메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 681-688

Propionibacterium freudenreichii component 1.4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) attenuates dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis by modulation of bacterial flora and lymphocyte homing

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1.4 DIHYDROXY 2 NAPHTHOIC ACID; BETA7 INTEGRIN; DEXTRAN SULFATE; DRINKING WATER; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MESSENGER RNA; MUCOSAL ADDRESSIN CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; PROBIOTIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 33646254148     PISSN: 00175749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.070490     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (63)

References (45)
  • 1
    • 0030830553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and immune mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
    • Sartor RB. Pathogenesis and immune mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92(12 suppl):5S-11S.
    • (1997) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.92 , Issue.12 SUPPL.
    • Sartor, R.B.1
  • 2
    • 0027521572 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis
    • Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennick D, et al. Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 1993;75:263-74.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.75 , pp. 263-274
    • Kuhn, R.1    Lohler, J.2    Rennick, D.3
  • 3
    • 0032412057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resident enteric bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in interleukin-10-deficient mice
    • Sellon RK, Tonkonogy S, Schultz M, et al. Resident enteric bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Infect Immun 1998;66:5224-31.
    • (1998) Infect Immun , vol.66 , pp. 5224-5231
    • Sellon, R.K.1    Tonkonogy, S.2    Schultz, M.3
  • 4
    • 0028003794 scopus 로고
    • The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats
    • Taurog JD, Richardson JA, Croft JT, et al. The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. J Exp Med 1994;180:2359-64.
    • (1994) J Exp Med , vol.180 , pp. 2359-2364
    • Taurog, J.D.1    Richardson, J.A.2    Croft, J.T.3
  • 5
    • 9544226450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal luminal bacteria, especially Bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27/human beta2 microglobulin transgenic rats
    • Rath HC, Herfarth HH, Ikeda JS, et al. Normal luminal bacteria, especially Bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27/human beta2 microglobulin transgenic rats. J Clin Invest 1996;98:945-53.
    • (1996) J Clin Invest , vol.98 , pp. 945-953
    • Rath, H.C.1    Herfarth, H.H.2    Ikeda, J.S.3
  • 6
    • 0031889086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of transforming growth factor beta1 by enteric bacteria in the pathogenesis of rat intestinal fibrosis
    • Mourelle M, Salas A, Guarner F, et al. Stimulation of transforming growth factor beta1 by enteric bacteria in the pathogenesis of rat intestinal fibrosis. Gastroenterology 1998;114:519-26.
    • (1998) Gastroenterology , vol.114 , pp. 519-526
    • Mourelle, M.1    Salas, A.2    Guarner, F.3
  • 7
    • 0032962075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice
    • Madsen KL, Doyle JS, Jewell LD, et al. Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1107-14.
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.116 , pp. 1107-1114
    • Madsen, K.L.1    Doyle, J.S.2    Jewell, L.D.3
  • 8
    • 0029661874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of 4G-beta-D-galactosylsucrose (lactosucrose) on fecal microflora in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease
    • Teramoto F, Rokutan K, Kawakami Y, et al. Effect of 4G-beta-D-galactosylsucrose (lactosucrose) on fecal microflora in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 1996;31:33-9.
    • (1996) J Gastroenterol , vol.31 , pp. 33-39
    • Teramoto, F.1    Rokutan, K.2    Kawakami, Y.3
  • 9
    • 0033082186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis
    • Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU)
    • Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, et al. Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU). Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:427-33.
    • (1999) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.94 , pp. 427-433
    • Fernandez-Banares, F.1    Hinojosa, J.2    Sanchez-Lombrana, J.L.3
  • 10
    • 0035135351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germinated barley foodstuff feeding. a novel neutraceutical therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis
    • Kanauchi O, Iwanaga T, Mitsuyama K. Germinated barley foodstuff feeding. A novel neutraceutical therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis. Digestion 2001;63(suppl 1):60-7.
    • (2001) Digestion , vol.63 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 60-67
    • Kanauchi, O.1    Iwanaga, T.2    Mitsuyama, K.3
  • 12
    • 2442453484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: Antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics
    • Sartor RB. Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1620-33.
    • (2004) Gastroenterology , vol.126 , pp. 1620-1633
    • Sartor, R.B.1
  • 13
    • 0032881176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counter-regulatory effect of sodium butyrate on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced complement C3 and factor B biosynthesis in human intestinal epithelial cells
    • Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Hata K, et al. Counter-regulatory effect of sodium butyrate on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced complement C3 and factor B biosynthesis in human intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;118:23-9.
