Improving land-surface parameterization schemes using stable water isotopes: Introducing the 'iPILPS' initiative

Global and Planetary Change

Volumn 51, Issue 1-2 SPEC. ISS., 2006, Pages 3-24

  Henderson Sellers, A ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION   (Australia)

Author keywords

climate modelling; isotopes; land surface; model intercomparison projects (MIPs); Project for Intercomparison of Land surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS); surface atmosphere parameterization

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CLIMATE CHANGE; LAND SURFACE; PARAMETERIZATION; SURFACE ENERGY;

EID: 33646170441     PISSN: 09218181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.009     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Avissar R. Conceptual aspects of a statistical-dynamical approach to represent landscape subgrid-scale heterogeneities in atmospheric models. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 2729-2742
2. Bonan G.B., Oleson K.W., Vertenstein M., Levis S., Zeng X., Dai Y., Dickinson R.E., and Yang Z.-L. The land surface climatology of the community land model coupled to the NCAR community climate model. J. Clim. 15 (2003) 3123-3149
3. Bosilovich M.G., and Shubert S.D. Water vapour tracers as diagnostics of the regional hydrologic cycle. J. Hydrometeorol. 3 (2002) 149-165
4. Bowling L.C., Lettenmaier D.P., Nijssen B., Graham L.P., Clark D.B., El Maayar M., Essery R., Goers S., Gusev Y.M., Habets F., et al. Simulation of high-latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kaliz basin: PILPS Phase 2(e): 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons. Glob. Planet. Change 38 1-2 (2003) 1-30
5. Chen T.H., Henderson-Sellers A., Milly P.C.D., Pitman A.J., Beljaars A.C.M., Polcher J., Abramopoulos F., Boone A., Chang S., Chen F., Dai Y., Desborough C.E., Dickinson R.E., Dumenil L., Ek M., Garratt J.R., Gedney N., Gusev Y.M., Kim J., Koster R., Kowalczyk E.A., Laval K., Lean J., Lettenmaier D., Liang X., Mahfouf J.-F., Megelkamp H.-T., Mitchell K., Nasonova O.N., Noilhan J., Robock A., Rozensweig C., Schaake J., Schlosser A., Schulz J.P., Shao Y., Shmakin A.B., Verseghy D.L., Wetzel P., Wood E.F., Xue Y., Yang Z.-L., and Zeng Q. Cabauw experimental results from the project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes. J. Climate 10 (1997) 1194-1215
6. Cornwell, A.R., Harvey, L.D.D., in press. How should we model the soil moisture response to climatic change? Clim. Change.
7. Craig H., and Gordon L.I. Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere. In: Tongiori E. (Ed). Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures (1965), Lab.de Geologica Nucleare, Pisa 9-130
8. Dai Y., Zeng X., Dickinson R.E., Baker I., Bonan G.B., Bosilovich M.G., Denning A.S., Dirmeyer P.A., Houser P.R., Niu G., Oleson K.W., Schlosser C.A., and Yang Z.-L. The common land model. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 84 (2003) 1013-1023
9. Dansgaard W. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16 (1964) 436-468
10. de Martonne E. Regions of interior basin drainage. Geogr. Rev. 17 (1927) 397-414
11. Desborough C.E. Surface energy balance complexity in GCM land surface models. Clim. Dyn. 15 (1999) 389-403
12. Dickinson, R.E., Oleson, K.W., Bonan, G., Hoffman, F., Thornton, P., Vertenstein, M., Yang, Z.-L., Zeng, X., in press. The community land model and its climate statistics as a component of the community climate system model. JCLI CCSM special issue.
