Beneficial effects & side effects of DHEA: True anti-aging & age-promoting effects, as well as anti-cancer & cancer-promoting effects of DHEA evaluated from the effects on the normal & cancer cell telomeres & other parameters

Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics Research

Volumn 30, Issue 3-4, 2005, Pages 219-261

  Omura, Yoshiaki ^a,b,c,d,e  

^a Heart Disease Research Foundation   (United States)

^b NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^c Int'l College of Acupuncture and Electro Therapeutics   (United States)

^d BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Ukraine)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Age promoting effect of DHEA; Anti aging effect of DHEA; Anti cancer effect of DHEA; Astrocytoma; Bi Digital O Ring Test; Cancer promoting effect of DHEA; Circulatory disturbance; DHEA; Pain; Prostate cancer; White black hairs

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN[1-42]; ANALGESIC AGENT; BRADYKININ; CHOLESTEROL; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FOLIC ACID; HYDROCORTISONE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; MELATONIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PRASTERONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN C FOS; SEX HORMONE; STEROID HORMONE; SUBSTANCE P; THROMBOXANE B2; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 5;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; AMNESIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTOMA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COLON CANCER; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORIANDER; DIZZINESS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; EPISTAXIS; FEMALE; FORCE; GRASPING FORCE; HAIR COLOR; HANDWRITING; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; LUNG CANCER; MALE; MOBILE PHONE; PAIN; POSTMENOPAUSE; PROSTATE CANCER; SPORT INJURY; STOMACH CANCER; TELOMERE; TUMOR PROMOTION; WHIPLASH INJURY;

EID: 33645374035     PISSN: 03601293     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3727/036012905815901226     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Butenandt A, Dannenbaum H. "Uber Androsteron III. Isolierung eines neuen, physiologisch unwirksamen Sterinderivates aus Mannerharn, seine Verknupfung mit Dehydro-androsteron und Androsteron: ein Beitrag zur Konstitution des Androsterons." Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift Fur Physiologische Chemie. Vol. 229, pages 192-208, 1934.
2. Munson PI, Gallagher TF, Koch FC. "Isolation of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate from normal male urine." Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 152, pages 67-77, 1944.
3. Migeon CJ, Plager JE. "Identification and isolation of dehydro-isoandrosterone from peripheral human plasma." Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 209, pages 767-772, 1954.
4. Baulieu EE. "Three sulfate esters of 17-ketosteroids in the plasma of normal subjects and after administration of ACTH." Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism, Vol. 20, pages 900-904, 1960.
5. Roberts KD, VandeWiele RL, Lieberman S. "The conversion of Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to Androsterone and Etiocholanolone Glucuronidates." Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 236, No. 8, pages 2213-2215, 1961.
6. Plager JE. "The binding of Androsterone sulfate, Etiocholanolone sulfate, and Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate by human plasma protein." Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 44, No. 7, page 1234, 1965.
7. Poortman J, Prenen JA, Schwarz F, Thijssen JH. "Interaction of delta-5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol with estradiol and dihydrotestosterone receptors in human myometrial and mammary cancer tissue." Journal of Clinical EndocrinoloRV & Metabolism, Vol. 40, pages 373-379, 1975.
8. Lobo RA, Goebelsmann U. "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as an indicator of adrenal androgen function. Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 57, pages 69-73, 1981.
9. Zwain IH. "Neurosteroidogenesis in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of cerebral cortex of rat brain." Endocrinology, Vol. 140(8), pages 3843-3852, 1990.
10. Comstock GW, Gordon GB, Hsing AW. "The relationship of serum dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate to subsequent cancer of the prostate." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, & Prevention, Vol. 2, 219-221. May/June 1993.
11. Schwartz AG, Pashko LL. "Cancer chemoprevention with the adrenocortical steroid dehydroepiandrosterone and structural analogs." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (Supplement), Vol. 17G, pages 73-79, 1993.
12. Baulieu E-E. "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a fountain of youth?" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 81,No. 9, page 3147, 1996.
13. Watson RR, Huls A, et. al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone and diseases of aging." Drugs and Aging, Vol. 9(4), pages 274-291, 1996.