    • (1999) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.118 , pp. 23-29
    • Andoh, A.1    Fujiyama, Y.2    Hata, K.3
  • 14
    • 0033403462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germinated barley foodstuffs attenuate colonic mucosal damage and mucosal nuclear factor kappa B activity in a spontaneous colitis model
    • Kanauchi O, Andoh A, Iwanaga T, et al. Germinated barley foodstuffs attenuate colonic mucosal damage and mucosal nuclear factor kappa B activity in a spontaneous colitis model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;14:1173-9.
    • (1999) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.14 , pp. 1173-1179
    • Kanauchi, O.1    Andoh, A.2    Iwanaga, T.3
  • 15
    • 0347986893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats
    • Roller M, Rechkemmer G, Watzl B. Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats. J Nutr 2004;134:153-6.
    • (2004) J Nutr , vol.134 , pp. 153-156
    • Roller, M.1    Rechkemmer, G.2    Watzl, B.3
  • 16
    • 0027179524 scopus 로고
    • In situ expression of the cell adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Evidence of immunologic activation of vascular endothelial cells
    • Nakamura S, Ohtani H, Watanabe Y, et al. In situ expression of the cell adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Evidence of immunologic activation of vascular endothelial cells. Lab Invest 1993;69:77-85.
    • (1993) Lab Invest , vol.69 , pp. 77-85
    • Nakamura, S.1    Ohtani, H.2    Watanabe, Y.3
  • 17
    • 0036890185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneity of TNF-alpha-induced T cell migration to colonic mucosa is mediated by MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1
    • Watanabe C, Miura S, Hokari R, et al. Spatial heterogeneity of TNF-alpha-induced T cell migration to colonic mucosa is mediated by MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest liver Physiol 2002;283:G1379-87.
    • (2002) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , vol.283
    • Watanabe, C.1    Miura, S.2    Hokari, R.3
  • 18
    • 0023837323 scopus 로고
    • A tissue-specific endothelial cell molecule involved in lymphocyte homing
    • Streeter PR, Berg, EL, Rouse BT, et al. A tissue-specific endothelial cell molecule involved in lymphocyte homing. Nature 1988;331:41-6.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.331 , pp. 41-46
    • Streeter, P.R.1    Berg, E.L.2    Rouse, B.T.3
  • 19
    • 0027207679 scopus 로고
    • MAdCAM-1 has homology to immunoglobulin and mucin-like adhesion receptors and to IgA1
    • Briskin MJ, McEvoy LM, Butcher EC. MAdCAM-1 has homology to immunoglobulin and mucin-like adhesion receptors and to IgA1. Nature 1993;363:461-4.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.363 , pp. 461-464
    • Briskin, M.J.1    McEvoy, L.M.2    Butcher, E.C.3
  • 20
    • 0030802049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue
    • Briskin M, Winsor-Hines D, Shyjan A, et al. Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue. Am J Pathol 1997;151:97-110.
    • (1997) Am J Pathol , vol.151 , pp. 97-110
    • Briskin, M.1    Winsor-Hines, D.2    Shyjan, A.3
  • 21
    • 0034162547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stage-specific expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 during embryogenesis in rats
    • Iizuka T, Tanaka T, Suematsu M, et al. Stage-specific expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 during embryogenesis in rats. J Immunol 2000;164:2463-71.
    • (2000) J Immunol , vol.164 , pp. 2463-2471
    • Iizuka, T.1    Tanaka, T.2    Suematsu, M.3
  • 22
    • 0033815802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amelioration of murine experimental colitis by inhibition of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1
    • Kato S, Hokari R, Matsuzaki K, et al. Amelioration of murine experimental colitis by inhibition of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295:183-9.
    • (2000) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.295 , pp. 183-189
    • Kato, S.1    Hokari, R.2    Matsuzaki, K.3
  • 23
    • 20244389692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in the pathogenesis of granulomatous colitis in rats
    • Hokari R, Kato S, Motsuzaki K, et al. Involvement of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in the pathogenesis of granulomatous colitis in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2001;126:259-65.