13. Dole M., Lane G.A., Rudd D.P., and Zaukelies D.A. Isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 6 (1954) 65-78 10.1016/0016-7037(54)90016-2
14. EPICA community members. Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 242 (2004) 623-628
15. Famiglietti J.S., and Wood E.F. Effects of spatial variability and scale on areally averaged evapotranspiration. Water Resour. Res. 31 (1995) 699-712
16. 2. Nature 363 (1993) 439-443
17. Fekete, B.M., Vorosmarty, C.J., Grabs, W., 2000. Global, composite runoff fields based on observed river discharge and simulated water balances. GRDC Report, 22 Also available on line www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Data/runoff.zip.
18. Fischer M. CHASM, a flexible land-surface model that incorporates stable water isotopes. Glob. Planet. Change. 51 (2006) 121-130 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.008
19. Fischer M., and Sturm K. REMOiso forcing for the IPILPS Phase I experiments and the performance of REMOiso in three domains. Glob. Planet. Change. 51 (2006) 73-89 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.006
20. Froehlich K., Gibson J.J., and Aggarwal P. Deuterium excess in precipitation and its climatological significance. Study of environmental change using isotope techniques. C&S Papers Series 13/P (2002), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. 92-0-116402-5 54-65
21. Gat J.R. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the hydrological cycle. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 24 (1996) 225-262
22. Gat J.R. Atmospheric water balance-the isotopic perspective. Hydrol. Proc. 14 (2000) 1357-1369
23. Gat J.R., and Matsui E. Atmospheric water balance in the Amazon basin: an isotopic evapotranspiration model. J. Geophys. Res. 96 D7 (1991) 13,179-13,188
24. Gates W.L., Henderson-Sellers A., Boer G.J., Folland C.K., Kitoh A., McAvaney B.J., Semazzi F., Smith N., Weaver A.J., and Zeng Q.-C. Climate models-evaluation. In: Houghton J.T., Meira Filho L.G., Callander B.A., Harris N., Kattenberg A., and Maskell K. (Eds). Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change (1996), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 229-284
25. Gates W.L., Boyle J.S., Covey C., Dease C.G., Doutriaux C.M., Drach R.S., Fiorino M., Gleckler P.J., Marlais S., Phillips T.J., Potter G.L., Santer B.D., Sperber K.R., Taylor K.E., and Williams D.N. An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80 (1999) 29-55
26. Gibson J.J., and Edwards T.W.D. Regional water balance trends and evaporation-transpiration partitioning from a stable isotope survey of lakes in northern Canada. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 16 (2002) 10.1029/2001GB001839
27. Gibson, J.K., Kallberg, P., Uppala, S., Hernandez, A., Normura, A., Serrano, E., 1997. ERA description, ECMWF Re-Analysis Project Report Series, 1, 72 pp. ECMWF Reading RG2 AX, UK.
28. Gibson J.J., Aggarwal P., Hogan J., Kendall C., Martinelli L.A., Stichler W., Rank D., Goni I., Choudury M., Gat J., Bhattacharya S., Sugimoto A., Fekete B., Pietroniro A., Maurer T., Panarello H., Stone D., Seyler P., Maurice-Bourgoin L., and Herzceg A. Isotope studies in large river basins: a new global research focus. EOS 83 52 (2002) 613-617
29. Gonfiantini R. Environmental isotopes in lake studies. In: Fritz P., and Fontes J.C. (Eds). Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry vol. 3 (1986), Elsevier, New York 113-168
30. 18O in Piper aduncum under field conditions. Plant Cell Environ. 21 (1998) 269-283
31. Henderson-Sellers A. A factorial assessment of the sensitivity of the BATS land-surface parameterization scheme. J. Climate 6 2 (1993) 227-247
32. Henderson-Sellers A., and Brown V.B. PILPS: Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes. Workshop Report and First Science Plan. IGPO Publication Series vol. 5 (1992), Science and Technology Corporation, Hampton, VA 51 pp.
