Turbine endwall aerodynamics and heat transfer

Journal of Propulsion and Power

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 301-312

  Simon, T W ^a,b,c   Piggush, J D ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b ASME   (United States)

^c AIAA   (United States)

^d PRATT AND WHITNEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; AIRFOILS; BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW; COOLING; HEAT TRANSFER;

ENDWALL FLOW; ENDWALL HEAT TRANSFER; FLOWFIELDS;

GAS TURBINES;

EID: 33645781565     PISSN: 07484658     EISSN: 15333876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Herzig, H. Z., Hansen, A. G., and Costello, G. R., "A Visualization Study of Secondary Flows in Cascades," NACA Report 1163, Feb. 1953.
2. Pierce, F. S., and Harsh, M. D., "Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation at the Junction of a Streamlined Cylinder with a Flat Plate," Flow Visualization III, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Flow Visualization, edited by W. J. Yang, Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1985, pp. 331-335.
3. Eckerle, W. A., and Langston, L. S., "Horseshoe Vortex Formation Around a Cylinder," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 109, April 1987, pp. 278-285.
4. Pierce, F. J., and Shin, J., "The Development of a Turbulent Junction Vortex System," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 4, 1992, pp. 559-565.
5. Goldstein, R. J., and Karni, J., "The Effect of a Wall Boundary Layer on Local Mass Transfer from a Cylinder in Crossflow," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 106, May 1984, pp. 260-267.
6. Langston, L. S., Nice, M. L., and Hooper, R. M., "Three-Dimensional Flow Within a Turbine Cascade Passage," Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol. 99, Jan. 1977, pp. 21-28.
7. Langston, L. S., "Crossflow in a Turbine Cascade Passage," Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol. 102, No. 4, 1980, pp. 866-874.
8. Sieverding, C. H., and Van den Bosche, P., "The Use of Coloured Smoke to Visualize Secondary Flows in a Turbine Cascade," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 134, 1983, pp. 85-89.
9. Kawai, T., Shinoki, S., and Adachi, T., "Visualization Study of Three-Dimensional Flows in a Turbine Cascade Endwall Region," JSME International Journal, Series 2: Fluids Engineering, Heat Transfer, Power, Combustion, Thermophysical Properties, Vol. 33, No. 2, 1990, pp. 256-264.
10. Chung, J. T., and Simon, T. W., "Three-Dimensional Flow near the Blade/Endwall Junction of a Gas Turbine: Visualization in a Large-Scale Cascade Simulator," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 90-WA/HT-4, Nov. 1990.
11. Wang, H. P., Olson, S. J., and Goldstein, R. J., "Flow Visualization in a Linear Turbine Cascade of High Performance Turbine Blades," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 119, No. 1, 1997, pp. 1-8.
12. Langston, L. S., "Secondary Flows in Axial Turbines - A Review," Turbine 2000 Workshop, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Heat Transfer in Gas Turbine Systems, Cesme, Turkey, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, edited by R. J. Goldstein, Vol. 934, NY Academy of Sciences, New York, pp.11-26.
13. Sieverding, C. H., "Recent Progress in the Understanding of Basic Aspect of Secondary Flows in Turbine Blade Passages," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 107, April 1985, pp. 248-257.
14. Deich, M. E., Zaryankin, A. D., Filippov, G. A., and Zatsepin, N. F., "Method of Increasing the Efficiency of Turbine Stages with Short Blades," Translation No. 2816, Associated Electrical Industries Ltd., Manchester, UK, Feb. 1960, pp. 18-24.
15. Morris, A. W. H., and Hoare, R. G., "Secondary Loss Measurements in a Cascade of Turbine Blades with Meridional Wall Profiling," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 75-WA/GT-13, July 1975.
16. Kopper, F. C., Milano, R., and Vanco, M., "Experimental Investigation of Endwall Profiling in a Turbine Vane Cascade," AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 8, 1981, pp. 1033-1040.
17. Boletis, E., "Effects of Tip Endwall Contouring on the Three-Dimensional Flow Field in an Annular Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane: Part 1-Experimental Investigation," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 107, Oct. 1985, pp. 983-990.
