-
2
-
-
34547609040
-
Democratization in russia: Achievements and problems and archie brownevaluating russia's democratization
-
all in Archie Brown, ed New York, 517-29, 546-68
-
William V. Smirnov, "Democratization in Russia: Achievements and Problems," and Archie Brown, "Evaluating Russia's Democratization, " all in Archie Brown, ed., Contemporary Russian Politics: A Reader (New York, 2001), 215-23, 517-29, 546-68;
-
(2001)
Contemporary Russian Politics: A Reader
, pp. 215-223
-
-
Smirnov William, V.1
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3
-
-
70449739413
-
From communism to democracy?and zvi gitelman, russian democratization in comparative perspective both in Stephen White
-
Alex Pravda, and Zvi Gitelman, eds Durham, 289-302
-
Stephen White, "From Communism to Democracy?" and Zvi Gitelman, "Russian Democratization in Comparative Perspective," both in Stephen White, Alex Pravda, and Zvi Gitelman, eds., Developments in Russian Politics 5 (Durham, 2001), 1-17, 289-302;
-
(2001)
Developments in Russian Politics 5
, pp. 1-17
-
-
White, S.1
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4
-
-
84924435233
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The 1999-2000 elections and russia's prospects for democracy
-
in Vicki L. Hesli and William M. Reisinger, eds New York
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William M. Reisinger, "The 1999-2000 Elections and Russia's Prospects for Democracy," in Vicki L. Hesli and William M. Reisinger, eds., The 1999-2000 Elections in Russia: Their Impact and Legacy (New York, 2003).
-
(2003)
The 1999-2000 Elections in Russia: Their Impact and Legacy
-
-
Reisinger, W.M.1
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5
-
-
2142700000
-
Thinking about post-communist transitions: How different are they?
-
Summer
-
See Sarah Meiklejohn Terry, "Thinking about Post-Communist Transitions: How Different Are They?" Slavic Review 52, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 333-37;
-
(1993)
Slavic Review
, vol.52
, Issue.2
, pp. 333-337
-
-
Terry, S.M.1
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6
-
-
84909079835
-
The conceptual travels of transitologists and consolidologists: How far to the east should they attempt to go?
-
Spring
-
Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East Should They Attempt to Go?" Slavic Revieiw 53, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 173-85;
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(1994)
Slavic Revieiw
, vol.53
, Issue.1
, pp. 173-185
-
-
Schmitter, P.C.1
Terry, L.K.2
-
7
-
-
0001181264
-
Should transitologists be grounded?
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Spring
-
Valerie Bunce, "Should Transitologists Be Grounded?" Slavic Review 54, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 111-27;
-
(1995)
Slavic Review
, vol.54
, Issue.1
, pp. 111-127
-
-
Bunce, V.1
-
10
-
-
70449798697
-
-
last consulted 17 February
-
A map showing Russia's regional boundaries is available from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in the on-line collection of the University of Texas's Perry Casteneda Library Map Collection: http://mnv.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ commonwealth.html (last consulted 17 February 2003).
-
(2003)
-
-
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11
-
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0031854451
-
Gubernatorial elections in Russia, 1996-1997
-
Steven L. Solnick, "Gubernatorial Elections in Russia, 1996-1997," Post-Soviet Affairs 14 (1998): 50.
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(1998)
Post-Soviet Affairs
, vol.14
, pp. 50
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-
Solnick, S.L.1
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12
-
-
70449739997
-
-
Michael McFaul and Nikolai Petrov, eds., , 2 vols. Moscow
-
Indeed, the election of regional chief executives in the non-republics (or provinces) did not make them immune to the power of the Russian president. Thanks largely to the 1993 constitutional crisis between the president and the parliament, El'tsin was able to reassert control over the more unruly governors. In Amur oblast, for example, the governor at the time of the federal crisis (Aleksandr Surat) had been popularly elected, but on 5 October 1993 El'tsin removed him for supporting the Congress of People's Deputies. Likewise, in Briansk oblast, the popularly elected governor, Iurii Lodkin, was removed from his post for openly opposing El'tsin's actions. Michael McFaul and Nikolai Petrov, eds., Political Almanac of Russia 1989-1997, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1998), vol. 2.