14. Ravaglia G. "The relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) to endocrine-metabolic parameters and functional status in the oldest-old. Results from an Italian study on healthy free-living over-ninety-year-olds." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 81(3), pages 1173-1178, 1996.
15. Khorram O, Vu L, Yen SS. "Activation of immune function by Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in age-advanced men." Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 52, Issue 1, M1-M7, 1997.
16. O'Brien J. Why everyone's talking about DHEA: It slows aging, fights cancer & heart disease, melts fat, boosts immunity and more! (63 page pocket book) Globe Communications Corp., Boca Raton, FL. 1997.
17. Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, Asakura H, Yen SS. "The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women." Clinical Endocrinology, Vol. 49(4), pages 421-432, 1998.
18. Rao KVN, Johnson WD, Bosland MC, et. al. "Chemoprevention of rate prostate carcinogenesis by early and delayed administration of dehydroepiandrosterone." Cancer Research, Vol. 50, pages 3084-3089, July 1, 1999.
19. Barnhart KT, Freeman E, Grisso JA, Rader DJ, et. al. "The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation to symptomatic perimenopausal women on serum endocrine profiles, lipid parameters, and health-related quality of life." Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism, Vol. 84(11), pages 3896-3902, 1999.
20. Arlt W, Haas J, Callies F, Reincke M, et. al. "Biotransformation of oral dehydroepiandrosterone in elderly men: significant increase in circulating estrogens." Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism, Vol. 84(6), pages 2170-2176, 1999.
21. Flynn MA, Weaver-Osterholtz D, Sharpe-Timms KL, et. al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in aging humans." Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism, Vol. 84(5), pages 1527-1533, 1999.
22. Reiter WJ, et. al. "DHEA in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study." Urology, Vol. 53, pages 590-594, 1999.
23. Arlt W, Callies F, et. al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency." New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 341(14), pages 1013-1020, September 30, 1999.
24. Callies F. "Influence of oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on urinary steroid metabolites in males and females." Steroids, Vol. 65(2), pages 98-102, 2000.
25. Baulieu EE, Thomas G, Legrain S, et. al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: Contribution of the DHEAge study to a sociobiomedical issue." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 97(8), pages 4279-4284, April 11, 2000.
26. Lee KS, et. al. "Effects of DHEA on collagen and collegenase gene expression by skin fibroblasts in culture." Journal of Dermatological Science, Vol. 23, pages 103-110, 2000.
27. de Pergola G. "The adipose tissue metabolism: role of testosterone and DHEA." International Journal of Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders, Vol. 24 Suppl. 2, pages S59-S63, 2000.
28. Stomati M, et al. "Six month oral DHEA supplementation in early and late postmenopause." Gynecological Endocrinology, Vol. 14, pages 342-363, 2000.
29. Khalil A, Fortin JP, Lehoux JG, et al. "Age-related decrease of dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in low density lipoproteins and its role in the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation." Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 41(10). pages 1552-1561, October 2000.
30. Yen S SC. "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and longevity: New clues for an old friend." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98(15). pages 8167-8169, July 17, 2001.
31. Mazat L, et al. "Prospective measurements of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in a cohort of elderly subjects: relationship to gender, subjective health, smoking habits, and 10 year mortality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98(14), pages 8145-8150, July 3, 2001.
32. Null G. Gary Null's Power Aging, New American Library, 2003.
33. Percheron G. "Effect of 1 year oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone to 60-80 year-old individuals on muscle function and cross-sectional area: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial." Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 163, pages 720-727, 2003.
34. Suzuki M, Wright LS, Marwah P, et. al. "Mitotic and Neurogenic Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on human neural stem cell cultures derived from the fetal cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 101(9), pages 3202-3207, March 2, 2004.
35. Algarte-Genin M, Cussenot O, Costa P. "Prevention of prostate cancer by androgens: experimental paradox or clinical reality." European Urology, Vol. 46(3), pages 285-295, Septemeber 2004.
36. Somboonporn W, Davis SR. "Testosterone effects on the breast: Implications for Testosterone Therapy for Women." Endocrine Reviews, Vol. 25(3), pages 374-388, 2004.