18. Arts, T., "Effects of Tip Endwall Contouring on the Three-Dimensional Flow Field in an Annular Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane: Part 2-Numerical Investigation," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 85-GT-108, March 1985.
19. Dossena, V., Perdichizzi, A., and Savini, M., "The Influence of Endwall Contouring on the Performance of a Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 121, April 1999, pp. 200-208.
20. Burd, S. W., and Simon, T. W., "How Measurements in a Nozzle Guide Vane Passage with a Low Aspect Ratio and Endwall Contouring," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-0213, May 2000.
21. Rose, M. G., "Non-Axisymmetric Endwall Profiling in the HP NGV's of an Axial Flow Gas Turbine," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 94-GT-249, June 1994.
22. Harvey, N. W., Rose, M. G., Taylor, M. D., Shahpar, S., Hartland, J., and Gregory-Smith, D. G., "Non-Axisymmetric Turbine End Wall Design: Part I Three Dimensional Linear Design System," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 99-GT-337, June 1999.
23. Hartland, J., Gregory-Smith, D. G., Harvey, N. W., and Rose, M. G., "Non-Axisymmetric Turbine End Wall Design: Part II Experimental Validation," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 99-GT-338, June 1999.
24. Yan, J., Gregory-Smith, D. G., and Walker, P. J., "Secondary Flow Reduction in a Nozzle Guide Vane Cascade by Non-Axisymmetric End-Wall Profiling," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 99-GT-339, June 1999.
25. Brennan, G., Harvey, N. W., Rose, M. G., Fomison, N., and Taylor, M. D., "Improving the Efficiency of the Trent 500HP Turbine Using Non-Axisymmetric End Walls: Part 1 Turbine Design," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2001-GT-0444, June 2001.
26. Rose, M. G., Harvey, N. W., Seaman, P., Newman, D. A., and McManus, D., "Improving the Efficiency of the Trent 500HP Turbine Using Non-Axisymmetric End Walls: Part 1 Experimental Validation," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2001-GT-0505, June 2001.
27. Schobeiri, M. T., Suryanarayanan, A., Jermann, C., and Neuenschwander, T., "A Comparative Aerodynamic and Performance Study of a Three-Stage High Pressure Turbine with 3-D Bowed Blades and Cylindrical Blades," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-53650, June 2004.
28. Kawai, T., Shinoki, S., and Adachi, T., "Secondary Flow Control and Loss Reduction in a Turbine Cascade Using Endwall Fences," JSME International Journal Series II-Fluids Engineering, Heat Transfer, Power, Combustion, Thermophysical Properties, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1989, pp. 375-387.
29. Chung, J. T., Simon, T. W., and Buddhavarapu, J., "Three-Dimensional Flow near the Blade/Endwall Junction of a Gas Turbine: Application of a Boundary Layer Fence," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 91-GT-45, June 1991.
30. Chung, J. T., and Simon, T. W., "Effectiveness of the Gas Turbine Endwall Fences in Secondary Flow Control at Elevated Freestream Turbulence Levels," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 93-GT-51, May 1993.
31. Kinnear, I. S., May, A. L., and Wall, R. A., "Secondary Flow Control in Axial Fluid Flow Machine," U.K. Patent Application GB 2 042 675 A, 1980.
32. Aunapu, N. V., Volino, R. J., Flack, K. A., and Stoddard, R. M., "Secondary Flow Measurements in a Turbine Passage with Endwall Flow Modification," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 122, No. 4, 2000, pp. 651-658.
33. Benner, M. W., Sjolander, S. A., and Moustapha, S. H., "Measurements of Secondary Flows Downstream of a Turbine Cascade at off-Design Incidence," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-53786, June 2004.
34. Dossena, V., D'Ippolito, G., and Pesatori, E., "Stagger Angle, and Pitch-Chord Ratio Effects on Secondary Flows Downstream of a Turbine Cascade at Several off-Design Conditions," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-54083, June 2004.
35. Schlienger, J., Kalfas, A. I., and Abhari, R. S., "Vortex-Wake-Blade Interaction in a Shrouded Axial Turbine," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-53915, June 2004.
