The ENSO phenomenon: Theory and mechanisms

Advances in Geosciences

Volumn 6, Issue , 2006, Pages 3-15

  Dijkstra, H A ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SEA SURFACE;

ECUADOR; GUAYAQUIL; GUAYAS; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 33646354944     PISSN: 16807340     EISSN: 16807359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-6-3-2006     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Barnett, T. P., Pierce, D. W., Latif, M., Dommenget, D., and Saravanan. R.: Interdecadal interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes in the Pacific basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 615-618, 1999.
2. Battisti, D. and Hirst, A.: Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere-ocean model: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity., J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712, 1989.
3. Bjerknes, J. P.: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Monthly Weather Review, 97, 163-172, 1969.
4. Burgers, G.: The El Niño Stochastic Oscillator, Clim. Dyn., 15, 352-375, 1999.
5. Cane, M. A. and Sarachik, E. S.: Forced baroclinic ocean motions: II. The linear equatorial bounded case, J. Mar. Res., 35, 395-432, 1977.
6. Delecluse, P., Davey, M., Kitamura, Y., Philander, S. G. H., Suarez, M., and Bengtsson, L.: Coupled general circulation modeling of the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14357-14374, 1998.
7. Deser, C., Alexander, M. A., and Timlin, C. A.: Upper-ocean thermal variations in the North Pacific during 1970-1991, J. Clim., 9, 1840-1855, 1993.
8. Dijkstra, H. A.: Nonlinear Physical Oceanography: A Dynamical Systems Approach to the Large Scale Ocean Circulation and El Niño., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 2000.
9. Dijkstra, H. A. and Neelin, J. D.: Coupled ocean-atmosphere models and the tropical climatology. II: Why the cold tongue is in the east, J. Clim., 8, 1343-1359, 1995.
10. Eckert, C. and Latif, M.: Predictability of a stochastically forced hybrid coupled model of the Tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, J. Clim., 10, 1488-1504, 1997.
11. Fedorov, A. and Philander. S.: Is El Niño Changing?, Science, 288, 1997-2002, 2000.
12. Flügel, M. and Chang, P.: Stochastically induced climate shift of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2473-2476, 1996.
13. Galanti, E. and Tziperman, E.: ENSO's phase locking to the seasonal cycle in the fast-SST. fast-wave and mixed-mode regimes, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2936-2950, 2000.
14. Gu, D. and Philander, S. G. H.: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics, Science, 275, 805-807, 1997.
15. Haney, R. L.: Surface thermal boundary conditions for ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 241-248, 1971.
16. Hazeleger, W., Visbeck, M., Cane, M. A., Karspeck, A., and Naik, N.: Decadal upper ocean temperature variability in the Tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8971-8988, 2001.
17. Hirst, A. C.: Unstable and damped equatorial modes in simple coupled ocean-atmosphere models., J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 606-630, 1986.
18. Jiang, N., Neelin, J. D., and Ghil, M.: Quasi-quadrennial and quasibiennial varibility in the equatorial Pacific, Clim. Dyn., 12, 101-112, 1995.
19. Jin, F.-F.: An equatorial recharge paradigm for ENSO. I: Conceptual Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 811-829, 1997a.
20. Jin, F.-F.: An equatorial recharge paradigm for ENSO. II: A stripped-down coupled model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 830-8847, 1997b.
21. Jin, F.-F. and An, S.-I.: Thermocline and zonal advective feedbacks within the equatorial ocean recharge oscillator model for ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2989-2992, 1999.
22. Jin, F.-F. and Neelin, J. D.: Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction - a unified view. I: Numerical results., J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3477-3503, 1993.
23. Jin, F.-F., Neelin, J. D., and Ghil, M.: El Niño on the devil's staircase: Annual subharmonic steps to chaos. Science, 264, 70-72. 1994.
24. Jin, F.-F, Neelin, J. D., and Ghil, M.: El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the annual cycle: Subharmonic frequency-locking and aperiodicity, Physica D. 98, 442-465, 1996.
25. Kaplan, A., Cane, M. A., Kushnir, Y., Clement, A. C., Blumenthal, M. B., and Rajagopalan. B.: Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18567-18589, 1998.
26. Kessler, W., Spillane, M., McPhaden, M., and Harrison, D.: Scales of Variability in the Equatorial Pacific inferred from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array. J. Clim., 9, 2999-3024, 1996.
27. Kirtman, B. and Schopf, P.: Decadal Variability in ENSO Predictability and Prediction, J. Clim., 11, 2804-2822, 1998.
28. Kleeman. R. P., McCreary, J. P., and Klinger, B.: A mechanism for generating ENSO decadal variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1743-1746, 1999.
29. Latif, M.: Dynamics of interdecadal variability in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Clim., 11, 602-624, 1998.
30. Latif, M., Sperber, K., and coauthors: ENSIP: the El Nino simulation intercomparison project. Clim. Dyn., 18, 255-276, 2001.
31. Lysne, J., Chang, P., and Giese, B.: Impact of extratropical Pacific on equatorial variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2589-2592, 1997.
