Clinical pharmacodynamics of HIV-1 protease inhibitors: Use of inhibitory quotients to optimise pharmacotherapy

Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 215-225

  Morse, Gene D ^a,b   Catanzaro, Linda M ^b   Acosta, Edward P ^c  

^a Department of Pharmacy Practice ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^c University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATAZANAVIR; INDINAVIR; LOPINAVIR; NELFINAVIR; OROSOMUCOID; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; TIPRANAVIR;

DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INHIBITION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IC 50; IN VITRO STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HIV-1; HUMANS;

EID: 33645096370     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70436-4     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Chun TW, D Finzi, J Margolick, K Chadwick, D Schwartz, Siliciano RF In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency Nat Med 1 1995 1284 1290
2. Finzi D, M Hermankova, T Pierson Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy Science 278 1997 1295 1300
3. Chun TW, L Stuyver, SB Mizell Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 1997 13193 13197
4. Chun TW, Fauci AS Latent reservoirs of HIV: obstacles to the eradication of virus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1999 10958 10961
5. Ramratnam B, JE Mittler, L Zhang The decay of the latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 is inversely correlated with the extent of residual viral replication during prolonged anti-retroviral therapy Nat Med 6 2000 82 85
6. Persaud D, T Pierson, C Ruff A stable latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes in infected children J Clin Invest 105 2000 995 1003
7. Chun TW, Davey RT Jr, M Ostrowski Relationship between pre-existing viral reservoirs and the re-emergence of plasma viremia after discontinuation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy Nat Med 6 2000 757 761
8. Siliciano RF A reservoir for HIV in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy Hopkins HIV Rep 101 1998 5 6 11
9. Siliciano JD, J Kajdas, D Finzi Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells Nat Med 9 2003 727 728
10. Fauci AS The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis Science 239 1988 617 622
11. Clark A The reaction between acetylcholine and muscle cells J Physiol 61 1926 530 546
12. Saquinavir (Invirase®) product information Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NJ, USA, September 2005.
13. Ritonavir (Norvir®) product information Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, USA, April 2005.
14. Indinavir (Crixivan®) product information Merck & Company, Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA, October 2005.
15. Nelfinavir (Viracept®) product information Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA, September 2004.
16. Fosamprenavir (Lexiva®) product information GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, November 2005.
17. Lopinavir (Kaletra®) product information Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, USA, April 2005.
18. Atazanavir (Reyataz®) product information. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA, June 2005.
19. Tipranavir (Aptivus®) product information Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA. November 2005.
20. De Luca A, F Baldini, A Cingolani, Di Giambenedetto S, RM Hoetelmans, Cauda R Deep salvage with amprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir: correlation of pharmacokinetics and drug resistance with pharmacodynamics J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35 2004 359 366
21. Mellors JW, LA Kingsley, Rinaldo CR Jr Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion Ann Intern Med 122 1995 573 579
22. Mellors JW, A Munoz, JV Giorgi Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection Ann Intern Med 126 1997 946 954
23. Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR Jr, P Gupta, RM White, JA Todd, Kingsley LA Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma Science 272 1996 1167 1170
24. Dixit NM, M Markowitz, DD Ho, Perelson AS Estimates of intracellular delay and average drug efficacy from viral load data of HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy Antiviral Ther 9 2004 237 246
25. Simon V, Ho DD HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: implications for therapy Nat Rev Microbiol 1 2003 181 190
26. Di Mascio M, RM Ribeiro, M Markowitz, DD Ho, Perelson AS Modeling the long-term control of viremia in HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy Math Biosci 188 2004 47 62
27. Ramratnam B, R Ribeiro, T He Intensification of antiretroviral therapy accelerates the decay of the HIV-1 latent reservoir and decreases, but does not eliminate, ongoing virus replication J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35 2004 33 37
28. Markowitz M, M Louie, A Hurley A novel antiviral intervention results in more accurate assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication dynamics and T-cell decay in vivo J Virol 77 2003 5037 5038
29. Deeks SG, CM Kitchen, L Liu Immune activation set point during early HIV infection predicts subsequent CD4+ T-cell changes independent of viral load Blood 104 2004 942 947
30. Deeks SG, R Hoh, RM Grant CD4+ T cell kinetics and activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who remain viremic despite long-term treatment with protease inhibitor-based therapy J Infect Dis 185 2002 315 323
31. Deeks SG Durable HIV treatment benefit despite low-level viremia: reassessing definitions of success or failure JAMA 286 2001 224 226
32. Deeks SG, JD Barbour, RM Grant, Martin JN Duration and predictors of CD4 T-cell gains in patients who continue combination therapy despite detectable plasma viremia AIDS 16 2002 201 207
33. Deeks SG, JD Barbour, JN Martin, MS Swanson, Grant RM Sustained CD4+ T cell response after virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based regimens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection J Infect Dis 181 2000 946 953
34. Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection convened by the United States Department of Health and Human Services Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents - October 6, 2005 http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/Guidelines/GuidelineDetail.aspx?MenuItem= Guidelines&Search=Off&GuidelineID=7&ClassID=1 (accessed March 2, 2006)