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(1998)
Political Almanac of Russia 1989-1997
, vol.2
-
-
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13
-
-
0031455450
-
Redefining centre-regional relations in the russian federation: Sverdlovsk oblast
-
Useful discussions of the struggle over post-Soviet Russian federalism include: Gerald M. Easter, "Redefining Centre-Regional Relations in the Russian Federation: Sverdlovsk Oblast'," Europe-Asia Studies 49 (1997): 617-35;
-
(1997)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.49
, pp. 617-635
-
-
Easter, G.M.1
-
16
-
-
0034902133
-
Putin's federal reforms and their implications for presidential power in Russia
-
Matthew Hyde, "Putin's Federal Reforms and Their Implications for Presidential Power in Russia," Europe-Asia Studies 53 (2001): 719-43.
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(2001)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.53
, pp. 719-743
-
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Hyde, M.1
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17
-
-
70449733817
-
-
6th ed. Dubuque
-
As Berman notes, however, any country's mezo-regions "function within a broad intergovernmental, economic, social and cultural environment. The intergovernmental aspect involves relationships between governments at different levels . .. and at the same level." See David R. Berman, State and Local Politics, 6th ed. (Dubuque, 1991), 4. Politics within Russia's regions are influenced, therefore, not only by ties between each region and the federal center, but by ties between the regional center and local governments. Local-level politics (outside Moscow and St. Petersburg) have received even less attention than regional politics in Russia. For exceptions
-
(1991)
State and Local Politics
-
-
Berman, D.R.1
-
18
-
-
0031394359
-
Local self-government in russia: Awakening from a slumber?
-
Peter Kirkow, "Local Self-Government in Russia: Awakening from a Slumber?"Europe-Asia Studies 49, no. 1 (1997): 43-58;
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(1997)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.49
, Issue.1
, pp. 43-58
-
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Kirkow, P.1
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19
-
-
0033370482
-
Local elites under transition: County and city politics in Russia 1985-1996
-
Kimi- taka Matsuzato, "Local Elites under Transition: County and City Politics in Russia 1985-1996," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 8 (1999): 1367-400;
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(1999)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.51
, Issue.8
, pp. 1367-1400
-
-
Kimi- Taka, M.1
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20
-
-
0347670767
-
Local government and ethnic and social activism in Russia
-
Brown, ed
-
Tomila Lankina, "Local Government and Ethnic and Social Activism in Russia," in Brown, ed., Contemporary Russian Politics, 398-411.
-
Contemporary Russian Politics
, pp. 398-411
-
-
Lankina, T.1
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21
-
-
0001204312
-
Regionalism and reform in provincial Russia
-
Josephine Andrews and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, "Regionalism and Reform in Provincial Russia," Post-Soviet Affairs 11 (1995): 384-406.
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(1995)
Post-Soviet Affairs
, vol.11
, pp. 384-406
-
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Andrews, J.1
Kathryn, S.-W.2
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22
-
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0002790405
-
Electoral behavior and attitudes in Russia: Do regions make a difference or do regions just differ?
-
Peter J. Stavrakis, Joan DeBardeleben, and Larry Black, eds., Washington, D.C
-
This formulation comes from Joan DeBardeleben and Aleksander A. Galkin, "Electoral Behavior and Attitudes in Russia: Do Regions Make a Difference or Do Regions Just Differ?" in Peter J. Stavrakis, Joan DeBardeleben, and Larry Black, eds., Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia (Washington, D.C., 1997), 57-80.
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(1997)
Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia
, pp. 57-80
-
-
Debardeleben, J.1
Galkin, A.A.2
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23
-
-
0032760217
-
Regime transition, uncertainty and prospects for democratization: The politics of russia's regions in comparative perspective
-
Vladimir Gel'man, "Regime Transition, Uncertainty and Prospects for Democratization: The Politics of Russia's Regions in Comparative Perspective," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 6 (1999): 941.
