Alternative peptide-fusion proteins generated by out-of-frame mutations, just upstream ORFs or elongations in mutants of Human Hepatitis B Viruses

Virus Research

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 185-201

  Faure, E ^a  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

Alternative sequences; Clinical relevance; Frameshifts; Hepatitis B virus mutants; Pre pre S gene; Pre X gene

Indexed keywords

HYBRID PROTEIN;

DNA FLANKING REGION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOME; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; LIFE CYCLE; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPEN READING FRAME; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROTYPE; VIRUS MUTANT; WILD TYPE;

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMANS; VIRAL FUSION PROTEINS; VIRAL PROTEINS;

HEPATITIS B VIRUS;

EID: 33646481994     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.023     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Alderete J.P., Jarrahian S., and Geballe A.P. Translational effects of mutations and polymorphisms in a repressive upstream open reading frame of the human cytomegalovirus UL4 gene. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 8330-8337
2. Bai G.Q., Liu Y., Cheng J., Zhang S.L., Yue Y.F., Huang Y.P., and Zhang L.Y. Transactivating effect of complete S protein of hepatitis B virus and cloning of genes transactivated by complete S protein using suppression subtractive hybridization technique. World J. Gastroenterol. 11 (2005) 3893-3898
3. Bartenschlager R., and Schaller H. Hepadnaviral assembly is initiated by polymerase binding to the encapsidation signal in the viral RNA genome. Eur. Mol. Biol. Org. J. 11 (1992) 3413-3420
4. Baumert T.F., Barth H., and Blum H.E. Genetic variants of hepatitis B virus and their clinical relevance. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 51 (2005) 95-108
5. Bock C.T., Tillmann H.L., Manns M.P., and Trautwein C. The pre-S region determines the intracellular localization and appearance of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 30 (1999) 517-525
6. Bonhoeffer S., and Sniegowski P. Virus evolution: the importance of being erroneous. Nature 420 (2002) 367-369
7. Bowyer S.M., van Staden L., Kew M.C., and Sim J.G. A unique segment of the hepatitis B virus group A genotype identified in isolates from South Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 78 (1997) 1719-1729
8. Brind A., Jiang J., Samuel D., Gigou M., Feray C., Brechot C., and Kremsdorf D. Evidence for selection of hepatitis B mutants after liver transplantation through peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection. J. Hepatol. 26 (1997) 228-235
9. Brunetto M.R., Rodriguez U.A., and Bonino F. Hepatitis B virus mutants. Intervirology 42 (1999) 69-80
10. Burda M.R., Günther S., Dandri M., Will H., and Petersen J. Structural and functional heterogeneity of naturally occurring hepatitis B virus variants. Antiviral Res. 52 (2001) 125-138
11. Butel J.S. Viral carcinogenesis: revelation of molecular mechanisms and etiology of human disease. Carcinogenesis 21 (2000) 405-426
12. Carman W., Thomas H., and Domingo E. Viral genetic variation: hepatitis B virus as a clinical example. Lancet 341 (1993) 349-353
13. Caselmann W.H., Meyer M., Kekule A.S., Lauer U., Hofschneider P.H., and Koshy R. A trans-activator function is generated by integration of hepatitis B virus preS/S sequences in human hepatocellular carcinoma DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (1990) 2970-2974
14. Chen A., Kao Y.F., and Brown C.M. Translation of the first upstream ORF in the hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA modulates translation at the core and polymerase initiation codons. Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (2005) 1169-1181
15. Cheng J. Significance of the study on the quasispecies of hepatitis B virus. Zhonghua Chuan Ran Bing Za Zhi 19 (2001) 197-198
16. Coleman P.F. Hepatitis B virus mutants: emergence and impact on diagnostic detection. In: Mushahwar I.K. (Ed). Viral Hepatitis: Molecular Biology, Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Control (2004), Elsevier Science, London 99-108
17. Deng H., Dong J., Cheng J., Huangfu K.J., Shi S.S., Hong Y., Ren X.M., and Li L. Quasispecies groups in the core promoter region of hepatitis B virus. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 1 (2002) 392-396