33. Henderson-Sellers A., Yang Z.L., and Dickinson R.E. The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Schemes (PILPS). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74 (1993) 1335-1349
34. Henderson-Sellers A., McGuffie K., and Zhang H. Stable isotopes as validation tools for global climate model predictions of the impact of Amazonian deforestation. J. Climate 15 18 (2002) 2664-2677
35. Henderson-Sellers A., Irannejad P., McGuffie K., and Pitman A.J. Predicting land-surface climates-better skill or moving targets?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 14 (2003) 1777-1780
36. Henderson-Sellers A., Irannejad P., McGuffie K., Sharmeen S., Phillips T.J., McGuffie K., and Zhang H. Evaluating GEWEX CSES' simulated land-surface water budget components. GEWEX News (2003) 3-6 (August)
37. Henderson-Sellers A., McGuffie K., Noone D., and Irannejad P. Using stable water isotopes to evaluate basin-scale simulations of surface water budgets. J. Hydrometeorol. 5 5 (2004) 805-822
38. Henderson-Sellers A., Fischer M., Aleinov I., McGuffie K., Riley W.J., Schmidt G., Sturm K., and Yoshimura K. Stable water isotope simulations by current land-surface schemes: results of iPILPS Phase 1. Glob. Planet. Change. 51 (2006) 34-58 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.01.003
39. Hoffmann G., Werner M., and Heimann M. Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: a study on timescales from days to several years. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 16871-16896
40. Hoffmann G., Ramirez E., Taupin J.D., Francou B., Ribstein P., Delmas R., Dürr H., Gallaire R., Simões J., Schotterer U., Stievenard M., and Werner M. Coherent isotope history of Andean ice cores over the last century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 4 (2003) 1179 10.1029/2002GL014870
41. Ingraham N.L., and Craig R.C. Hydrogen isotope study of large-scale meteoric water transport in northern California and Nevada. J. Hydrol. 85 (1986) 183-197
42. Irannejad, P., Henderson-Sellers, A., submitted for publication. Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model simulations of the land-surface water budget and its components over the GEWEX-CEOP regions. J. Hydrometeorol.
43. Irannejad, P., Henderson-Sellers, A., Shao, Y., Love, P.K., 1995. Comparison of AMIP and PILPS off-line landsurface simulations. In: Proceedings of the First International AMIP Scientific Conference, Monterey, California, USA, 15-19 May 1995, WCRP-92, WMO/TD-No. 732, 465-470.
44. Irannejad P., Henderson-Sellers A., Phillips T., and McGuffie K. Analysis of AMIP II models' simulation of land surface climates. GEWEX News 10 (2000) 5-8
45. Irannejad P., Henderson-Sellers A., and Sharmeen S. Importance of land-surface parameterisation for latent heat simulation in global atmospheric models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 17 (2003) 1904-1907
46. Joussaume S., Sadourny R., and Jouzel J. A general circulation model of water isotopes cycles in the atmosphere. Nature 311 (1984) 24-29
47. 18O atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS General Circulation Model: the seasonal cycle for present day conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 92 (1987) 14739-14760
48. Kanamitsu M., Ebisuaki W., Woolen J., Potter J., and Fiorino M. An overview of NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2. Second WCRP International Conference on Reanalyses (2000)
49. Keeling C.D. The concentration and isotopic abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural and marine areas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 13 (1958) 322-334
50. Kistler R., Kalnay E., Collins W., Saha S., White G., Woollen J., Chelliah M., Ebisuzaki W., Kanamitsu M., Kousky V., van den Dool H., Jenne R., and Fiorino M. The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc. 82 (2001) 247-268
51. Koster R.D., Suarez M.J., Liu P., Jambor U., Kistler M., Berg A., Reichle R., Rodell M., and Famiglietti J. Realistic initialization of land surface states: impacts on subseasonal forecast skill. J. Hydrometeorol. 5 6 (2004) 1049-1063
52. Liang X., Lettenmaier D.P., Wood E.F., and Burges S.J. A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 99 D7 (1994) 14415-14428
53. Libby L.M., Pandolfi L.J., Payton P.H., Marshall J., Becker B., and Giertz-Sienbenlist V. Isotopic tree thermometers. Nature 261 (1976) 284-288
54. Love, P.K., Henderson-Sellers, A., Irannejad, P., 1995. AMIP diagnostic subproject 12 (PILPS Phase 3): land surface processes. In: Proceedings of the First International AMIP Scientific Conference, Monterey, California, USA, 15-19 May 1995, WCRP-92, WMO/TD-No. 732.