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(1999)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.51
, Issue.6
, pp. 941
-
-
Gel'Man, V.1
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24
-
-
0011134814
-
Regional elections and political stability in Russia
-
May
-
See Jeffrey W. Hahn, "Regional Elections and Political Stability in Russia," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, no. 5 (May 1997): 262.
-
(1997)
Post-Soviet Geography and Economics
, Issue.5
, pp. 262
-
-
Hahn, J.W.1
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26
-
-
0004094163
-
-
Alex Inkeles, ed., New Brunswick, N.J
-
For discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, see Alex Inkeles, ed., On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick, N.J., 1991);
-
(1991)
On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants
-
-
-
27
-
-
85050847616
-
Liberal democracy: Validity and method factors in cross-national Measures
-
Kenneth Bollen, "Liberal Democracy: Validity and Method Factors in Cross-National Measures," American Journal of Political Science 37 (1993): 1207-30;
-
(1993)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.37
, pp. 1207-1230
-
-
Bollen, K.1
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28
-
-
0003835317
-
-
David Beetham, ed., Thousand Oaks, Calif
-
David Beetham, ed., Defining and Measuring Democracy (Thousand Oaks, Calif., 1994);
-
(1994)
Defining and Measuring Democracy
-
-
-
34
-
-
0002112280
-
Minimalist conception of democracy: A defense
-
Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordon, eds. New York
-
See also Adam Przeworski, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense," in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordon, eds., Democracy's Value (New York, 1999), 23-55.
-
(1999)
Democracy's Value
, pp. 23-55
-
-
Przeworski, A.1
-
36
-
-
84974379767
-
Comparative democracy
-
The Economic Development Thesis December
-
An empirical study of global democratization using Freedom House scores can be found in Ross E. Burkhart and Michael S. Lewis-Beck, "Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis," American Political Science Review 88 (December 1994): 903-10.
-
(1994)
American Political Science Review 88
, pp. 903-910
-
-
Burkhart, R.E.1
Lewis-Beck, M.S.2
-
37
-
-
70449901930
-
-
Norman
-
On the importance of executive turnover, see Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, 1991).
-
(1991)
-
-
Huntington, S.P.1
-
41
-
-
70449871138
-
-
Note
-
In the democratization literature, scholars are careful to specify that a change inthe person holding the key office constitutes a "turnover" only when the new occupant represents a different political party or other political grouping. In our data, we cannot distinguish instances when the replacement of an incumbent fails to constitute a turnover. Parties only weakly structure Russia's gubernatorial elections. Yet in most of the instances when a sitting governor has been turned out, he has run in the election against a rival representing a different political grouping and lost.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
0034465588
-
Russian fedcralism in comparative perspective
-
The clearest expression of this can be found in Alfred Stepan, "Russian Fedcralism in Comparative Perspective," Post-Soviet Affairs 16, no. 2 (2000): 133-76.
-
(2000)
Post-Soviet Affairs
, vol.16
, Issue.2
, pp. 133-176
-
-
-
44
-
-
0035529088
-
Social networks, civil society, and the prospects for consolidating russia's democratic transition
-
For evidence of this relationship in post-Soviet Russia, see James L. Gibson, "Social Networks, Civil Society, and the Prospects for Consolidating Russia's Democratic Transition," American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 1 (2001): 51-68;
-
(2001)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.45
, Issue.1
, pp. 51-68
-
-
Gibson, J.L.1
-
46
-
-
84971942706
-
Political values in russia, ukraine and lithuania: Sources and implications for democracy
-
William M. Reisinger et al.April
-
William M. Reisinger et al., "Political Values in Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania: Sources and Implications for Democracy," British Journal of Political Science 24, no. 2 (April 1994): 199-245.
-
(1994)
British Journal of Political Science
, vol.24
, Issue.2
, pp. 199-245
-
-
-
47
-
-
84881743470
-
-
Santa Barbara
-
On the other side of the urbanization coin, evidence from elsewhere suggests that more rural regions have higher electoral turnout, because of elite mobilizing efforts, and that higher turnout can translate into greater support for the governor's preferred candidate. See Ann Schulz, Local Politics and Nation-Slates: Case Studies in Politics and Policy (Santa Barbara, 1979).