32. Madden, R. and Julian, P.: Observations of the 40-50-day tropical oscillation - A review, Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-835, 1994.
33. Mantua, N. J. and Battisti, D. S.: Aperiodic variability in the Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model: air-sea interac tion in the western equatorial Pacific, J. Clim., 8, 2897-2927, 1995.
34. McPhaden, M. and coauthors: The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system: a decade of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14169-14240, 1998.
35. Moore, A. M. and Kleeman, R.: Stochastic Forcing of ENSO by the Intraseasonal Oscillation, J. Clim., 12, 1199-1220, 1999.
36. Moore, D. W.: Planetary-Gravity Waves in an Equatorial Ocean, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1968.
37. Münnich, M. M., Cane, M., and Zebiak, S. E.: A study of self-excited oscillations of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. II: Nonlinear cases. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1238-1248, 1991.
38. Neelin, J. D.: The slow sea surface temperature mode and the fastwave limit: Analytic theory for tropical interannual oscillations and experiments in a hybrid coupled model. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 584-606, 1991.
39. Neelin, J. D. and Dijkstra, H. A.: Coupled ocean-atmosphere models and the tropical climatology. I: The dangers of Ouxcorrection, J. Clim., 8, 1325-1342, 1995.
40. Neelin, J. D., Latif, M., and Jin, F.-F.: Dynamics of coupled oceanatmosphere models: The tropical problem, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 617-659, 1994.
41. Neelin, J. D., Battisti, D. S., Hirst, A. C., Jin. F.-F., Wakata, Y., Yamagata, T., and Zebiak, S. E.: ENSO Theory, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14261-14290, 1998.
42. Neelin, J. D., Jin, F.-E. and Syu, H.-H.: Variations of ENSO phase locking, J. Clim., 13, 2570-2590, 2000.
43. Penland, C. and Sardeshmukh, P. D.: The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies, J. Clim., 8, 1999-2024, 1995.
44. Philander, S. G. H.: El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, New York, 1990.
45. Philander, S. G. H.. Yamagata, T., and Pacanowski, R. C.: Unstable air-sea interactions in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 604-613, 1984.
46. Philander, S. G. H., Gu, D., Halpem, D., Lambert, G., Lau, N.-C., Li, T., and Pacanowski, R. C.: Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J. Clim., 9, 2958-2972, 1996.
47. Pierce, D. W., Barnett, T. P., and Latif, M.: Connections between the Pacific Ocean tropics and midlatitudes on decadal timescales, J. Clim., 13, 1173-1194, 2000.
48. Rasmusson, E. and Carpenter, T. H.: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384, 1982.
49. Roulston, M. and Neelin, J. D.: The response of an ENSO model to climate noise, weather noise and intraseasonal forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3723-3726, 2000.
50. Suarez, M. and Schopf, P. S.: A delayed action oscillator for ENSO, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287, 1988.
51. Syu, H.-H. and Neelin, J. D.: ENSO in a hybrid coupled model: Part I: Sensitivity to physical parameterizations, Clim. Dyn., 16, 19-34, 1995.
52. Tang, Y.: Hybrid coupled models of the tropical Pacific. I: Interannual variability, Clim. Dyn., 19, 331-342, 2002.
53. Timmermann, A., Jin, F.-F., and Abshagen, J.: A nonlinear theory of El Niño bursting, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 165-176, 2003.
54. Trenberth, K. E. and Hoar, T. J.: The 1990-1995 El Niño Southern Oscillation event: longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 57-60, 1996.
55. Tziperman, E.. Stone, L., Cane, M. A., and Jarosh. H.: El Niño chaos: overlapping of resonances between the seasonal cycle and the Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillator, Science, 264, 72-74, 1994.
56. Tziperman, E., Zebiak, S. E., and Cane, M. A.: Mechanisms of seasonal-ENSO interaction, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 61-71, 1997.
57. Van der Vaart, P. C. F., Dijkstra, H. A., and Jin, F.-F.: The Pacific Cold Tongue and the ENSO mode: Unified theory within the Zebiak-Cane model, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 967-988, 2000.
58. Van Oldenborgh, G. J.: What caused the onset of the 1997/98 El Niño?, Monthly Weather Review. 128, 2601-2607, 2000.
59. Vecchi, G. A. and Harrison, D. E.: Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, El Niño, and equatorial westerly wind events, J. Clim., 13, 1814-1830, 2000.
60. Wang, C. and Picaut, J.: Understanding ENSO Physics: A review, in: Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, edited by: Wang, C., Xie, S.-P, and Carton, J. A. pp. 21-48, American Geophysical Union, 2004.
61. Webster, P. J., Magana V. O., Palmer, T. N., Shukla, J., Tomas, R. A., Yanai, M., and Yasunari, T.: Monsoons: Processes, predictabilty, and the prospects for predicting, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451-14510, 1998.
62. Xie. S.-P. and Philander. S. Q. H.: A coupled ocean-atmosphere model of relevance to the ITCZ in the eastern Pacific, Tellus, 46A, 340-350, 1994.
63. Zebiak, S. E. and Cane, M. A.: A model El Niño-Southern Oscillation., Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262-2278, 1987.
64. Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., and Battisti, D. S.: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-1993, J. Clim., 10, 1004-1020, 1997.