Critical Period Mechanisms in Developing Visual Cortex

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 69, Issue , 2005, Pages 215-237

  Hensch, Takao K ^a  

^a RIKEN BRAIN SCIENCE INSTITUTE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; LEARNING; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VISUAL CORTEX;

ANIMALS; CRITICAL PERIOD (PSYCHOLOGY); NEURONAL PLASTICITY; VISUAL CORTEX;

EID: 33645931997     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2153(05)69008-4     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Adams D.L., and Horton J.C. Shadows cast by retinal blood vessels mapped in primary visual cortex. Science 298 (2002) 572-576
2. Antonini A., and Stryker M.P. Plasticity of geniculocortical afferents following brief or prolonged monocular occlusion in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 369 (1996) 64-82
3. Antonini A., Fagiolini M., and Stryker M.P. Anatomical correlates of functional plasticity in mouse visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 4388-4406
4. Arckens L., Schweigart G., Qu Y., Wouters G., Pow D.V., Vandesande F., Eysel U.T., and Orban G.A. Cooperative changes in GABA, glutamate and activity levels: The missing link in cortical plasticity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 (2000) 4222-4232
5. Barry M.F., and Ziff E.B. Receptor trafficking and the plasticity of excitatory synapses. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12 (2002) 279-286
6. Bartoletti A., et al. Heterozygous knock-out mice for brain-derived neurotrophic factor show a pathway-specific impairment of long-term potentiation but normal critical period for monocular deprivation. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 10072-10077
7. Bear M.F., Kleinschmidt A., Gu Q.A., and Singer W. Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate cortex by infusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist. J. Neurosci. 10 (1990) 909-925
8. Berardi N., Pizzorusso T., and Maffei L. Critical periods during sensory development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10 (2000) 138-145
9. Berardi N., Pizzorusso T., Ratto G.M., and Maffei L. Molecular basis of plasticity in the visual cortex. Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 369-378
10. Berardi N., Pizzorusso T., and Maffei L. Extracellular matrix and visual cortical plasticity; freeing the synapse. Neuron 44 (2004) 905-908
11. Bi G., and Poo M. Synaptic modification by correlated activity: Hebb's postulate revisited. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 139-166
12. Buzas P., Eysel U.T., Adorjan P., and Kisvarday Z.F. Axonal topography of cortical basket cells in relation to orientation, direction, and ocular dominance maps. J. Comp. Neurol. 437 (2001) 259-285
13. Cecchi G.A., Petreanu L.T., Alvarez-Buylla A., and Magnasco M.O. Unsupervised learning and adaptation in a model of adult neurogenesis. J. Comput. Neurosci. 11 (2001) 175-182
14. Chattopadhyaya B., et al. Experience and activity-dependent maturation of perisomatic GABAergic innervation in primary visual cortex during a postnatal critical period. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 9598-9611
15. Chen L., Yang C., and Mower G.D. Developmental changes in the expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits (alpha(1), alpha(2), alpha(3)) in the cat visual cortex and the effects of dark rearing. Mol. Brain Res. 88 (2001) 135-143
16. Cherubini E., and Conti F. Generating diversity at GABAergic synapses. Trends Neurosci. 24 (2001) 155-162
17. 2+ signaling. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 96-107
18. Daw N. Mechanisms of plasticity in the visual cortex. In: Chalupa L., and Werner J.S. (Eds). "The Visual Neurosciences" Vol. 1 (1995), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 126-145
19. Daw N. "Visual Development." (2004), Plenum, New York
20. Daw N., Rao Y., Wang X.F., Fischer Q., and Yang Y. LTP and LTD vary with layer in rodent visual cortex. Vision Res. 44 (2004) 3377-3380
21. De Negri M., Baglietto M.G., and Biancheri R. Electrical status epilepticus in childhood: Treatment with short cycles of high dosage benzodiazepine. Brain Dev. 15 (1993) 311-312