37. Tchernof A, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone, obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: a review of human studies." European Journal of Endocrinology, Vol. 151, pages 1-14, 2004
38. Miller PL. The Life Extension Revolution: The New Science of Growing Older Without Aging, Bantam Press, 2005.
39. Omura Y. "Excessive use of steroid hormone & beneficial effects of True ST. 36 acupuncture on malignant brain tumors-Part I; How to estimate non-invasively presence of excess dose of steroid hormone in patients, baseball players, & other professional athletes from its toxic effects on heart & pancreas, as well as persistent or recurrent infection-Part II." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics: The International Journal, Vol. 30, pages 57-102, 2005.
40. th Annual Scientific Meeting of Japan Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Medical Society, pages 97-98, July 16-17 2005.
41. Metzner N. "Complementarmedizinische diagnose und therapie von krebs nach Prof. Omura." Co Med, Vol., pages 92-96, August 2005.
42. Jones JA, Nguyen A, Straub M, et al. "Use of HEA in a patient with Advanced prostate cancer: a case report and review." Urology, Vol. 50(5), pages 784-788, 1997.
43. Goldberg M. "Dehydroepiandrosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and prostate cancer." Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 129(7), pages 587-588, October 1, 1998.
44. Maggiolini M, Donze O, Jeannin E, et al. "Adrenal androgens stimulate the Proliferation of breast cancer cells as direct activators of estrogen receptor α." Cancer Research, Vol. 59, 4864-4869, October 1, 1999.
45. Wellman M, Shane-McWorter L, Orlando PL, Jennings JP. "The role of dehydroepiandrosterone in Diabetes Millitus." Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 19(5), pages 582-591, 1999.
46. Morris KT, Toth-Fejel S, Schmidt J, et. al. "High dehydroepiandrostero- sulfate predicts breast cancer progression during new aromatose inhibitor therapy and stimulates breast cancer cell growth in tissue culture: a renewed role for adrenalectomy." Surgery, Vol. 130(6), pages 947-953, December 2001.
47. Powers ME. "The safety and efficacy of anabolic steroid precursors: What is the scientific evidence?" Journal of Athletic Training, Vol. 37(3), pages 300-305, 2002.
48. Acacio BD, Stanczyk FZ, Mullin P, et. al. "Pharmacokinetics of Dehydroepiandrosterone and its metabolites after long-term daily oral administration to healthy young men." Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 81(3), pages 595-604, March 2004.
49. Epel ES, Blackburn EH, et al. "Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 101(49), pages 17312-5, 2004.
50. Omura Y. "A new, simple, non-invasive imaging technique of internal organs and various cancer tissues using extended principles of the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" without using expensive imaging instruments or exposing the patient to any undesirable radiation - Part 1." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 10, pages 255-277, 1985.
51. Omura Y. "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification and Localization Method" and its application in imaging of internal organs and malignant tumors as well as identification and localization of neurotransmitters and micro-organisms - Part 1." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 11 (2), pages 65-100, 1986.
52. Omura Y. "Re-evaluation of the classical acupuncture concept of meridians in oriental medicine by the new method of detecting meridian-like networks connected to internal organs using "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test"." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 11, pages 219-231, 1986.
53. Omura Y. "Electro-magnetic resonance phenomenon as a possible mechanism related to the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification and Localization Method." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 11(2), pages 127-145, 1986.
54. Omura Y. "Meridian-like networks of internal organs, corresponding to traditional Chinese 12 main meridians and their acupuncture points as detected by the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Imaging Method:" Search for the corresponding internal organ of western medicine for each meridian - Part 1." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 12, pages 53-70, 1987.
55. Omura Y. "Interrelationship between the heart and central nervous system: localization of neuro-transmitters and imaging of their associated nuclei, including the raphe nuclei & the locus coeruleus, as well as the imaging of the heart and its representation areas in slices of the human central nervous system using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" imaging method." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. The International Journal, Vol. 12, pages 139-170, 1987.
56. Omura Y, Takeshige C, Shimotsuura Y, Suzuki M. "Imaging of the stomach and localization of the stomach meridian & its acupuncture points in a human cadaver by the use of the indirect "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Imaging Technique"." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 13, pages 153-164, 1988.