36. Blair, M. F., "An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Film Cooling on Large-Scale Turbine Endwalls," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 96, Nov. 1974, pp. 524-529.
37. Granser, D., and Schulenberg, T., "Prediction and Measurement of Film Cooling Effectiveness for a First-Stage Turbine Vane Shroud," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 90-GT-95, June 1990.
38. Goldman, L. J., and McLallin, K. L., "Effects of Endwall Cooling on Secondary Flows in Turbine Stator Vanes," AGARD, CPP-214, 1977.
39. Sieverding, C. H., and Wilputte, P., "Influence of Mach Number and Endwall Cooling on Secondary Flows in a Straight Nozzle Cascade," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 80-GT-52, May 1980.
40. Bario, F., LeBoeuf, F., Onvani, A., and Seddini, A., "Aerodynamics of Cooling Jets Introduced in the Secondary Flow of a Low Speed Turbine Cascade," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 89-GT-192, June 1989.
41. Harasgama, S. P., and Burton, C. D., "Film Cooling Research on the Endwall of a Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane in a Short Duration Annular Cascade: Part 1-Experimental Technique and Results," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 114, Oct. 1992, pp. 734-740.
42. Biesinger, T. E., and Gregory-Smith, D. G., "Reduction in Secondary Flows and Losses in a Turbine Cascade by Upstream Boundary Layer Blowing," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 93-GT-114, May 1993.
43. Friedrichs, S., Hodson, H. P., and Dawes, W. N., "Distribution of Film Cooling Effectiveness on a Turbine Endwall Measured Using the Ammonia and Diazo Technique," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 95-GT-1, June 1995.
44. Friedrichs, S., Hodson, H. P., and Dawes, W. N., "Aerodynamic Aspects of Endwall Film-Cooling," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 119, Oct. 1997, pp. 786-793.
45. Roy, R. P., Squires, K. D., Gerendas, M., Song, S., Howe, W. J., and Ansari, A., "Flow and Heat Transfer at the Hub Endwall of Inlet Vane Passages-Experiments and Simulations," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-198, May 2000.
46. Kost, F., and Nicklas, M., "Film-Cooled Turbine Endwall in a Transonic Flow Field: Part I-Aerodynamic Measurements," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 123, Oct. 2001, pp. 709-719.
47. Knost, D. G., and Thole, K. A., "Computational Predictions of Endwall Film-Cooling for a First Stage Vane," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2003-38252, June 2003.
48. Georgiou, D. P., Papavasilopoulos, V. A., and Alevisos, M., "Experimental Contribution on the Significance and the Control by Transverse Injection of the Horseshoe Vortex," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 96-GT-255, June 1996.
49. Liu, S., Liu, G., Xu, D., Lapworth, B. L., and Forest, A. E., "Aerodynamic Investigation of Endwall Film Cooling in an Axial Turbine Cascade Part I: Experimental Investigation," International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines, Paper 99-7080, 1999.
50. Lapworth, B. L., Forest, A. E., and Liu, S., "Aerodynamic Investigation of Endwall Film Cooling in an Axial Turbine Cascade Part II: Numerical Investigation," International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines, Paper 99-7193, 1999.
51. Oke, R. A., Burd, S. W., Simon, T. W., and Vahlberg, R., "Measurements in a Turbine Cascade over a Contoured Endwall: Discrete Hole Injection of Bleed Flow," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-214, May 2000.
52. Lampart, P., Yershov, S., Rusanov, A., and Szymaniak, M., "Tip Leakage/Main Flow Interactions in Multi-Stage HP Turbines with Short-Height Blading," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-64047, June 2004.
53. Paniagua, G., Denos, R., and Almeida, S., "Effect of the Hub Endwall Cavity Flow on the Flow-Field of a Transonic High-Pressure Turbine," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-53458, June 2004.
54. Graziani, R. A., Blair, M. F., Taylor, J. R., and Mayle, R. E., "An Experimental Study of Endwall and Airfoil Surface Heat Transfer in a Large-Scale Turbine Blade Cascade," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 102, April 1980, pp. 257-267.