22. DeFelipe J. Types of neurons, synaptic connections and chemical characteristics of cells immunoreactive for calbindin-D28K, parvalbumin and calretinin in the neocortex. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 14 (1997) 1-19
23. Del Rio J.A., De Lecea L., Ferrer I., and Soriano E. The development of parvalbumin-immunoreactivity in the neocortex of the mouse. Dev. Brain Res. 81 (1994) 247-259
24. Desai N.S., Cudmore R.H., Nelson S.B., and Turrigiano G.G. Critical periods for experience-dependent synaptic scaling in visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002) 783-789
25. Di Cristo G., Wu C., Chattopadhyaya B., Ango F., Knott G., Welker E., Sroboda K., and Huang Z.J. Subcellular domain-restricted GABAergic innervation in primary visual cortex in the absence of sensory and thalamic inputs. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 1184-1186
26. Diamond M.E., Armstrong-James M., and Ebner F.F. Experience-dependent plasticity in adult rat barrel cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 2082-2086
27. Dityatev A., and Schachner M. Extracellular matrix molecules and synaptic plasticity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 (2003) 456-468
28. Erisir A., Lau D., Rudy B., and Leonard C.S. Function of specific K(+) channels in sustained high-frequency firing of fast-spiking neocortical interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 82 (1999) 2476-2489
29. Fagiolini M., and Hensch T.K. Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex. Nature 404 (2000) 183-186
30. Fagiolini M., Katagiri H., Míyamoto H., Mori H., Grant S.G., Mishina M., and Hensch T.K. Separable features of visual cortical plasticity revealed by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 2854-2859
31. A circuits for visual cortical plasticity. Science 303 (2004) 1681-1683
32. Feldman D.E. Inhibition and plasticity. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 303-304
33. Fischer Q.S., Beaver C.J., Yang Y., Rao Y., Jakobsdottir K.B., Storm D.R., McKnight G.S., and Daw N.W. Requirement for the RIIβ isoform of PKA, but not calcium- stimulated adenylyl cyclase, in visual cortical plasticity. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 9049-9058
34. Fiumelli H., Jabaudon D., Magistretti P.J., and Martin J.-L. BDNF stimulates expression, activity and release of tissue-type plasminogen activator in mouse cortical neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 1639-1646
35. Frenkel M.Y., and Bear M.F. How monocular deprivation shifts ocular dominance in visual cortex of young mice. Neuron 44 (2004) 917-923
36. Frey U., Huang Y.Y., and Kandel E.R. Effects of cAMP simulate a late-stage of LTP in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Science 260 (1993) 1661-1664
37. Fuchs J.L., and Salazar E. Effects of whisker trimming on GABA(A) receptor binding in the barrel cortex of developing and adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 395 (1998) 209-216
38. Gheusi G., Cremer H., McLean H., Chazal G., Vincent J.D., and Lledo P.-M. Importance of newly generated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb for odor discrimination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 1823-1828
39. Gianfranceschi L., et al. Visual cortex is rescued from the effects of dark rearing by overexpression of BDNF. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 12486-12491
40. Gordon J.A., and Stryker M.P. Experience-dependent plasticity of binocular responses in the primary visual cortex of the mouse. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 3274-3286
41. Grutzendler J., Kasthuri N., and Gan W.B. Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex. Nature 420 (2002) 812-816
42. Gualandris A., Jones T.E., Strickland S., and Tsirka S.E. Membrane depolarization induces calcium-dependent secretion of tissue plasminogen activator. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 2220-2225
43. Hanover J.L., Huang Z.J., Tonegawa S., and Stryker M.P. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression induces precocious critical period in mouse visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) RC40
