. New York: Elsevier.
57. Rescorla, R. A. 1988 Pavlovian conditioning. It's not what you think it is. The American Psychologist, 43, 151 160.
58. Schupp, H. T., Junghofer, M., Weike, A. I. Hamm, A. O. 2003 Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex. Psychological Science, 14, 7 13.
59. Searle, S. R., Casella, G. McCulloch, C. E. 1992 Variance Components. New York: Wiley.
60. Shi, C. Davis, M. 2001 Visual pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle: Behavioral and anatomic studies. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 9844 9855.
61. Silberstein, R. B., Schier, M. A., Pipingas, A., Ciorciari, J., Wood, S. R. Simpson, D. G. 1990 Steady-state visually evoked potential topography associated with a visual vigilance task. Brain Topography, 3, 337 347.
62. Uusitalo, M. A. Ilmoniemi, R. J. 1997 Signal-space projection method for separating MEG or EEG into components. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 35, 135 140.
63. Wiens, S., Katkin, E. S. Öhman, A. 2003 Effects of trial order and differential conditioning on acquisition of differential shock expectancy and skin conductance conditioning to masked stimuli. Psychophysiology, 40, 989 997.
64. Wiens, S. Öhman, A. 2002 Unawareness is more than a chance event: Comment on Lovibond and Shanks (2002). Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behavioral Processes, 28, 27 31.
65. Wilson, R. S. 1974 CARDIVAR: The statistical analysis of heart rate data. Psychophysiology, 11, 76 85.