Epidemiology and natural history of primary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;Epidemiología e historia natural de la hepatopatía grasa no alcohólica primaria

Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 244-254

  Moreno Sanchez D ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL DE MÓSTOLES   (Spain)

^b CS Embajadores   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LIVER ENZYME;

CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FATTY LIVER; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STEATOSIS;

EID: 33646251139     PISSN: 02105705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1157/13085972     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Moreno Sánchez D. Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. An Med Intern (Madrid). 1989;6:100-3.
2. Moreno Sánchez D, Castellano Tortajada G. El higado en la obesidad. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1993;16:550-8.
3. Caballería J, Rodés J. Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. Med Clin (Barc). 2003;120:670-5.
4. Clemente Ricote G, García Monzón C. Estado actual de la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. Med Clin (Barc). 2003;121:102-8.
5. Moreno Sánchez D. Patogenia de la hepatopatía grasa no alcohólica primaria. Med Clin (Barc). 2005;124:668-77.
6. Harrison SA, Di Bisceglie AM. Advances in the understanding and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Drugs 2003;63:2379-94.
7. Reaven GM. Syndrome X: 10 years after. Drugs. 1999;58 Suppl 1:19-20.
8. Castellano Tortajada G, Moreno Sánchez D. Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, ¿una nueva entidad? En: Rodés J, Arroyo V, Piqué JM, editores. Controversias en gastroenterología. Barcelona: Doyma S.A.; 1992;1:103-8.
9. Moreno Sánchez D, Solís Herruzo JA, Vargas Castrillón J, Colina Ruiz-Delgado F, Lizasoain Hernández M. Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. Estudio clinicoanalítico de 40 casos. Med Clin (Barc). 1987;89:188-93.
10. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hither to unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:434-8.
11. Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology. 1990;11:74-80.
12. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology. 2003;37:1202-19.
13. Zafrani ES. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum. Virchows Arch. 2004;444:3-12.
14. Moreno Sánchez D. Tratamiento médico de la hepatopatía grasa no alcohólica primaria. Med Clin (Barc). 2005;125:108-16.
15. Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad (SEEDO). Consenso SEEDO' 2000 para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad y el establecimiento de criterios de intervención terapéutica. Med Clin (Barc). 2000;115:587-97.
16. Collantes R, Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the epidemic of obesity. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71:657-64.
17. Roth J, Qiang X, Marban SL, Redelt H, Lowell BC. The obesity pandemic: where have we been and where are we going? Obes Res. 2004;12 Suppl 2:88-101.
18. Lonardo A, Bellino M, Tartoni P, Tondelli E. The bright liver syndrome: prevalence and determinants of a «bright» liver echo pattern. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997;29:351-6.
19. Omagari K, Kadokawa Y, Masuda J, Egawa I, Sawa T, Hazama H, et al. Fatty liver in non-alcoholic non-overweight Japanese adults: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:1098-105.
20. El-Hassan AY, Ibrahim EM, Al-Mulhim FA, Nabhan AA, Chammas MY. Fatty infiltration of the liver: analysis of prevalence, radiological and clinical features and influence on patient management. Br J Radiol. 1992;65:774-8.
21. Hultcrantz R, Glaumann H, Lindberg G, Nilsson LH. Liver investigation in 149 asymptomatic patients with moderately elevated activities of serum aminotransferases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986;21:109-13.
22. Propst A, Propst T, Judmaier G, Vogel W. Prognosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1607.
23. Nonomura A, Mizukami Y, Unoura M, Kobayashi K, Takeda Y, Takeda R. Clinicopathologic study of alcohol-like liver disease in non-alcoholics; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1992;27:521-8.
24. Marceau P, Biron S, Hould FS, Marceau S, Simard S, Thung SN, et al. Liver pathology and the metabolic syndrome X in severe obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1513-7.
25. Dixon JB, Bhathal PS, O'Brien PE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:91-100.
26. Del Gaudio A, Boschi L, Del Gaudio GA, Mastrangelo L, Munari D. Liver damage in obese patients. Obes Surg. 2002;12:802-4.
27. Beymer C, Kowdley KV, Larson A, Edmonson P, Dellinger EP, Flum DR. Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic liver disease in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Arch Surg. 2003;138:1240-4.
28. Shalhub S, Parsee A, Gallagher SF, Haines KL, Willkomm C, Brantley SG, et al. The importance of routine liver biopsy in diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in bariatric patients. Obes Surg. 2004;14:54-9.
29. Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology. 1990;12:1106-10.
30. Nomura H, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, Kajiyama W, Tani S, Goto M. Prevalence of fatty liver in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Jpn J Med. 1988;27:142-9.
31. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, Croce LS, Brandi G. Sasso F, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:112-7.
32. Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D, Browning JD, Reingold JS, Grundy S, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E462-E8.
33. Hilden M, Christoffersen P, Juhle E, Dalgaard JB. Liver histology in a «normal» population examinations of 503 consecutive fatal traffic casualties. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1977;12:593-7.
34. Ground KE. Liver pathology in aircrew. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1982;53:14-8.
35. Daniel S, Ben-Menachem T, Vasudevan G, Ma CK, Blumenkehl M. Prospective evaluation of unexplained chronic liver transaminase abnormalities in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:3010-4.
36. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AME. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the most common cause of abnormal liver enzymes in the U.S. population. Gastroenterology. 2001;120 Suppl 1:A65.
37. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1649-57.
38. Clark JM, Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an underrecognized cause of criptogenic cirrhosis. JAMA. 2003;289:3000-4.
39. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:960-7.
40. De Ledinghen V, Combes M, Trouette H, Winnock M, Amouretti M, De Mascarel A, et al. Should a liver biopsy be done in patients with subclinical chronically elevated transaminases? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16:879-83.
41. Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Iezzoni JC, Hespenheide EE, Battle EH, Driscoll CJ. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology. 1999;29:664-9.
42. Poonawala A, Nair SP, Thuluvath PJ. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis: a case-control study. Hepatology. 2000;32:689-92.
43. Browning JD, Kumar KS, Saboorian MH, Thiele DL. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:292-8.
44. Sutedja DS, Gow PJ, Hubscher SG, Elias E. Revealing the cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis by posttransplant liver biopsy. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:2334-7.
45. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2003;124;71-9.
46. Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A, Della TE, Butelli S, Del Vecchio E, et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:1-10.
47. Clark JM, Diehl AM. Defining nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for epidemiologic studies. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:248-50.
48. Viral hepatitis. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics [consultado 07/11/2002]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/ viralhep.pdf
49. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1221-31.
50. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends. 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:39-47.
51. Silverman JF, O'Brien KI, Long S, Legett N, Khozonie PG, Pories WJ, et al. Liver pathology in morbidly obese patients with and without diabetes. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;84:1349-55.
52. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, Eberhardt MS, Goldstein DE, Little RR, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:518-24.
53. Creutzfeldt W, Frerichs H, Sickinger K. Liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. Prog Liver Dis. 1970;3:371-407.
54. Bellentani S, Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Tiribelli C. The epidemiology of fatty liver. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16:1087-93.
55. Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 2000;404:635-43.
56. Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM, Hoerger TJ, Geiss LS, Chen H, et al. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the US. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1936-40.
57. Flegal KM. Trends in body weight and overweight in the U.S. population. Nutr Rev. 1996;54:S97-S100.
58. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trend in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1723-7.
59. Okosun IS, Chandra KM, Boev A, Boltri JM, Choi ST, Parish DC, et al. Abdominal adiposity in U.S. adults: prevalence and trends, 1960-2000. Prev Med. 2004;39:197-206.
60. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemic of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2001;286:1195-200.
61. Sanyal AJ. AGA technical review of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1705-25.
62. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362-74.
63. Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the pediatric population. Clin Liver Dis. 2004;8:549-58.
64. Itoh S, Yougel T, Kawagoe K. Comparison between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82:650-4.
65. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohol-like liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:1056-62.
66. Lee RG. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:594-8.
67. Pinto HC, Baptista A, Camilo ME, Valente A, Saragoca A, De Moura MC. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinicopathological comparison with alcoholic hepatitis in ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:172-9.
68. Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1356-62.
69. García-Monzón C, Martín-Pérez E, Lo Iacono O, Fernández-Bermejo M, Majano PL, Apolinario A, et al. Characterization of pathogenic and prognostic factors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with obesity. J Hepatol. 2000;33:716-24.
70. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCuIlough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1413-9.
71. Shimada M, Hashimoto E, Kaneda H, Noguchi S, Hayashi N. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: risk factors for liver fibrosis. Hepatol Res. 2002;24:429-38.
72. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1103-9.
73. Teli MR, James OFW, Burt AD, Bennett MK, Day CP. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study. Hepatology. 1995;22:1714-9.