44. v3.1b subunit are predominantly surrounded by perineuronal nets presumed as a buffering system for cations. Brain Res. 842 (1999) 15-29
45. Hata Y., and Stryker M.P. Control of thalamocortical afferent rearrangement by postsynaptic activity in developing visual cortex. Science 265 (1994) 1732-1735
46. Hensch T.K. Controlling the critical period. Neurosci. Res. 47 (2003) 17-22
47. Hensch T.K. Critical period regulation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27 (2004) 549-579
48. In: Hensch T.K., and Fagiolini M. (Eds). "Excitatory-Inhibitory Balance: Synapses, Circuits, Systems." (2004), Kluwer/Plenum, New York
49. Hensch T.K., and Stryker M.P. Columnar architecture sculpted by GABA circuits in developing cat visual cortex. Science 303 (2004) 1678-1681
50. Hensch T.K., Fagiolini M., Mataga N., Stryker M.P., Baekkeskov S., and Kash S.F. Local GABA circuit control of experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex. Science 282 (1998) 1504-1508
51. Heynen A.J., Yoon B.J., Liu C.H., Chung H.J., Hunganir R.L., and Bear M.F. Molecular mechanism for loss of visual cortical responsiveness following brief monocular deprivation. Nat. Neurosci. 6 (2003) 854-862
52. Hinkle D.J., and Macdonald R.L. Beta subunit phosphorylation selectively increases fast desensitization and prolongs deactivation of α1β1γ2L and α1β3γ2L GABA(A). receptor currents. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 11698-11710
53. Huang E.J., and Reichardt L.F. Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 677-736
54. Huang Z.J., Kirkwood A., Pizzorusso T., Porcïatti V., Morales B., Bear M.F., Mattei L., and Tonegawa S. BDNF regulates the maturation of inhibition and the critical period of plasticity in mouse visual cortex. Cell 98 (1999) 739-755
55. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N., and Le Vay S. Functional architecture of area 17 in normal and monocularly deprived macaque monkeys. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 40 (1976) 581-589
56. Iwai Y., Fagiolini M., Obata K., and Hensch T.K. Rapid critical period induction by tonic inhibition in visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 6695-6702
57. Jiang B., Akaneya Y., Hata Y., and Tsumoto T. Long-term depression is not induced by low-frequency stimulation in rat visual cortex in vivo: A possible preventing role of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 3761-3770
58. Kaschube M., Wolf F., Geisel T., and Lowel S. Genetic influence on quantitative features of neocortical architecture. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 7206-7217
59. Katz L.C., and Crowley J.C. Development of cortical circuits: Lessons from ocular dominance columns. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 34-42
60. Kawaguchi Y., and Kubota Y. GABAergic cell subtypes and their synaptic connections in rat frontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 7 (1997) 476-486
61. Kirkwood A., Dudek S.M., Gold J.T., Aizenman C.D., and Bear M.F. Common forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and neocortex in vitro. Science 260 (1993) 1518-1521
62. Kirkwood A., Lee H.K., and Bear M.F. Co-regulation of long-term potentiation and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in visual cortex by age and experience. Nature 375 (1995) 328-331
63. Klausberger T., Roberts J.D., and Somogyi P. Cell type- and input-specific differences in the number and subtypes of synaptic GABA(A) receptors in the hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 2513-2521
64. Knott G.W., Quairiaux C., Genoud C., and Welker E. Formation of dendritic spines with GABAergic synapses induced by whisker stimulation in adult mice. Neuron 34 (2002) 265-273
65. Lagier S., Carleton A., and Lledo P.M. Interplay between local GABAergic interneurons and relay neurons generates gamma oscillations in the rat olfactory bulb. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 4382-4392
66. v3 potassium conductance is necessary and kinetically optimized for high-frequency action potential generation in hippocampal interneurons. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 2058-2068