18. Dienes H.P., Gerken G., Goergen B., Heermann K., Gerlich W., and Meyer zum Buschenfelde K.H. Analysis of the precore DNA sequence and detection of precore antigen in liver specimens from patients with anti-hepatitis B e-positive chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 21 (1995) 1-7
19. Domingo E., Sabo D., Taniguchi T., and Weissmann C. Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population. Cell 13 (1978) 735-744
20. Dong J., and Cheng J. Study on definition of pre-X region in hepatitis B virus genome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 11 (2003) 1097-1101
21. Dong J., and Cheng J. Study on definition of pre-pre-S region in hepatitis B virus genome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 11 (2003) 1091-1096
22. Dong J., Cheng J., Huangfu J.K., Hong Y., Wang G., Chen C.G., Li L., Zhang L.X., and Chen J.M. The preliminary study on individually characterized quasispecies of hepatitis B virus. Jie Fang Jun Yi Xue Za Zhi 27 (2002) 119-121
23. Dong J., Cheng J., and Yang Q. Identification and characterization of high variable regions in hepatitis B virus genome of adr and adw serotypes. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 12 (2004) 42-46
24. Dong J., Li J., Shi S.S., Huangfu J.K., Cheng J., Wang Q.H., Hong Y., and Li L. The study on quasispecies of hepatitis B virus (HBV): HBV genome as an example. Jie Fang Jun Yi Xue Za Zhi 27 (2002) 116-118
25. Eldredge N., and Gould S.J. Punctuated equilibrium: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Schopf T.J.M. (Ed). Models in Paleobiology (1972), Freeman Cooper & Co, San Francisco 82-115
26. Fattovich G. Natural history and prognosis of hepatitis B. Semin. Liver Dis. 23 (2003) 47-58
27. Faure E. A sequence of the U5 region of Drosophila 1731 retrotransposon long terminal repeat (LTR) trans-represses the LTR-directed transcription. Biochemistry (Mosc) 64 (1999) 678-692
28. Feitelson M., Lega L., Guo J., Resti M., Rossi M.E., Azzari C., Blumberg B.S., and Vierucci A. Pathogenesis of posttransfusion viral hepatitis in children with b-thalassemia. Hepatology 3 (1994) 558-568
29. Fernholz D., Galle P.R., Stemler M., Brunetto M., Bonino F., and Will H. Infectious hepatitis B virus variant defective in pre-S2 protein expression in a chronic carrier. Virology 194 (1993) 137-148
30. François G., Kew M., Van Damme P., Mphahlele M.J., and Meheus A. Mutant hepatitis B viruses: a matter of academic interest only or a problem with far-reaching implications?. Vaccine 19 (2001) 3799-3815
31. Fujiyama A., Miyanohara A., Nozaki C., Yoneyama T., Ohtomo N., and Matsubara K. Cloning and structural analyses of hepatitis B virus DNAs, subtype adr. Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (1983) 4601-4610
32. Gale Jr. M., Tan S.L., and Katze M.G. Translational control of viral gene expression in eukaryotes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64 (2000) 239-280
33. Garfein R.S., Bower W.A., Loney C.M., Hutin Y.J., Xia G.L., Jawanda J., Groom A.V., Nainan O.V., Murphy J.S., and Bell B.P. Factors associated with fulminant liver failure during an outbreak among injection drug users with acute hepatitis B. Hepatology 40 (2004) 865-873
34. Girones R., and Miller R.H. Mutation rate of the hepadnavirus genome. Virology 170 (1989) 595-597
35. Gomes S.A., de Castro L., Niel C., and Santos E.A. Uncommon mutation pattern of a hepatitis B virus isolate from genotype F infecting a patient with AIDS. J. Infect. 48 (2004) 102-108
36. Grassé P.-P. Evolution of Living Organisms (1977), Academic Press, New York p. 297
37. Günther S., Fischer L., Pult I., Sterneck M., and Will H. Naturally occurring variants of hepatitis B virus. Adv. Virus Res. 52 (1999) 25-137
38. Günther S., Meisel H., Reip A., Miska S., Kruger D.H., and Will H. Frequent and rapid emergence of mutated pre-C sequences in HBV from e-antigen positive carriers who seroconvert to anti-HBe during interferon treatment. Virology 187 (1992) 271-279
39. Günther S., Paulij W., Meisel H., and Will H. Analysis of hepatitis B virus populations in an interferon-alpha-treated patient reveals predominant mutations in the C-gene and changing e-antigenicity. Virology 244 (1998) 146-160
40. Günther S., Piwon N., Jung A., Iwanska A., Schmitz H., and Will H. Enhanced replication contributes to enrichment of hepatitis B virus with a deletion in the core gene. Virology 273 (2000) 286-299
41. Haas J., Park E.C., and Seed B. Codon usage limitation in the expression of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Curr. Biol. 6 (1996) 315-324