    • (2001) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.126 , pp. 259-265
    • Hokari, R.1    Kato, S.2    Motsuzaki, K.3
  • 24
    • 0036491189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and identification of a new bifidogenic growth stimulator produced by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3
    • Isawa K, Hojo K, Yoda N, et al. Isolation and identification of a new bifidogenic growth stimulator produced by Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002;66:679-81.
    • (2002) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , vol.66 , pp. 679-681
    • Isawa, K.1    Hojo, K.2    Yoda, N.3
  • 25
    • 0020633144 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K biosynthesis in bacteria - Precursors, intermediates, enzymes, and genes
    • Bentley R, Meganathan R. Vitamin K biosynthesis in bacteria - precursors, intermediates, enzymes, and genes. J Nat Prod 1983;46:44-59.
    • (1983) J Nat Prod , vol.46 , pp. 44-59
    • Bentley, R.1    Meganathan, R.2
  • 26
    • 0029127778 scopus 로고
    • Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease
    • Elson CO, Sartor RB, Tennyson GS, et al. Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1344-67.
    • (1995) Gastroenterology , vol.109 , pp. 1344-1367
    • Elson, C.O.1    Sartor, R.B.2    Tennyson, G.S.3
  • 27
    • 0027224059 scopus 로고
    • Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis
    • Cooper HS, Murthy SN, Shah RS, et al. Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis. Lab Invest 1993;69:238-49.
    • (1993) Lab Invest , vol.69 , pp. 238-249
    • Cooper, H.S.1    Murthy, S.N.2    Shah, R.S.3
  • 28
    • 0017277554 scopus 로고
    • The fecal flora of man. IV. Communication: Comparison of the newly developed method with the old conventional method for the analysis of intestinal flora
    • author's translation
    • Mitsuoka T, Ohno K, Benno Y, et al. [The fecal flora of man. IV. Communication: Comparison of the newly developed method with the old conventional method for the analysis of intestinal flora (author's translation)], Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1976;234:219-33.
    • (1976) Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] , vol.234 , pp. 219-233
    • Mitsuoka, T.1    Ohno, K.2    Benno, Y.3
  • 29
    • 0027957422 scopus 로고
    • Galactosylsucrose and xylosylfructoside alter digestive tract size and concentrations of cecal organic acids in rats fed diets containing cholesterol and cholic acid
    • Hoshi S, Sakata T, Mikuni K, et al. Galactosylsucrose and xylosylfructoside alter digestive tract size and concentrations of cecal organic acids in rats fed diets containing cholesterol and cholic acid. J Nutr 1994;124:52-60.
    • (1994) J Nutr , vol.124 , pp. 52-60
    • Hoshi, S.1    Sakata, T.2    Mikuni, K.3
  • 30
    • 0027237424 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1
    • Berlin C, Berg EL, Briskin MJ, et al. Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell 1993;74:185-95.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.74 , pp. 185-195
    • Berlin, C.1    Berg, E.L.2    Briskin, M.J.3
  • 31
    • 0032733508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of lymphocyte-endothelial receptor-ligand pairs, alpha4beta7/MAdCAM-1 and OX40/OX40 ligand in the colon and jejunum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Souza HS, Elia CC, Spencer J, et al. Expression of lymphocyte-endothelial receptor-ligand pairs, alpha4beta7/MAdCAM-1 and OX40/OX40 ligand in the colon and jejunum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1999;45:856-63.
    • (1999) Gut , vol.45 , pp. 856-863
    • Souza, H.S.1    Elia, C.C.2    Spencer, J.3
  • 32
    • 0026717902 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine production in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Nakamura M, Saito H, Kasanuki J, et al. Cytokine production in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1992;33:933-7.
    • (1992) Gut , vol.33 , pp. 933-937
    • Nakamura, M.1    Saito, H.2    Kasanuki, J.3
  • 33
    • 0027371220 scopus 로고
    • The Peyer's patch high endothelial receptor for lymphocytes, the mucosal vascular addressin, is induced on a murine endothelial cell line by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1
    • Sikorski EE, Hallmann R, Berg EL, et al. The Peyer's patch high endothelial receptor for lymphocytes, the mucosal vascular addressin, is induced on a murine endothelial cell line by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1. J Immunol 1993;151:5239-50.
    • (1993) J Immunol , vol.151 , pp. 5239-5250
    • Sikorski, E.E.1    Hallmann, R.2    Berg, E.L.3
  • 34
    • 0033034365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils
    • Takeda K, Clausen BE, Kaisho T, et al. Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. Immunity 1999;10:39-49.