-
(1979)
Local Politics and Nation-Slates: Case Studies in Politics and Policy
-
-
Schulz, A.1
-
48
-
-
70449901928
-
The duma elections: A step toward democracy or the elites' game?
-
Hesli and Reisinger, eds
-
Myagkov finds this occurring in Russia in 1999: Mikhail Myagkov, "The Duma Elections: A Step toward Democracy or the Elites' Game?" in Hesli and Reisinger, eds., The 1999-2000Elections in Russia.
-
The 1999-2000Elections in Russia
-
-
Myagkov, M.1
-
49
-
-
0042412988
-
Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy
-
See Seymour Martin Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Revieiu 53 (1959): 69-105;
-
(1959)
American Political Science Revieiu
, vol.53
, pp. 69-105
-
-
Lipset1
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51
-
-
84936824439
-
Democracy, economic development and income inequality
-
Edward N. Mullcr, "Democracy, Economic Development and Income Inequality," American Sociological Revieiu 53 (1988): 50-68;
-
(1988)
American Sociological Revieiu
, vol.53
, pp. 50-68
-
-
Mullcr Edward, N.1
-
53
-
-
0005858752
-
Social context and individual behavior
-
Mattei Dogan and Stein Rokkan, eds. Cambridge, Mass
-
This "individualist fallacy" is discussed in Erwin K. Scheuch, "Social Context and Individual Behavior," in Mattei Dogan and Stein Rokkan, eds., Quantitative Ecological Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 133-55;
-
(1969)
Quantitative Ecological Analysis in the Social Sciences
, pp. 133-155
-
-
Scheuch, E.K.1
-
54
-
-
70449754606
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Lexington
-
Michael T. Hannan, Aggregation and Disaggregation in the Social Sciences, rev. ed. (Lexington, 1991).
-
(1991)
-
-
Hannan, M.T.1
-
55
-
-
0003688281
-
-
Chatham
-
For a comprehensive analysis of Russia's national elections up to 1996, see Stephen White, Richard Rose, and Ian McAllister, How Russia Voles (Chatham, 1997). For a more recent analysis of the Russian electorate
-
(1997)
How Russia Voles
-
-
White, S.1
Rose, R.2
McAllister, I.3
-
57
-
-
16744362207
-
Democracy and liberty: The cultural connection
-
Examples include Russell Bova, "Democracy and Liberty: The Cultural Connection,"Journal of Democracy 8, no. 1 (1997): 112-26;
-
(1997)
Journal of Democracy
, vol.8
, Issue.1
, pp. 112-126
-
-
Bova, R.1
-
58
-
-
70449935205
-
-
New York
-
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996).
-
(1996)
-
-
Huntington, S.P.1
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59
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0031432407
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Islam and ethnicity in the republics of Russia
-
See Susan Goodrich Lehmann, "Islam and Ethnicity in the Republics of Russia,"Post-Soviet Affairs 13 (1997): 78-103;
-
(1997)
Post-Soviet Affairs
, vol.13
, pp. 78-103
-
-
Lehmann1
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60
-
-
0032807361
-
Asymmetrical federalism and state breakdown in Russia
-
Gail W. Lapidus, "Asymmetrical Federalism and State Breakdown in Russia," Post-Soviet Affairs 15 (1999): 74-82;
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(1999)
Post-Soviet Affairs
, vol.15
, pp. 74-82
-
-
Lapidus, G.W.1
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63
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0007338134
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Independents and party formation: Elite partisanship as an intervening variable in russian politics
-
Robert G. Moser, "Independents and Party Formation: Elite Partisanship as an Intervening Variable in Russian Politics," Comparative Politics 31, no. 2 (1999): 147-65;
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(1999)
Comparative Politics
, vol.31
, Issue.2
, pp. 147-165
-
-
Moser, R.G.1
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64
-
-
70449901926
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Izbiratel'naia sistema i uroven' partiinoi fragmentatsii v Rossii
-
Natal'ia B. Iargomskaia, "Izbiratel'naia sistema i uroven' partiinoi fragmentatsii v Rossii," POL1S: Politicheskie issledovaniia (1999): 122-29;
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(1999)
POL1S: Politicheskie Issledovaniia
, pp. 122-129
-
-
Iargomskaia, N.B.1
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66
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34547580561
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Partiinye ideologii v Rossii: Atribut ili antu-razh?