55. Luo L., Robock A., Vinnikov K.Y., Schlosser C.A., Slater A.G., Boone A., Braden H., Cox P., de Rosnay P., Dickinson R.E., Dai Y.-J., Duan Q., Entin J., Etchevers P., Henderson-Sellers A., Gedney N., Gusev Y.M., Habets F., Kim J., Kowalczyk E., Mitchell K., Nasonova O.N., Noilhan J., Pitman A.J., Schaake J., Shmakin A.B., Smirnova T.G., Verseghy D., Wetzel P., Xue Y., Yang Z.-L., and Zeng Q.C. Effects of frozen soil on soil temperature, spring infiltration, and runoff: results from the PILPS 2(d) experiment at Valdai, Russia. J. Hydrometeorol. 4 (2003) 334-351
56. Manabe S. Climate and ocean circulation: 1. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface. Mon. Weather Rev. 97 (1969) 739-774
57. Matsui E., Salati E., Ribeiro M.N.G., Reis C.M., Tancredi A.C.S.N.F., and Gat J.R. Precipitation in the central Amazon basin: the isotopic composition of rain and atmospheric moisture at Belem and Manaus. Acta Amazon. 13 (1983) 307-369
58. Maurer E.P., Nijssen B., and Lettenmaier D.P. Use of reanalysis land surface water budget variables in hydrologic studies. GEWEX News 10 (2000) 6-8
59. McGuffie K., and Henderson-Sellers A. Stable water isotope characterization of human and natural impacts on land-atmosphere exchanges in the Amazon basin. J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 109 (2004) D17104 10.1029/2003JD004388
60. Moreira M.Z., Sternberg L., da S.L., and Nepstad D.C. Vertical patterns of soil water uptake by plants in a primary forest and an abandoned pasture in the eastern Amazon: an isotopic approach. Plant Soil 222 (2000) 95-107
61. Nijssen B., Schnur R., and Lettenmaier D.P. Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the VIC land surface model, 1980-1993. J. Climate 14 8 (2001) 1790-1808
62. Noone D., and Simmonds I. Implications for the interpretation of ice-core isotope data from analysis of modelled Antarctic precipitation. Ann. Glaciol. 28 (1998) 398-402
63. 18O of water and climate parameters in a simulation of atmospheric circulation for 1979-95. J. Climate 15 (2002) 3150-3169
64. Pan H.-L., and Mahrt L. Interaction between soil hydrology and boundary-layer development. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 38 (1987) 185-202
65. Panarello H.O., Araguás-Araguás L., Gerardo-Abayo J., and Gilbert E. The role of the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) in hydrological and hydroclimatic studies. Isotope Techniques in the Study of Environmental Change. Proc. Symp., IAEA, Vienna, 14-18 April 1997 (1998) 79-91
66. Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.-M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davisk M., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V.Y., Lorius C., Pépin L., Ritz C., Saltzmank E., and Stievenard M. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399 (1999) 429-436
67. 2: contribution of different land ecosystems. Tellus, Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 51 3 (1999) 642-667
68. Pitman A.J., Henderson-Sellers A., Abramopoulos F., Avissar R., Bonan G., Boone A., Cogley J.G., Dickinson R.E., Ek M., Entekhabi D., Famiglietti J., Garratt J.R., Frech M., Hahmann A., Koster R., Kowalczyk E., Laval K., Lean L., Lee T.J., Lettenmaier D., Liang X., Mahfouf J.F., Mahrt L., Milly C., Mitchell K., de Noblet N., Noilhan J., Pan H., Pielke R., Robock A., Rosenzweig C., Running S.W., Schlosser A., Scott R., Suarez M., Thompson S., Verseghy D., Wetzel P., Wood E., Xue Y., Yang Z.L., and Zhang L. Results from the off-line control simulation phase of the Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterisation Schemes (PILPS). GEWEX Tech Note. IGPO Publ. Series vol. 7 (1993) 47
69. Pitman A.J., Henderson-Sellers A., Decborough C.E., Yang Z.-L., Abramopoulos F., Boone A., Dickinson R.E., Gedney N., Koster R., Kowalczyk E., Lettenmaier D., Liang X., Mahfouf J.-F., Noilhan J., Polcher J., Qu W., Robock A., Rosenzweig C., Schlosser C.A., Shmakin A.B., Smith J., Suarez M., Verseghy D., Wetzel P., Wood E., and Xue Y. Key results and implications from Phase 1(c) of the project for the intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes. Clim. Dyn. 15 (1999) 673-684