57. Omura Y. "Connections found between each meridian (heart, stomach, triple burner, etc.) & organ representation area of corresponding internal organs in each side of the cerebral cortex; release of common neurotransmitters and hormones unique to each meridian and corresponding acupuncture point & internal organ after acupuncture, electrical stimulation, mechanical stimulation (including shiatsu), soft laser stimulation or Qi Gong." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 14, pages 155-186, 1989.
58. Omura Y. "Transmission of molecular information through electro-magnetic waves with different frequencies and its application to non-invasive diagnosis of patients as well as detection from patient's x-ray film of visible and not visible medical information: Part 1." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 19(1), pages 39-63, 1994.
59. Omura Y, Shimotsuura Y, Ooki M, Noguchi T. "Estimation of the Amount of Telomere Molecules in Different Human Age Groups and the Telomere Increasing Effect of Acupuncture and Shiatsu on ST.36, Using Synthesized Basic Units of the Human Telomere Molecules as Reference Control Substances for the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Resonance Phenomenon, Presented as a guest speaker at 8th Annual Congress of Japan Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Medical Society at Showa University, Tokyo." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 2(3&4), pages 185-206, 1998.
60. Omura Y. "Transmission of Molecular Information on Molecular Structures and Amounts of the Molecules Through the Recorded Traces of Photons, Sound Waves, and Electric Currents Coming Through Biological Tissue and Their Clinical Applications For New Non-invasive Diagnosis and Treatment of Intractable Medical Problems, presented at the 4th Biennial International Symposium on the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, July 21-23, 2001, at Waseda University, Tokyo." Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, Vol. 26(1-2), pages 77-79, 2001.
61. Duvvi H, Omura Y. "Evaluation of the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test for the Detection of Precancer from Rat Colon Photographs, presented at the 16th Annual Symposium on Acupuncture and Electro Therapeutics, October 19-22, 2000, at the School of International Affairs at Columbia University." abstract published in Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. The International Journal, Vol. 25(3-4), pages 249-250, 2000.
62. Omura Y, Tobe Y. "Marked Beneficial Effects Obtained After Acupuncture at True St. 36 Compared With Very Little Effects Obtained From Acupuncture On Traditional St. 36-Localization of True St. 36 & Traditional St. 36 and their Acupuncture Effects Clarified Using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test." (in Japanese) Ido No Nippon (The Japanese Journal of Acupuncture & Manual Therapies), Serial No. 692, pages 129-150, Oct. 2001.
63. Omura Y. "2 Minute Screening of Cancer and Localization of the Cancer Using X-, Y-Axis Laser line Scanning of the Whole Body and Effective Treatment of Cancer using Selective Drug Uptake Enhancement Method Including Semi-Permanent Acupuncture on True St. 36, Which Markedly Reduces Cancer Cell Telomere and Enhances Normal Cell Telomere.", pgs. 122-127, Abstract of 5th Biennial International Symposium on Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, organized and published by Japan Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Medical Society, held at Ibuka International Auditorium, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, during July 19-21, 2002.
64. Jackson J, Gajewski E, Schraufstatter I, Hyslop P, Fuciarelli A, Cochrane, Dizdaroglu M. "Damage to the bases in DNA induced by stimulated human neutrophils." Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 84(5), pages 1644-1649, 1989.
65. Lu J, Shi L, Wu Z, Liao Y, Zhou C, Li Y, Bin X, Zeng B, Chen J. "Study of 8-OHdG and its correlation with several cancer related gene in lung cancer tissues." Wei Sheng Yan Jiu (Chinese journal), Vol. 32(4), pages 304-307, 2003.
66. Tsurudome Y, Hirano T, Hirata K, Higure A, Nagata N, Takahashi K, Itoh H, Kasai H. "Age-Associated Increase of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in Human Colorectal Tissue DNA." The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 56, pages B483-B485, 2001.
67. Kasai H. "Analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a marker for oxidative stress, animal and human studies." Cancer Detection & Prevention. Vol. 24(Supplement 1), pages 101-103, Oct. 28-31 2000, Geneva, Switzerland.