    • (1999) Immunity , vol.10 , pp. 39-49
    • Takeda, K.1    Clausen, B.E.2    Kaisho, T.3
  • 35
    • 19644386689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium progresses into chronicity in C57BL/6 but not in BALB/c mice: Correlation between symptoms and inflammation
    • Melgar S, Karlsson A, Michaelsson E. Acute colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium progresses into chronicity in C57BL/6 but not in BALB/c mice: correlation between symptoms and inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005;288:G1328-38.
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , vol.288
    • Melgar, S.1    Karlsson, A.2    Michaelsson, E.3
  • 36
    • 0026709751 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine messenger RNA profiles in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification
    • Isaacs KL, Sartor RB, Haskill S. Cytokine messenger RNA profiles in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1587-95.
    • (1992) Gastroenterology , vol.103 , pp. 1587-1595
    • Isaacs, K.L.1    Sartor, R.B.2    Haskill, S.3
  • 37
    • 11144358366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot randomized trial of a human anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in active Crohn's disease
    • Ito H, Takazoe M, Fukuda Y, et al. A pilot randomized trial of a human anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126:989-96.
    • (2004) Gastroenterology , vol.126 , pp. 989-996
    • Ito, H.1    Takazoe, M.2    Fukuda, Y.3
  • 38
    • 4644234292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prebiotic combination inulin and oligofructose prevents colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats
    • Hoentjen FZX, Tannock GW, Dieleman LA. The prebiotic combination inulin and oligofructose prevents colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. Can J Gastroenterol. 2004;18: (suppl A)).
    • (2004) Can J Gastroenterol , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Hoentjen, F.Z.X.1    Tannock, G.W.2    Dieleman, L.A.3
  • 39
    • 4243907305 scopus 로고
    • Enteric microbial ecology and infection, part 1 bacteria
    • Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk JE, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders
    • Keusch GT GS. Enteric microbial ecology and infection, part 1 bacteria. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk JE, eds. Bockus gastroenterology, vol 2, 5th Edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995:1115-1130.
    • (1995) Bockus Gastroenterology, Vol 2, 5th Edn. , pp. 1115-1130
    • Keusch, G.T.G.S.1
  • 40
    • 0017724294 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the bifidobacteria
    • Mitsuoka T, Kaneuchi C. Ecology of the bifidobacteria. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1799-810.
    • (1977) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.30 , pp. 1799-1810
    • Mitsuoka, T.1    Kaneuchi, C.2
  • 41
    • 0036117798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the bacterial flora of the neoterminal ileum after ileocolonic resection ror Crohn's disease
    • Neut C, Bulois P, Desreumaux P, et al. Changes in the bacterial flora of the neoterminal ileum after ileocolonic resection ror Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:939-46.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , pp. 939-946
    • Neut, C.1    Bulois, P.2    Desreumaux, P.3
  • 42
    • 0023236367 scopus 로고
    • Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: A possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors
    • Sakata T. Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors. Br J Nutr 1987;58:95-103.
    • (1987) Br J Nutr , vol.58 , pp. 95-103
    • Sakata, T.1
  • 43
    • 0019940133 scopus 로고
    • Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon
    • Roediger WE. Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology 1982;83:424-9.
    • (1982) Gastroenterology , vol.83 , pp. 424-429
    • Roediger, W.E.1
  • 44
    • 0036381049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new prebiotic from germinated barley for nutraceufical treatment of ulcerative colitis
    • Bamba T, Kanauchi O, Andoh A, et al. A new prebiotic from germinated barley for nutraceufical treatment of ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:818-24.
    • (2002) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.17 , pp. 818-824
    • Bamba, T.1    Kanauchi, O.2    Andoh, A.3
  • 45
    • 0037300253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germinated barley foodstuff, a prebiotic product, ameliorates inflammation of colitis through modulation of the enteric environment
    • Kanauchi O, Serizawa I, Araki Y, et al. Germinated barley foodstuff, a prebiotic product, ameliorates inflammation of colitis through modulation of the enteric environment. J Gastroenterol 2003;38:134-41.
    • (2003) J Gastroenterol , vol.38 , pp. 134-141
    • Kanauchi, O.1    Serizawa, I.2    Araki, Y.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.