55. York, R. E., Hylton, L. D., and Mihelc, M. S., "An Experimental Investigation of Endwall Heat Transfer and Aerodynamics in a Linear Vane Cascade," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power, Vol. 106, Jan. 1984, pp. 159-167.
56. Gaugler, R. E., and Russell, L. M., "Comparison of Visualized Turbine Endwall Secondary Flows and Measured Heat Transfer Patterns," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power, Vol. 106, Jan. 1984, pp. 168-172.
57. Kumar, G. N., Jenkins, R. M., and Sahu, U., "Regionally Averaged Endwall Heat Transfer Correlations for a Linear Vane Cascade," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 85-GT-19, March 1985.
58. Goldstein, R. J., and Spores, R. A., "Turbulent Transport on the Endwall in the Region Between Adjacent Turbine Blades," Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 110, Nov. 1988, pp. 862-869.
59. Wang, H. P., Goldstein, R. J., and Olson, S. J., "Effect of High Free-Stream Turbulence with Large Length Scale on Blade Heat/Mass Transfer," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 121, April 1999, pp. 217-224.
60. Thole, K. A., Radomsky, R. W., Kang, M. B., and Kohli, A., "Elevated Freestream Turbulence Effects on Heat Transfer for a Gas Turbine Vane," International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2002, pp. 137-147.
61. Lee, S. W., Jun, S. B., Park, B., and Lee, J. S., "Effects of High Free-Stream Turbulence on the Near-Wall Flow and Heat/Mass Transfer on the End wall of a Linear Turbine Rotor Cascade," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT-2002-30187, June 2002.
62. Ames, F. E., Barbot, P. A., and Wang, C., "Effects of Aeroderivative Combustor Turbulence on Endwall Heat Transfer Distributions Acquired in a Linear Vane Cascade," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 125, April 2003, pp. 210-220.
63. Kang, M. B., Kohli, A., and Thole, K. A., "Heat Transfer and Flow-field Measurements in the Leading Edge Region of a Stator Vane Endwall," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 121, July 1999, pp. 558-568.
64. Kang, M. B., and Thole, K. A., "Flowfield Measurements in the Endwall Region of a Stator Vane," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 99-Gt-188, June 1999.
65. Radomsky, R. W., and Thole, K. A., "Detailed Boundary Layer Measurements on a Turbine Stator Vane at Elevated Freestream Turbulence Levels," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 124, Jan. 2002, pp. 107-118.
66. 2 - f Turbulence Model," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-53586, June 2004.
67. Bassi, F., and Perduchizzi, A., "Secondary Flow Downstream of a Transonic Cascade," Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Society of Japan, Oct. 1987, pp. 11-123-11-130.
68. Hermanson, K. S., and Thole, K. A., "Effect of Mach Number on Secondary Flow Characteristics," International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 179-196.
69. Giel, P. W., Thurman, D. R., Van Fossen, G. J., Hippensteele, S. A., and Boyle, R. J., "Endwall Heat Transfer Measurements in a Transonic Turbine Cascade," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, No. 96-GT-180, June 1996.
70. Blair, M. F., "An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in a Large-Scale Turbine Rotor Passage," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 116, Jan. 1994, pp. 1-13.
71. Guo, S. M., Jones, T. V., Lock, G. D., and Dancer, S. N., "Computational Prediction of Heat Transfer to Gas Turbine Nozzle Guide Vanes with Roughened Surfaces," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 96-GT-388, June 1996.
72. Takeishi, K., Matsuura, M., Aoki, S., and Sato, T., "An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Film Cooling on Low Aspect Ratio Turbine Nozzles," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 112, July 1990, pp. 488-496.
73. Harasgama, S. P., and Burton, C. D., "Film Cooling Research on the Endwall of a Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane in a Short Duration Annular Cascade: Part 2-Analysis and Correlation of Results," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 114, Oct. 1992, pp. 741-746.
74. Jabbari, M. Y., Marston, K. C., Eckert, E. R. G., and Goldstein, R. J., "Film Cooling of the Gas Turbine Endwall by Discrete-Hole Injection," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 118, April 1996, pp. 278-284.