42. Hildt E., Munz B., Saher G., Reifenberg K., and Hofschneider P.H. The Pre-S2 activator MHBs (t) of hepatitis B virus activates c-raf-1/Erk2 signaling in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 21 (2002) 525-535
43. Holland J., and Domingo E. Origin and evolution of viruses. Virus Genes 16 (1998) 13-21
44. Hollinger F.B. Hepatitis B virus. In: Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., and Howley P.M. (Eds). Fields Virology (1996), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 2739-2807
45. Huang H.L., Jeng K.S., Hu C.P., Tsai C.H., Lo S.J., and Chang C. Identification and characterization of a structural protein of hepatitis B virus: a polymerase and surface fusion protein encoded by a spliced RNA. Virology 275 (2000) 398-410
46. Huangfu J.K., Deng H., Cheng J., Shi S.S., Hong Y., Ren X.M., and Li L. Study on the mutation and quasispecies of core promoter region of hepatitis B virus. Shi Jie Hua Ren Xiao Hua Za Zhi 9 (2001) 1323-1325
47. Hunt C.M., McGill J.M., Allen M.I., and Condreay L.D. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B viral mutations. Hepatology 31 (2000) 1037-1044
48. Huy T.T., Ushijima H., Win K.M., Luengrojanakul P., Shrestha P.K., Zhong Z.H., Smirnov A.V., Taltavull T.C., Sata T., and Abe K. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus pre-s mutant in countries where it is endemic and its relationship with genotype and chronicity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 5449-5455
49. Hwang W.L., and Su T.S. Translational regulation of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene by termination-reinitiation of an upstream minicistron in a length-dependent manner. J. Gen. Virol. 79 (1998) 2181-2189
50. Kamp C. A quasispecies approach to viral evolution in the context of an adaptive immune system. Microbes Infect. 5 (2003) 1397-1405
51. Keese P.K., and Gibbs A. Origins of genes: "big bang" or continuous creation?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1992) 9489-9493
52. Kim S.H., Hong S.P., Kim S.K., Lee W.S., and Rho H.M. Replication of a mutant hepatitis B virus with a fused X-C reading frame in hepatoma cells. J. Gen. Virol. 73 (1992) 2421-2424
53. Kim S.K., Jang S.K., and Rho H.M. Effect of frameshift mutation in the pre-C region of hepatitis B virus on the X and C genes. J. Gen. Virol. 75 (1994) 917-923
54. Kojima M., Shimizu M., Tsuchimochi T., Koyasu M., Tanaka S., Iizuka H., Tanaka T., Okamoto H., Tsuda F., Miyakawa Y., Mine H., Emura H., and Tadokoro K. Posttransfusion fulminant hepatitis B associated with precore-defective HBV mutants. Vox Sang. 60 (1991) 34-39
55. Kônig S., Beterams G., and Nassal M. Mapping of homologous interaction sites in the hepatitis B virus core protein. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 4997-5005
56. Kozak M. Pushing the limits of the scanning mechanism for initiation of translation. Gene 299 (2002) 1-34
57. Kramvis A., Kew M., and Francois G. Hepatitis B virus genotypes. Vaccine 23 (2005) 2409-2423
58. Kreutz C. Molecular, immunological and clinical properties of mutated hepatitis B viruses. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 6 (2002) 113-143
59. Lewin D. Genes VIII (2004), Pearson Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River p. 254
60. Li J.S., Tong S.P., Wen Y.M., Vitvitski L., Zhang Q., and Trepo C. Hepatitis B virus genotype A rarely circulates as an HBe-minus mutant: possible contribution of a single nucleotide in the precore region. J. Virol. 67 (1993) 5402-5410
61. Locarnini S. Molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin. Liver. Dis. 24 Suppl. 1 (2004) 3-10
62. Locarnini S., McMillan J., and Bartholomeusz A. The hepatitis B virus and common mutants. Semin. Liver. Dis. 23 (2003) 5-20
63. Lok A.S. Hepatitis B infection: pathogenesis and management. J. Hepatol. 32 Suppl. 1 (2000) 89-97
64. Loncarevic I.F., Zentgraf H., and Schroder C.H. Sequence of a replication competent hepatitis B virus genome with a preX open reading frame. Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (1990) 4940
65. Luo K., Liu Z., He H., Peng J., Liang W., Dai W., and Hou J. The putative recombination of hepatitis B virus genotype B with pre-C/C region of genotype C. Virus Genes 29 (2004) 31-41
66. Melegari M., Scaglioni P.P., and Wands J.R. The small envelope protein is required for secretion of a naturally occurring hepatitis B virus mutant with pre-S1 deleted. J. Virol. 71 (1997) 5449-5454