74. Harrison SA, Hiyashi P. Clinical factors associated with fibrosis in 102 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:412A.
75. Chitturi S, Weltman M, Farrell GC, McDonald D, Kench J, Liddle C, et al. HFE mutations, hepatic iron, and fibrosis: ethnic-specific association of NASH with C282Y but not with fibrotic severity. Hepatology. 2002;36:142-9.
76. Sinha R, Fiesch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1756.
77. Baldridge AD, Pérez-Atayde AR, Graeme-Cook F, Higgins L, Lavine JE. Idiopathic steatohepatitis in childhood: a multicenter retrospective study. J Pediatr. 1995;127:700-4.
78. Rashid M, Roberts EA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:48-53.
79. Strauss RS, Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Prevalence of abnormal serum aminotransferase values in overweight and obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 2000;136:727-33.
80. Kemmer NM, McKinney KH, Xiao SY, Singh H, Murray R, Abdo B, et al. High prevalence of NASH among Mexican American females with tipe II diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:A117.
81. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, Nuremberg P, Horton JD, Cohen JC, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology. 2004;40:1387-95.
82. Caldwell SH, Harris DM, Patrie JT, Hespenheide EE. Is NASH underdiagnosed among African-Americans? Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1496-500.
83. Lee JH, Doe J. Familial risk ratios for extreme obesity: implications for mapping human obesity genes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21:935-40.
84. Trevisan R. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13 Suppl:2-5.
85. Struben VMD, Hespenheide EE, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis within kindreds. Am J Med. 2000;108:9-13.
86. Willner IR, Waters B, Patil SR, Reuben A, Morelli J, Riely CA. Ninety patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin resistance, familial tendency and severity of disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2957-61.
87. Bataller R. Los polimorfismos genéticos y las enfermedades del hígado. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;26:307-9.
88. Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F, Bruckert E, Thibault V, Theodorou I, et al. Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:1117-23.
89. Moreno Sánchez D, Casis Herce B, Martín Algíbez A, Nevado Santos M, Colina Ruiz-Delgado F, Galvao Filho O, et al. Esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. Evolución clínica e histológica a medio plazo de diez pacientes. Med Clin (Barc). 1991;96:733-6.
90. Harrison SA, Torgenson S, Hayashi PH. The natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical histopathologic study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2042-7.
91. Fassio E, Álvarez E, Domínguez N, Landeira G, Longo C. Natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a longitudinal study of repeat liver biopsies. Hepatology. 2004;40:820-6.
92. Hui AY, Wong VWS, Chan HLY, Liew CT, Chan JLY, Chan FKL, et al. Histological progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:407-13.
93. Nagore N, Scheuer PJ. The pathology of diabetic hepatitis. J Pathol. 1988;156:155-60.
94. Evans CD, Oien KA, MacSween RN, Mills PR. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a common cause of progressive chronic liver injury? J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:689-92.
95. Dam-Larsen S, Franzmann M, Andersen IB, Christoffersen P, Jensen LB, Sorensen TI, et al. Long term prognosis of fatty liver: risk of chronic liver disease and death. Gut. 2004;53:750-5.
96. Contos MJ, Cales W, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Shiffman ML, Mills AS, et al. Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Liver Transp. 2001;7:363-73.
97. Andersen T, Gluud C, Franzmann MB, Christoffersen P. Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. J Hepatol. 1991;12:224-9.
98. Drenick EJ, Simmons F, Murphy J. Effect on hepatic morphology of treatment of obesity by fasting, reducing diets and small bowel bypass. N Engl J Med. 1970;282:829-34.
99. Luyckx FH, Desaive C, Thiry A, Dewe W, Scheen AJ, Gielen JE, et al. Liver abnormalities in severely obese subjects: effect of drastic weight loss after gastroplasty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:222-6.
100. Ghany MG, Kleiner DE, Alter H, Doo E, Khokar F, Promrat K, et al. Progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:97-140.
101. Bugianesi F, Leone N, Vanni E, Marchesini G, Brunello F, Carucci P, et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:134-40.
102. Shimada M, Hashimoto E, Taniai M, Hasegawa K, Okuda H, Hayashi N, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2002;37:154-60.
103. Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Is hepatocellular carcinoma part of the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Gastroeneterology. 2002;123:375-8.
104. Zen Y, Katayanagi K, Tsuneyama K, Harada K, Araki I, Nakanuma Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma arising in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Pathol Int. 2001;51:127-31.
105. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Su GL, Conjeevaram HS, Emick DM, Lok AS. NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Hepatology. 2002;36:1349-54.
106. Regimbeau JM, Colombat M, Mognol P, Durand F, Abdalla E, Degott C, et al. Obesity and diabetes as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transp. 2004;10 (2 Suppl 1):69-73.
107. Ratziu V, Bonhay L, DiMartino V, Charlotte F, Cavallaro L, Sayegh-Taninturier MH, et al. Survival, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma in obesity-related cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2002;35:1485-93.
108. Hui JM, Kench JG, Chitturi S, Sud A, Farrell GC, Byth K, et al. Long-term outcomes of cirrhosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38:420-7.
109. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2004;127 (5 Suppl 1):27-34.
110. McCullough AJ. Natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. En: Arroyo V, Forns X, García-Pagán JC, editors. Progress in the treatment of liver diseases. Barcelona: Ars Medica; 2003. p. 219-25.
111. Sorrentino P, Tarantino G, Conca P, Perrella A, Terracciano ML, Vecchione R, et al. Silent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - a clinical-histological study. J Hepatol. 2004;41:751-7.
112. Angulo P, Alba LM, Petrovic LM, Adams LA, Lindor KD, Jensen MD. Leptin, insulin resistance, and liver fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2004;41:943-9.
113. Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:262-5.
114. Nanji AA, French SW, Freeman JB. Serum alanine aminotransferase to aspartate aminotransferase ratio and degree of fatty liver in morbidly obese patients. Enzyme. 1986;36:266-9.
115. Fargion S, Mattioli M, Fracanzani AL, Sampietro M, Tavazzi D, Fociani P, et al. Hyperferritinemia, iron overload, and multiple metabolic alterations identify patients at risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2448-55.
116. Valenti L, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL, Santorelli G, Fatta E, Bertelli C, et al. Increased susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in heterozygotes for the mutation responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2003;35:172-8.
117. Bugianesi E, Manzini P, D'Antico S, Vanni E, Longo F, Leone N, et al. Relative contribution of iron burden, HFE mutations, and insulin resistance to fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatology. 2004;39:179-87.
118. George DK, Goldwurm S, MacDonald GA, Cowley LL, Walker NI, Ward PJ, et al. Increased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:311-8.
119. Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Bacon BR, Matteoni CA, Boparai N, O'Neill R, et al. Hepatic iron and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 1999;30:847-50.
120. Bonkovsky HL, Jawaid Q, Tortorelli K, LeClair P, Cobb J, Lambrecht RW, et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and iron: increased prevalence of mutations of the HFE gene in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:421-9.
121. Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, Gambino R, Mecca F, Depetris N, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistence, and metabolic syndrome. Further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology. 2002;35:367-72.
122. Pérez-Aguilar F, Benlloch S, Berenguer M. Estudio de pacientes remitidos por elevación de la ferritina y/o saturación de la transferrina: importancia del hígado graso no alcohólico. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;27:508-14.
123. Mendler MH, Turlin B, Moirand R, Jouanolle AM, Sapey T, Guyader D, et al. Insulin resistance-associated hepatic iron overload. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:1155-63.
124. Chitturi S, George J. Interaction of iron, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2003;5:18-25.
125. Solís Herruzo JA, Solís-Muñoz P. Hierro, virus C y esteatosis hepática. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004;96:809-17.
126. Laine F, Bendavid C, Moirand R, Tessier S, Perrin M, Guillygomarc'h A, et al. Prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with features of the metabolic syndrome regardless of alcohol consumption. Hepatology. 2004;39:1639-46.
127. Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D, et al. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1704-13.
128. Klain J, Fraser D, Goldstein J, Peiser J, Avinoah E, Ovnat A, et al. Liver histology abnormalities in the morbidly obese. Hepatology. 1989;10:873-6.
129. Hilden M, Juhl E, Thomen AC, Christoffersen P. Fatty liver persisting for up to 33 years. Acta Med Scand. 1973;194:485-9.
130. Adler M, Schaffner F. Fatty liver hepatitis and cirrhosis in obese patients. Am J Med. 1979;67:811-6.
131. Gines P, Quintero E, Arroyo V, Teres J, Bruguera M, Rimola A, et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. Hepatology. 1987;7:122-8.
132. Sasaki A, Horiuchi N, Hasegawa K, Uehara M. Mortality and causes of death in type 2 diabetic patients: a long-term follow-up study in Osaka District, Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Prac. 1989;7Suppl:33-40.