75. Nicklas, M., "Film-Cooled Turbine Endwall in a Transonic Flow Field: Part II - Heat Transfer and Film-Cooling Effectiveness," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 123, Oct. 2001, pp. 720-729.
76. Knost, D. G., and Thole, K. A., "Adiabatic Effectiveness Measurements of Endwall Film-Cooling for a First Stage Vane," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT 2004-53326, June 2004.
77. Zhang, L. J., and Jaiswal, R. S., "Turbine Nozzle Endwall Film Cooling Study Using Pressure Sensitive Paint," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 123, Oct. 2001, pp. 730-738.
78. Zhang, L. J., Baltz, M., Pudupatty, R., and Fox, M., "Turbine Nozzle Film Cooling Study Using the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) Technique," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 99-GT-196, June 1999.
79. Zhang, L. J., and Pudupatty, R., "Turbine Nozzle Leading Edge Film Cooling Study in a High Speed Wind Tunnel," Proceedings of the 33rd ASME National Heat Transfer Conference, Aug. 1999.
80. Zhang, L. J., and Pudupatty, R., "The Effect of Injection Angle and Hole Exit Shape on Turbine Nozzle Pressure Side Film Cooling," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-247, May 2000.
81. Haselbach, F., and Schiffer, H. P., "Aerothermal Investigations on Turbine Endwalls and Blades (AITEB)," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2004-53078, June 2004.
82. Burd, S. W., Satterness, C. J., and Simon, T. W., "Effects of Slot Bleed Injection over a Contoured Endwall on Nozzle Guide Vane Cooling Performance: Part II-Thermal Measurements," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-200, May 2000.
83. Burd, S. W., and Simon, T. W., "Effects of Slot Bleed Injection over a Contoured Endwall on Nozzle Guide Vane Cooling Performance: Part I - Flow Field Measurements," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-199, May 2000.
84. Oke, R. A., Simon, T. W., Shih, T., Zhu, B., Lin, L., and Chyu, M., "Measurements over a Film-Cooled, Contoured Endwall with Various Coolant Injection Rates," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2001-GT-0140, June 2001.
85. Lin, Y.-L., Shih, T. I.-P., Chyu, M. K., and Bunker, R. S., "Effects of Leakage on Fluid Flow in a Contoured Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-0555, May 2000.
86. Shih, T. I.-P., Lin, Y.-L., and Simon, T. W., "Control of Secondary Flows in a Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane by Endwall Contouring," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-0556, May 2000.
87. Oke, R. A., and Simon, T. W., "Film Cooling Experiments with Flow Introduced Upstream of a First Stage Nozzle Guide Vane Through Slots of Various Geometries," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2002-GT-30169, June 2002.
88. Pasinato, H. D., Liu, Z., Roy, R. P., Howe, W. J., and Squires, K. D., "Prediction and Measurement of the Flow and Heat Transfer Along the Endwall and Within an Inlet Vane Passage," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT-2002-30189, June 2002.
89. Pasinato, H. D., Squires, K. D., and Roy, R. P., "Measurements and Modeling of the Row and Heat Transfer in a Contoured Vane-Endwall Passage, " International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, No. 26, 2004, pp. 5685-5702.
90. Chyu, M. K., Hsing, Y. C., and Bunker, R. S., "Measurements of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gap Leakage Around a Misaligned Component Interface," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 98-GT-132, June 1998.
91. Yu, Y., and Chyu, M. K., "Influence of Gap Leakage Downstream of the Injection Holes on Film Cooling Performance," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 120, July 1998, pp. 541-548.
92. Zhang, L., and Moon, H. K., "Turbine Nozzle Endwall Inlet Film Cooling-The Effect of a Back-Facing Step," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT-2003-38319, June 2003.
93. Zhang, L., and Moon, H.-K., "Turbine Nozzle Endwall Inlet Film Cooling: The Effect of a Back-Facing Step and Velocity Ratio," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper IMECE2004-59117, Nov. 2004.
94. Colban, W. F., Thole, K. A., and Zess, G., "Combustor Turbine Interface Studies-Part 1: Endwall Effectiveness Measurements," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 125, April 2003, pp. 193-202.