67. Milich D., and Liang T.J. Exploring the biological basis of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 38 (2003) 1075-1086
68. Mimms L. Hepatitis B virus escape mutants: "pushing the envelope" of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 21 (1995) 884-887
69. Mizokami M., Orito E., Ohba K., Ikeo K., Lau J.Y., and Gojobori T. Constrained evolution with respect to gene overlap of hepatitis B virus. J. Mol. Evol. 44 (1997) S83-S90
70. Morozov V., Pisareva M., and Groudinin M. Homologous recombination between different genotypes of hepatitis B virus. Gene 260 (2000) 55-65
71. Morris D.R., and Geballe A.P. Upstream open reading frames as regulators of mRNA translation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (2000) 8635-8642
72. Niitsuma H., Ishii M., Saito Y., Miura M., Kobayashi K., Ohori H., and Toyota T. Prevalence of precore-defective mutant of hepatitis B virus in HBV carriers. J. Med. Virol. 46 (1995) 397-402
73. Ohba K., Mizokami M., Ohno T., Suzuki K., Orito E., Lau J.Y., Ina Y., Ikeo K., and Gojobori T. Relationships between serotypes and genotypes of hepatitis B virus: genetic classification of HBV by use of surface genes. Virus Res. 39 (1995) 25-34
74. Okamoto H., Imai M., Kametani M., Nakamura T., and Mayumi M. Genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis B virus in a 54-year-old woman who contracted the infection through materno-fetal transmission. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 57 (1987) 231-236
75. Okamoto H., Imai M., Tsuda F., Tanaka T., Miyakawa Y., and Mayumi M. Point mutation in the S gene of hepatitis B virus for a d/y or w/r subtypic change in two blood donors carrying a surface antigen of compound subtype adyr or adwr. J. Virol. 61 (1987) 3030-3034
76. Okamoto H., Tsuda F., Sakugawa H., Sastrosoewignjo R.I., Imai M., Miyakawa Y., and Mayumi M. Typing hepatitis B virus by homology in nucleotide sequence: comparison of surface antigen subtypes. J. Virol. 69 (1988) 2575-2583
77. Okamoto H., Yotsumoto S., Akahane Y., Yamanaka T., Miyazaki Y., Sugai Y., Tsuda F., Tanaka T., Miyakawa Y., and Mayumi M. Hepatitis B viruses with precore region defects prevail in persistently infected hosts along with seroconversion to the antibody against e antigen. J. Virol. 64 (1990) 1298-1303
78. Preikschat P., Günther S., Reinhold S., Will H., Budde K., Neumayer H.H., Kruger D.H., and Meisel H. Complex HBV populations with mutations in core promoter, C gene, and pre-S region are associated with development of cirrhosis in long-term renal transplant recipients. Hepatology 35 (2002) 466-477
79. Pult I., Chouard T., Wieland S., Klemenz R., Yaniv M., and Blum H.E. A hepatitis B virus mutant with a new hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 binding site emerging in transplant-transmitted fulminant hepatitis B. Hepatology 25 (1997) 1507-1515
80. Pumpens P., Grens E., and Nassal M. Molecular epidemiology and immunology of hepatitis B virus infection-an update. Intervirology 45 (2002) 218-232
81. Qiu X.X., Schroeder P., and Bridon D. Identification and characterization of a C(K/R)TC motif as a common epitope present in all subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen. J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 3350-3356
82. Radziwill G., Tucker W., and Schaller H. Mutational analysis of the hepatitis B virus P gene product: domain structure and RNase H activity. J. Virol. 64 (1990) 613-620
83. Rho H.M., Kim K., Hyun S.W., and Kim Y.S. The nucleotide sequence and reading frames of a mutant hepatitis B virus subtype adr. Nucleic Acids. Res. 5 (1989) 2124
84. Santantonio T., Jung M.C., Miska S., Pastore G., Pape G.R., and Will H. Prevalence and type of pre-C HBV mutants in anti-HBe positive carriers with chronic liver disease in a highly endemic area. Virology 183 (1991) 840-844
85. Santantonio T., Jung M.C., Pastore G., Angarano G., Günther S., and Will H. Familial clustering of HBV pre-C and pre-S mutants. J. Hepatol. 26 (1997) 221-227
86. Seeger C., and Mason W.S. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64 (2000) 51-68
87. Sitnik R., Pinho J.R., Bertolini D.A., Bernardini A.P., Da Silva L.C., and Carrilho F.J. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and precore and core mutants in Brazilian patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (2004) 2455-2460