67. Liu G. Local structural balance and functional interaction of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in hippocampal dendrites. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 373-379
68. Liu L., Wong T.P., Pozza M.F., Lingenhoel K., Wang Y., Sheng M., Auberson Y.P., and Wang Y.T. Role of NMDA receptor subtypes in governing the direction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Science 304 (2004) 1021-1024
69. Liu Y., Fields R.D., Fitzgerald S., Festoff B.W., and Nelson P.G. Proteolytic activity, synapse elimination, and the Hebb synapse. J. Neurobiol. 25 (1994) 325-335
70. Lodder J., Luijckx G., van Raak L., and Kessels F. Diazepam treatment to increase the cerebral GABAergic activity in acute stroke: A feasibility study in 104 patients. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 10 (2000) 437-440
71. Löwel S. Ocular dominance column development: Strabismus changes the spacing of adjacent columns in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 7451-7468
72. Majewska A., and Sur M. Motility of dendritic spines in visual cortex in vivo: Changes during the critical period and effects of visual deprivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 16024-16029
73. Markram H., Toledo-Rodriguez M., Wang Y., Gupta A., Silberberg G., and Wu C. Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 (2004) 793-807
74. Mataga N., Fujishima S., Condie B.G., and Hensch T.K. Experience-dependent plasticity of mouse visual cortex in the absence of the neuronal activity-dependent marker egr1/zif268. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 9724-9732
75. Mataga N., Mizuguchi Y., and Hensch T.K. Experience-dependent pruning of dendritic spines in visual cortex by tissue plasminogen activator. Neuron 44 (2004) 1031-1041
76. Mataga N., Nagai N., and Hensch T.K. Permissive proteolytic activity for visual cortical plasticity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 7717-7721
77. Miller K.D. Synaptic economics: Competition and cooperation in synaptic plasticity. Neuron 17 (1996) 371-374
78. Miller K.D., Keller J.B., and Stryker M.P. Ocular dominance column development: Analysis and simulation. Science 245 (1989) 605-615
79. Möhler H., Fritschy J.M., Crestani F., Hensch T., and Rudolph U. Specific GABA(A) circuits in brain development and therapy. Biochem. Pharmacol. 68 (2004) 1685-1690
80. Morales B., Choi S.Y., and Kirkwood A. Dark rearing alters the development of GABAergic transmission in visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 8084-8090
81. Mower A.F., Liao D.S., Nestler E.J., Neve R.L., and Ramoa A.S. cAMP/Ca2+ response element-binding protein function is essential for ocular dominance plasticity. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 2237-2245
82. Mower G.D. The effect of dark rearing on the time course of the critical period in cat visual cortex. Dev. Brain Res. 58 (1991) 151-158
83. Murase S., Mosser E., and Schuman E.M. Depolarization drives β-catenin into neuronal spines promoting changes in synaptic structure and function. Neuron 35 (2002) 91-105
84. Murphy K.M., Beston B.R., Boley P.M., and Jones D.G. Development of human visual cortex: A balance between excitatory and inhibitory plasticity mechanisms. Dev. Psychobiol. 46 (2005) 209-221
85. Müller C.M., and Griesinger C.B. Tissue plasminogen activator mediates reverse occlusion plasticity in visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 1 (1998) 47-53
86. Nase G., Weishaupt J., Stern P., Singer W., and Monyer H. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of NMDA receptor expression in the rat visual cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 4320-4326
87. Oray S., Majewska A., and Sur M. Dendritic spine dynamics are regulated by monocular deprivation and extracellular matrix degradation. Neuron 44 (2004) 1021-1030
88. Ossipow V., Pellissier F., Schaad O., and Ballivet M. Gene expression analysis of the critical period in the visual cortex. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 27 (2004) 70-83