70. Qu W.Q., and Henderson-Sellers A. Comparing the scatter in PILPS off-line experiments with those in AMIP I coupled experiments. Glob. Planet. Change 19 (1998) 209-224
71. 2 flux. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 8 (2005) 1939-1946
72. 18OO fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere: model description and sensitivity analyses. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 16 (2002) 10.1029/2002GB001878
73. Rivers A.R., and Lynch A.H. On the influence of land cover on early Holocene climate in northern latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 109 (2004) D21114
74. Robock A., Luo L., Wood E.F., Wen F., Mitchell K.E., Houser P.R., Schaake J.C., Lohmann D., Cosgrove B., Sheffield J., Duan Q., Higgins R.W., Pinker R.T., Tarpley j.D., Basara J.B., and Crawford K.C. Evaluation of the North American land data assimilation system over the southern Great Plains during the warm season. J. Geophys. Res. 108 D22 (2003) 8846 10.1029/2002JD003245
75. Rozanski K., Araguas-Araguas L., and Gonfiantini R. Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. Climate change in continental isotopic records. Geophysical Monogr. 78 (1993) 1-36
76. Salati E., and Vose P.B. Amazon basin: a system in equilibrium. Science 225 (1984) 129-137
77. Salati E., Olio A.D., Matsui E., and Gat J.R. Recycling of water in the Amazon basin: an isotopic study. Water Resour. Res. 15 5 (1979) 1250-1258
78. Sato N., Sellers P.J., Randall D.A., Schneider E.K., Shukla J., Kinter J.L., Hou Y.-T., and Albertazzi E. Effects of implementing the Simple Biosphere Model in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 46 (1989) 2757-2782
79. Sellers P.J., Mintz Y., Sud Y.C., and Dalcher A. A Simplified Biosphere Model (SiB) for use within general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 43 (1986) 505-531
80. Shao Y., and Henderson-Sellers A. Modeling soil moisture: a project for intercomparison of land surface parameterization schemes phase 2(b). J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 101 D3 (1996) 7227-7250
81. Slater G., Schlosser C.A., Desborough C.E., Pitman A.J., Henderson-Sellers A., Robock A., Vinnikov Ya.K., Speranskaya N.A., Mitchell K., Boone A., Braden H., Chen F., Cox P., de Rosnay P., Dickinson R.E., Dai Y.-J., Duan Q., Entin J., Etchevers P., Gedney N., Gusev Y.M., Habets F., Kim J., Koren V., Kowalczyk E., Nasonova O.N., Noilhan J., Shaake J., Shmakin A.B., Smirnova T., Verseghy D., Wetzel P., Xue Y., Yang Z.-L., and Zeng Q. The representation of snow in land-surface schemes: results from PILPS 2(d). J. Hydrometeorol. 2 (2001) 7-25
82. Sturm K., Hoffmann G., Langmann B., and Stichler W. Simulation of δ180 in precipitation by the regional circulation model REMOiso. Hydrol. Process. 19 (2005) 3425-3444
83. Sugimoto A., Takata K., Numaguti A., Ichiyanagi K., Kurita N., Yamazaki T., Kotake T., Kubota J., Yanagisawa N., Argunov R., Torgovkin Y., Federov A., and Ohata T. Spatial and seasonal variations in surface soil moisture around Yakursk observed in 2000. Procs. GAME/Siberia Workshop. GAME Publication vol. 30 (2000) 63-73
84. Taylor K.E. Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 7183-7192
85. Twining J., Stone D., Tadros C., Henderson-Sellers A., and Williams A. Moisture Isotopes in the Biosphere and Atmosphere (MIBA) in Australia: A priori estimates and preliminary observations of stable water isotopes in soil, plant and vapour for the Tumbarumba Field Campaign. Glob. Planet. Change. 51 (2006) 59-72 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.005
86. Viovy, N., 2003. GLASS workshop on the PILPS carbon experiment. GEWEX News, August 2003, pp16 and 20 (the full report is at http://www.pilpsc1.cnrs-gif.fr).