88. Soussan P., Tuveri R., Nalpas B., Garreau F., Zavala F., Masson A., Pol S., Brechot C., and Kremsdorf D. The expression of hepatitis B spliced protein (HBSP) encoded by a spliced hepatitis B virus RNA is associated with viral replication and liver fibrosis. J. Hepatol. 38 (2003) 343-348
89. Steinhauer D.A., and Holland J.J. Direct method for quantitation of extreme polymerase error frequencies at selected single base sites in viral RNA. J. Virol. 57 (1986) 219-228
90. Sugauchi F., Orito E., Ichida T., Kato H., Sakugawa H., Kakumu S., Ishida T., Chutaputti A., Lai C.L., Ueda R., Miyakawa Y., and Mizokami M. Hepatitis B virus of genotype B with or without recombination with genotype C over the precore region plus the core gene. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 5985-5992
91. Takahashi K., Kishimoto S., Ohori K., Yoshizawa H., Akahane Y., Okamoto H., and Mishiro S. A unique set of mutations in the "preX" region of hepatitis B virus DNA frequently found in patients but not in asymptomatic carriers: implication for a novel variant. Int. Hepatol. Commun. 3 (1995) 131-138
92. Takahashi K., Akahane Y., Hino K., Ohta Y., and Mishiro S. Hepatitis B virus genomic sequence in the circulation of hepatocellular carcinoma patients: comparative analysis of 40 full-length isolates. Arch. Virol. 143 (1998) 2313-2326
93. Takahashi K., Brotman B., Usuda S., Mishiro S., and Prince A.M. Full-genome sequence analyses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains recovered from chimpanzees infected in the wild: implications for an origin of HBV. Virology 267 (2000) 58-64
94. Tong S.P., Li J.S., Vitvitski L., and Trépo C. Active hepatitis B virus replication in the presence of anti-HBe is associated with viral variants containing an inactive pre-C region. Virology 176 (1990) 596-603
95. Torresi J. The virological and clinical significance of mutations in the overlapping envelope and polymerase genes of hepatitis B virus. J. Clin. Virol. 25 (2002) 97-106
96. Traut T.W. Do exons code for structural or functional units in proteins?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (1988) 2944-2948
97. van Steenbergen J.E., Niesters H.G., Op de Coul E.L., van Doornum G.J., Osterhaus A.D., Leentvaar-Kuijpers A., Coutinho R.A., and van den Hoek J.A. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Amsterdam 1992-1997. J. Med. Virol. 66 (2002) 159-165
98. Villari D., Pollicino T., Spinella S., Russo F., Campo S., Rodino G., Squadrito G., Longo G., and Raimondo G. Hepatitis B E antigen detection in formalin-fixed liver biopsy specimens. A tool to investigate wild-type and E-minus variant HBV infection. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 103 (1995) 136-140
99. Weber B. Genetic variability of the S gene of hepatitis B virus: clinical and diagnostic impact. J. Clin. Virol. 32 (2005) 102-112
100. Whalley S.A., Brown D., Teo C.G., Dusheiko G.M., and Saunders N.A. Monitoring the emergence of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene variants during lamivudine therapy using the LightCycler. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4 (2001) 1456-1459
101. Yan B.S., Tam M.H., and Syu W.J. Self-association of the C-terminal domain of the hepatitis-C virus core protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 258 (1998) 100-106
102. Yang W., and Summers J. Illegitimate replication of linear hepadnavirus DNA through nonhomologous recombination. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 4029-4036
103. Yang Q., Cheng J., Dong J., Zhang J., and Zhang S.-L. Molecular epidemiological study on pre-X region of hepatitis B virus and identification of hepatocyte proteins interacting with whole-X protein by yeast two-hybrid. World J. Gastroenterol. 11 (2005) 3473-3478
104. Yang Q., Dong J., Cheng J., Liu Y., and Hong Y. Definition of pre-X promoter sequence from hepatitis B virus genome and characterization of its transcription activity. JiefangJun YiXue Zazhi 28 (2003) 763-765
105. Yang Q., Dong J., Cheng J., Liu Y., Hong Y., Wang J.J., and Zhuang S.L. Definition of pre-pre-S promoter sequence from hepatitis B virus genome and identification of its transcription activity. Jiefangjun Yixue Zazhi 9 (2003) 761-762
106. Zeng M., Huang B.R., Cai L.W., and Pan G.Z. The sequence analysis of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene and its expression in E. coli system. Chin. Biochem. J. 12 (1996) 22-26
107. Zeuzem S., de Man R.A., Honkoop P., Roth W.K., Schalm S.W., and Schmidt J.M. Dynamics of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo. J. Hepatol. 27 (1997) 431-436