89. Pang P., Teng H.K., Zaitsev E., Woo N.T., Sakata K., Zhen S., Teng K.K., Yung W.H., Hempstead B.L., and Lu B. Cleavage of ProBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity. Science 306 (2004) 487-491
90. Parmer R.J., Mahata M., Mahata S., Sebald M.T., O'Conner D.T., and Miles L.A. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is targeted to the regulated secretory pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 1976-1982
91. Pham T.A., Impey S., Storm D.R., and Stryker M.P. CRE-mediated gene transcription in neocortical neuronal plasticity during the developmental critical period. Neuron 22 (1999) 63-72
92. Pham T.A., Graham S.J., Suzuki S., Barco A., Kandel E.R., Gordon B., and Lickey M.E. A semi-persistent adult ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex is stabilized by activated CRE. B. Learn Mem. 11 (2004) 738-747
93. Philpot B.D., Sekhar A.K., Shouval H.Z., and Bear M.F. Visual experience and deprivation bidirectionally modify the composition and function of NMDA receptors in visual cortex. Neuron 29 (2001) 157-169
94. Pizzorusso T., Medini P., Berardi N., Chierzi S., Faucett J.W., and Maffei L. Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science 298 (2002) 1248-1251
95. Pouille F., and Scanziani M. Enforcement of temporal fidelity in pyramidal cells by somatic feed-forward inhibition. Science 293 (2001) 1159-1163
96. Prasad S.S., et al. Gene expression patterns during enhanced periods of visual cortex plasticity. Neuroscience 111 (2002) 35-45
97. Prusky G.T., and Douglas R.M. Developmental plasticity of mouse visual acuity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17 (2003) 167-173
98. Qian Z., Gilbert M.E., Colicos M.A., Kandel E.R., and Kuhl D. Tissue-plasminogen activator is induced as an immediate-early gene during seizure, kindling and long-term potentiation. Nature 361 (1993) 453-457
99. Quinlan E.M., Philpot B.D., Huganir R.L., and Bear M.F. Rapid, experience-dependent expression of synaptic NMDA receptors in visual cortex in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. 2 (1999) 352-357
100. Ramoa A.S., Paradiso M.A., and Freeman R.D. Blockade of intracortical inhibition in kitten striate cortex: Effects on receptive field properties and associated loss of ocular dominance plasticity. Exp. Brain Res. 73 (1988) 285-296
101. Reiter H.O., and Stryker M.P. Neural plasticity without postsynaptic action potentials: Less-active inputs become dominant when kitten visual cortical cells are pharmacologically inhibited. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988) 3623-3627
102. Reiter H.O., Waitzman D.M., and Stryker M.P. Cortical activity blockade prevents ocular dominance plasticity in the kitten visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 65 (1986) 182-188
103. Renger J.J., Hartman K.N., Tsuchimoto Y., Yokoi M., Nakanishi S., and Hensch T.K. Experience-dependent plasticity without long-term depression by type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors in developing visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 1041-1046
104. Rubenstein J.L., and Merzenich M.M. Model of autism: Increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems. Genes Brain Behav. 2 (2003) 255-267
105. Rudolph U., Crestani F., and Möhler H. GABA(A) receptor subtypes: Dissecting their pharmacological functions. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22 (2001) 188-194
106. v3 channels: Voltage-gated K+ channels designed for high-frequency repetitive firing. Trends Neurosci. 24 (2001) 517-526
107. Saghatelyan A.K., Dityater A., Schmidt S., Schuster T., Bartsch U., and Schachn M. Reduced perisomatic inhibition, increased excitatory transmission, and impaired long-term potentiation in mice deficient for the extra-cellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 17 (2001) 226-240
108. Sanes J.R., and Lichtman J.W. Can molecules explain long-term potentiation?. Nat. Neurosci. 2 (1999) 597-604
109. Sawtell N.B., Frenkel M.Y., Philpot B.D., Nakazawa K., Tonegawa S., and Bear M.F. NMDA receptor-dependent ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. Neuron 38 (2003) 977-985 Erratum Neuron 39, 727.