68. Walters J. "Methamphetamine." ONDCP: Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse Fact Sheet, Nov. 2003.
69. nd ed. American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
70. Guze BH, Ferng HK, Szuba MP, Richeimer SH. The Psychiatric Drug Handbook. pages 184-260, 1995.
71. Dollery C, ed. "Therapeutic Drugs." Churchill Livingstone Inc. New York: 1991.
72. Astrup A, Toubro S. "Thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to ephedrine and caffeine in man." International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, Vol. 17(Suppl), pages S41-S43, 1993.
73. Roxanas MG, Spalding J. "Ephedrine abuse psychosis." Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 2(19), pages 639-640, 1977.
74. Velasco M, Luchsinger A. "Dopamine: Pharmacologic and Therapeutic Aspects." American Journal of Therapeutics, Vol. 5(1), pages 37-43, 1998.
75. Threlkeld DS, ed. "Respiratory Drugs, Bronchodilators, Sympathomimetics." Facts and Comparisons Drug Information, page 177-a, 1994.
76. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology (5 ed), Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.
77. Cass Terry. "Clinical Guidelines for Use in Antiagine Medicine." Integrative Medical Therapeutics for Anti aging Conference (held September 11-13, 2004 at Miami Beach Convention Center), pages 443-472, 2004.
78. Omura Y, Losco M, Omura AK, Takeshige C, Hisamitsu T, Nakajima H, Soejima K, Yamamoto S, Ishikawa H, Kagoshima T, Watari N, Shimotsuura Y, Matsubara T. "Bi-Directional Transmission of Molecular Information by Photon or Electron Beams Passing in the Close Vicinity of Specific Molecules, and its Clinical and Basic Research Applications: 1) Diagnosis of Humans or Animal Patients Without Any Direct Contact; 2) Light Microscope and Electron Microscope Localization of Neuro-transmitters, Heavy Metals, Oncogen C-fos (AB2), etc. of Intracellular Fine Structures of Normal and Abnormal Single Cells Using Light or Electro-Microscopic Indirect Bi-Digital O-Ring Test." Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics Research. The International Journal, Vol. 17, pages 29-46, 1992.
79. Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J, et al. "(R)-alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate." FASEB Journal, Vol. 13, pages 411-418, 1999.
80. Natrej CV, Gandhi VM, Melon KKG. "Lipoic acid and diabetes: effect of dihydrolipoic acid administration in diabetic rats and rabbits." Journal of Biosciences, Vol. 6, pages 37-46, 1984.
81. Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. "Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid peroxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy." Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 21, pages 631-639, 1996.
82. Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. "Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid." Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 22, pages 359-378, 1997.
83. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. "Alpha-lipoic as a biological antioxidant." Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 19, pages 227-250, 1995.
84. Reed LJ. "The chemistry and function of lipoic acids." Advances in Enzymology. Vol. 18, pages 319-347, 1957.
85. Wagh SS, Natraj CV, Menon KKG. "Mode of action of lipoic acid in diabetes." Journal of Biosciences, Vol. 11, pages 59-74, 1987.
86. Chuang WW, Lin WW, Lamb DJ, Lipshultz LI. "Effect of acetylcarnitine on sperm motility." Journal of Urology, Vol. 163(4 Suppl), Abstract 1324, 2000.
87. Lolic MM, Fiskum G, Rosenthal RE. "Neuroprotective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine after stroke in rats." Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 29, pages 758-765, 1997.
88. Onofrj M, Fulgente T, Melchiadona D, et al. "L-acetylcarnitine as a new therapeutic approach for peripheral neuropathies with pain." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research (Geneva), Vol. 15, pages 9-15, 1995.
89. Pettegrew JW, Klunke WE, Panchalingam K. "Clinical and biochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease." Neurobiology of Aging, Vol. 16, pages 1-4, 1995.
90. Salvioli G, Neri M. "L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the elderly." Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research, Vol. 20, pages 169-176, 1994.
91. Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. "The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid." General Pharmacology, Vol. 29(3), pages 315-331, 1997.
92. Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. "Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications." Nutrition, Vol. 17(10), pages 888-895, 2001.