87. Wang X.F., and Yakir D. Temporal and spatial variations in oxygen-18 content of leaf water in different plant species. Plant Cell Environ. 18 (1995) 1377-1385
88. Williams D.G., Cable W., Hultine K., Hoedjes J.C.B., Yepez E.A., Simonneaux V., Er-Raki S., Boulet G., de Bruin H.A.R., Chehbouni A., Hartogensis O.K., and Timouk F. Evapotranspiration components determined by stable isotope, sap flow and eddy covariance techniques. Agric. For. Meteorol. 125 (2004) 241-258
89. Wilson M.F., Henderson-Sellers A., Dickinson R.E., and Kennedy P.J. Sensitivity of the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) to the inclusion of variable soil characteristics. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 26 (1987) 341-362
90. Wood E.F., Lettenmaier D.P., Liang X., Lohmann D., Boone A., Chang S., Chen F., Dai Y., Dickinson R.E., Duan Q., Ek M., Gusev Y.M., Habets F., Irannejad P., Koster R., Mitchel K.E., Nasonova O.N., Noilhan J., Schaake J., Schlosser A., Shao Y., Shmakin A.B., Verseghy D., Warrach K., Wetzel Y., Xue Y., Yang Z.-L., and Zeng Q.-C. The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment: 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons. Glob. Planet. Change 19 (1998) 115-135
91. Xiao X., Mellilo J.M., Kicklighter D.W., McGuire A.D., Prinn R.G., Wang C., Stone P.H., and Sokolov A. Transient climate change and net ecosystem production of the terrestrial biosphere. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 12 (1998) 345-360
92. Xie P., and Arkin P.A. A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78 (1997) 2539-2558
93. Xue Y., Sellers P.J., Kinter J.L., and Shukla J. A simplified biosphere model for climate studies. J. Climate 4 (1991) 345-364
94. Yang Z.L., Pitman A.J., McAvaney B., and Henderson-Sellers A. The impact of implementing the bare essentials of surface transfer land surface scheme into the BMRC GCM. Clim. Dyn. 11 (1995) 279-297
95. Yepez E.A., Williams D.G., Russell L.S., and Lin G. Partitioning overstory and understory evapotranspiration in a semiarid savanna woodland from the isotopic composition of water vapor. Agric. For. Meteorol. 119 (2002) 53-68
96. Yoshimura K. Iso-Matsiro, a land surface model that incorporates stable water isotopes. Glob. Planet. Change. 51 (2006) 90-107 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.12.007
97. 18O variability with a Rayleigh-type isotope circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 108 D20 (2003) 4647 10.1029/2003JD003477
98. Zahorowski W., Chambers S., Wang T., Kang C.-H., Uno I., Poon S., Oh S.-N., Werczynski S., Kim J., and Henderson-Sellers A. Radon-222 in boundary layer and free tropospheric continental outflow events at three ACE-Asia sites. Tellus 57B (2005) 124-140