110. Schoop V.M., Gardziella S., and Muller C.M. Critical period-dependent reduction of the permissiveness of cat visual cortex tissue for neuronal adhesion and neurite growth. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9 (1997) 1911-1922
111. Shatz C.J., and Stryker M.P. Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 281 (1978) 267-283
112. Shaw C., and Cynader M. Disruption of cortical activity prevents ocular dominance changes in monocularly deprived kittens. Nature 308 (1984) 731-734
113. Shimegi S., Fischer Q.S., Yang Y., Sato H., and Daw N.W. Blockade of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase does not prevent the reverse ocular dominance shift in kitten visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 90 (2003) 4027-4032
114. Shiosaka S., and Yoshida S. Synaptic microenvironments-structural plasticity, adhesion molecules, proteases and their inhibitors. Neurosci. Res. 37 (2000) 85-89
115. A receptor subtypes. Pharmacol. Rev. 47 (1995) 181-234
116. Silver M.A., and Stryker M.P. Synaptic density in geniculocortical afferents remains constant after monocular deprivation in the cat. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 10829-10842
117. Soghomonian J.J., and Martin D.L. Two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: Why?. Trends Pharmacol. 19 (1998) 500-505
118. Somogyi P., Tamas G., Lujan R., and Buhl E.H. Salient features of synaptic organisation in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Rev. 26 (1998) 113-135
119. Song S., Miller K.D., and Abbott L.F. Competitive Hebbian learning through spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 919-926
120. Tagawa Y., Kanold P.O., Majdan M., and Shatz C.J. Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 380-388
121. Taha S., and Stryker M.P. Rapid ocular dominance plasticity requires cortical but not geniculate protein synthesis. Neuron 34 (2002) 425-436
122. Takahashi T., Svoboda K., and Malinow R. Experience strengthening transmission by driving AMPA receptors into synapses. Science 299 (2003) 1585-1588
123. Tanaka H., Shan W., Phillips G.R., Arndt K., Bozdagi O., Shapiro L., Huntley G.W., Benson D.L., and Colman D.R. Molecular modification of N-cadherin in response to synaptic activity. Neuron 25 (2000) 93-107
124. Tang Y.P., Shimizu E., Dube G.R., Rampon C., Kerchner G.A., Zhuo M., Liu G., and Tsien J.Z. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 401 (1999) 63-69
125. Trachtenberg J.T., and Stryker M.P. Rapid anatomical plasticity of horizontal connections in the developing visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 3476-3482
126. Trachtenberg J.T., Trepel C., and Stryker M.P. Rapid extragranular plasticity in the absence of thalamocortical plasticity in the developing primary visual cortex. Science 287 (2000) 2029-2032
127. Turrigiano G.G., and Nelson S.B. Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 (2004) 97-107
128. Wan H., Warburton E.C., Zhu X.O., Koder T.J., Park Y., Aggelton J.P., Cho K., Bashir Z.I., and Brown M.W. Benzodiazepine impairment of perirhinal cortical plasticity and recognition memory. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20 (2004) 2214-2224
129. Wang X., Merzenich M.M., Sameshima K., and Jenkins W.M. Remodelling of hand representation in adult cortex determined by timing of tactile stimulation. Nature 378 (1995) 71-75
130. Wannier-Morino P., Rager G., Sonderegger P., and Grabs D. Expression of neuroserpin in the visual cortex of the mouse during the developmental critical period. Eur., J. Neurosci. 17 (2003) 1853-1860
131. Welker E., Soriano E., and Van der Loos H. Plasticity in the barrel cortex of the adult mouse: Effects of peripheral deprivation on GAD-immunoreactivity. Exp. Brain Res. 74 (1989) 441-452
132. Wiesel T.N., and Hubel D.H. Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J. Neurophysiol. 26 (1963) 1003-1017
133. Willshaw D.J., and von der Malsburg C. How patterned neural connections can be set up by self-organization. Proc., R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 194 (1976) 431-445
134. Yokoi M., Mori K., and Nakanishi S. Refinement of odor molecule tuning by dendro-dendritic synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 3371-3375
135. Yuste R., and Bonhoeffer T. Morphological changes in dendritic spines associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 1071-1089