95. Colban, W. F., Lethander, A. T., Thole, K. A., and Zess, G., "Combustor Turbine Interface Studies-Part 2: Flow and Thermal Field Measurements," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 125, April 2003, pp. 203-209.
96. Wu, P.-S., Lin, T.-Y., and Lai, Y.-M., "Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution in the Endwall Region of a Vane with a Finite-Step Entrance Condition," Proceedings of the 3rd Pacific Symposium on Flow Visualization and Image Processing, edited by T. Kobayashi, Paper No. F3073, Pacific Center of Thermal-Fluid Engineering, Maui, Hawaii, March 2001.
97. Wu, P.-S., and Lin, T. Y., "Effects of a Forward-Facing Entrance Step on Film Cooling Effectiveness in the Endwall Region of a Vane," Recent Progress in Transport Phenomena, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Indonesia, Bali, Indonesia, July 2003, pp. 573-578.
98. Wu, P.-S., Chiu, Y.-C., Chen, L.-Y., and Chang, S.-F., "Effects of a Backward-Facing Entrance Step on Heat Transfer and Film Cooling of the Endwall Surface of a Vane Passage," 6th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, and Thermodynamics, edited by N. Kasagi, S. Marugama, H. Yoshida, and T. Inove, Heat Transfer Society of Japan and Inst. of Fluid Science, April 2005.
99. Piggush, J. D., and Simon, T. W., "Flow Measurements in a First Stage Nozzle Cascade Having Endwall Contouring, Leakage and Assembly Features, '' American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT2005-68340, June 2005.
100. Yamao, H., Aoki, S., Takeshi, K., and Takeda, K., "An Experimental Study for Endwall Cooling Design of Turbine Vanes," Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Society of Japan, 1987, pp. 111-171-111-177.
101. Ranson, W. W., Thole, L. A., and Cunha, F. J., "Adiabatic Effectiveness Measurements and Predictions of Leakage Flows Along a Blade Endwall," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper IMECE2004-62021, Nov. 2004.
102. Kubendran, L. R., and Harvey, W. D., "Juncture Flow Control Using Leading-Edge Fillets," AIAA Paper 85-4097, Oct. 1985.
103. Sung, C., and Lin, C., "Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Fairing on the Vortex Flows Around Airfoil/Flat-Plate Junctures," AIAA Paper 88-0615, Jan. 1988.
104. Devenport, W. J., Simpson, R. L., Dewitz, M. B., and Agarwal, N. K., "Effects of a Strake on the Flow past a Wing-Body Junction," AIAA Paper 91-0252, Jan. 1991.
105. Sauer, H., Müller, R., and Vogeler, K., "Reduction of Secondary Losses in Turbine Cascades by Leading Edge Modifications at the Endwall," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 2000-GT-473, May 2000.
106. Sauer, H., Müller, R., Vogeler, K., and Hoeger, M., "Influencing the Secondary Losses in Compressor Cascades by a Leading Edge Bulb Modification at the Endwall," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT-2002-30442, June 2002.
107. Zess, G. A., and Thole, K. A., "Computational Design and Experimental Evaluation of Using a Leading Edge Fillet on a Gas Turbine Vane," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 124, No. 2, 2002, pp. 167-175.
108. Shih, T. I.-P., and Lin, Y.-L., "Controlling Secondary-Flow Structure by Leading-Edge Airfoil Fillet and Inlet Swirl to Reduce Aerodynamic Loss and Surface Heat Transfer," ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 125, Jan. 2003, pp. 48-56.
109. Becz, S., Majewski, M. S., and Langston, L. S., "Leading Edge Modification Effects on Turbine Cascade Endwall Loss," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT-2003-38898, June 2003.
110. Becz, S., Majewski, M. S., and Langston, L. S., "An Experimental Investigation of Contoured Leading Edges for Secondary Flow Loss Reduction," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT-2004-53964, June 2004.
111. Lethander, A. T., Thole, K. A., Zess, G., and Wagner, J., "Optimizing the Vane-Endwall Junction to Reduce Adiabatic Wall Temperatures in a Turbine Vane Passage," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper GT 2003-38939, June 2003.