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O. Iu. Malinova, "Partiinye ideologii v Rossii: Atribut ili antu-razh?" POLIS: Politicheskie issledovaniia (2001): 75-96;
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(2001)
POLIS: Politicheskie Issledovaniia
, pp. 75-96
-
-
Malinova, O.I.1
-
67
-
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33644699841
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Russia's governors and party formation
-
Brown, ed
-
Darrell Slider, "Russia's Governors and Party Formation," in Brown, ed., Contemporary Russian Politics, 224-34;
-
Contemporary Russian Politics
, pp. 224-234
-
-
Slider, D.1
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69
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70449742558
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The impact of the elections on political part' development
-
both in Hesli and Reisinger, eds
-
M. Stephen Fish, "The Impact of the Elections on Political Part' Development," both in Hesli and Reisinger, eds., The 1999-2000 Elections in Russia.
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The 1999-2000 Elections in Russia
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Fish, M.S.1
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70
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0033370152
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From adygeya to yaroslavl: Factors of party development in the regions of Russia, 1995-1998
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For evidence on this point, see Grigorii V. Golosov, "From Adygeya to Yaroslavl: Factors of Party Development in the Regions of Russia, 1995-1998," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 8 (1999): 1333-65.
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(1999)
Europe-Asia Studies
, vol.51
, Issue.8
, pp. 1333-1365
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Golosov, G.V.1
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71
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0030743863
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Modernization: Theories and facts
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Empirical support for the fragility of new democratic governments is presented in Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi, "Modernization: Theories and Facts," World Politics 49 (1997): 155-83.
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(1997)
World Politics
, vol.49
, pp. 155-183
-
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Przeworski, A.1
Limongi, F.2
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On the link between quality of life and voting behavior, see Treisman, After the Deluge, 92.
-
After the Deluge
, pp. 92
-
-
Treisman1
-
73
-
-
70449829070
-
-
Note
-
We are not, of course, sampling regions from a larger universe but looking at all the regions in our universe. Hence we do not need to rely on statistical significance in the way one does when working with samples. We draw primary attention to the beta coefficients, which provide a way to understand how changes in an explanatory variable are associated with changes in the dependent variable. Nonetheless, the statistical significance level of the coefficients is reported as another way of assessing impact.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
70449798695
-
-
Note
-
Moreover, additional regression analyses failed to suggest that the lack of significance for the regional income level and the social structure scale stemmed from collinear-ity between the two variables. In neither case did the removal of one from the model allow the other to become significant nor did the removal of either variable increase the overall amount of variance explained by the model.
-
-
-
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75
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70449742555
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McFaul and Petrov, eds
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McFaul and Petrov, eds., Political Almanac of Russia, 1989-1997, 1:322-24.
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(1989)
Political Almanac of Russia
, vol.1
, pp. 322-324
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76
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0032799689
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Russian studies without Russia
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For an argument that this trend is well underway, see Stephen F. Cohen, "Russian Studies without Russia," Post-Soviet Affairs 15 (1999): 37-55.
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(1999)
Post-Soviet Affairs
, vol.15
, pp. 37-55
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Cohen, S.F.1
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Germany: From geographical expression to regional accommodation
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Stein Rokkan and Derek W. Urwin, eds., Beverly Hills, Calif
-
Derek W. Urwin, "Germany: From Geographical Expression to Regional Accommodation," in Stein Rokkan and Derek W. Urwin, eds., The Politics of Territorial Identity: Studies in European Regionalism (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1982), 165-249.
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(1982)
The Politics of Territorial Identity: Studies in European Regionalism
, pp. 165-249
-
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Urwin, D.W.1
|