35. Durant J, P Clevenbergh, R Garraffo Importance of protease inhibitor plasma levels in HIV-infected patients treated with genotypic-guided therapy: pharmacological data from the Viradapt study AIDS 14 2000 1333 1339
36. Clevenbergh P, R Garraffo, J Durant, Dellamonica P PharmAdapt: a randomized prospective study to evaluate the benefit of therapeutic monitoring of protease inhibitors: 12 week results AIDS 16 2002 2311 2315
37. Bossi P, Peytavin G, Ait-Mohand H GENOPHAR: a randomized study of plasma drug measurements in association with genotypic resistance testing and expert advice to optimize therapy in patients failing antiretroviral therapy HIV Med 5 2004 352 359
38. Burger D, Hugen P, Reiss P Therapeutic drug monitoring of nelfinavir and indinavir in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals AIDS 17 2003 1157 1165
39. Fletcher CV, PL Anderson, TN Kakuda Concentration-controlled compared with conventional antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection AIDS 16 2002 551 560
40. Deeks SG, Abrams DI Genotypic-resistance assays and antiretroviral therapy Lancet 349 1997 1489 1490
41. Baxter JD, DL Mayers, DN Wentworth A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy AIDS 14 2000 F83 F93
42. Cohen CJ, Hunt S, Sension M A randomized trial assessing the impact of phenotypic resistance testing on antiretroviral therapy AIDS 16 2002 579 588
43. Baxter JD, TC Merigan, DN Wentworth Both baseline HIV-1 drug resistance and antiretroviral drug levels are associated with short-term virologic responses to salvage therapy AIDS 16 2002 1131 1138
44. Vray M, JL Meynard, C Dalban Predictors of the virological response to a change in the antiretroviral treatment regimen in HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in a randomized trial comparing genotyping, phenotyping and standard of care (Narval trial, ANRS 088) Antiviral Ther 8 2003 427 434
45. Hertogs K, de Bethune MP, V Miller A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1998 269 276
46. Petropoulos CJ, NT Parkin, KL Limoli A novel phenotypic drug susceptibility assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 2000 920 928
47. Haubrich RH, CA Kemper, NS Hellmann A randomized, prospective study of phenotype susceptibility testing versus standard of care to manage antiretroviral therapy: CCTG 575 AIDS 19 2005 295 302
48. Kempf D, Hsu A, Jiang P, et al. Response to ritonavir intensification in indinavir recipients is highly correlated with virtual inhibitory quotient. 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, IL, USA; Feb 4-8, 2001. Abstract 523.
49. Kempf D, Hsu A, Isaacson J, et al. Evaluation of the inhibitory quotient as a pharmacodynamic predictor of the virological response to protease inhibitor therapy. 2nd International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy; Noordwijk, Netherlands; April 2-4, 2001. Abstract 7.3.
50. Piscitelli SC, Metcalf J, Hoetelmans R, Falloon J. Relative inhibitory quotient is a significant predictor of outcome for salvage therapy with amprenavir plus either ritonavir or nelfinavir plus efavirenz. International HIV Workshop on Management of Treatment-Experienced Patients; Chicago, IL, USA; Sept 20-21, 2001.
51. Torti C, E Quiros-Roldan, M Regazzi for the RADAR-MASTER Study Group A randomized controlled trial to evaluate antiretroviral salvage therapy guided by rules-based or phenotype-driven HIV-1 genotypic drug-resistance interpretation with or without concentration-controlled intervention: the resistance and dosage adapted regimens (RADAR) study Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 1828 1836
52. Neu HC, Ellner PD The inhibitory quotient Bull N Y Acad Med 59 1983 430 442
53. Ellner PD, Neu HC The inhibitory quotient. A method for interpreting minimum inhibitory concentration data JAMA 246 1981 1575 1578
54. Winston A, G Hales, J Amin, van Schaick E, DA Cooper, S Emery on behalf of CREST investigators The normalized inhibitory quotient of boosted protease inhibitors is predictive of viral load response in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected individuals AIDS 19 2005 1393 1399
55. Croom K, Keam S Tipranavir: a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor Drugs 65 2005 1669 1677
56. Castagna A, N Gianotti, L Galli The NIQ of lopinavir is predictive of a 48-week virological response in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected subjects treated with a lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen Antiviral Ther 9 2004 537 543
57. Hsu A, J Isaacson, S Brun Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of lopinavir-ritonavir in combination with efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in extensively pretreated human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 350 359
58. Duval X, C Lamotte, E Race Amprenavir inhibitory quotient and virological response in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients on an amprenavir-containing salvage regimen without or with ritonavir Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 570 574
59. Shulman N, A Zolopa, D Havlir Virtual inhibitory quotient predicts response to ritonavir boosting of indinavir-based therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with ongoing viremia Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 3907 3916
60. trough, atazanavir genotypic inhibitory quotient, and baseline HIV genotype as predictors of a 24-week virological response in highly drug-experienced, HIV-infected patients treated with unboosted atazanavir N Microbiol 28 2005 119 125
61. Barrios A, AL Rendon, O Gallego Predictors of virological response to atazanavir in protease inhibitor-experienced patients HIV Clin Trials 5 2004 201 205
62. Marcelin AG, C Lamotte, C Delaugerre Genotypic inhibitory quotient as predictor of virological response to ritonavir-amprenavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor-experienced patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 594 600
63. Gonzalez de Requena D, O Gallego, L Valer, I Jimenez-Nacher, Soriano V Prediction of virological response to lopinavir/ritonavir using the genotypic inhibitory quotient AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20 2004 275 278
64. Breilh D, I Pellegrin, A Rouzes Virological, intracellular and plasma pharmacological parameters predicting response to lopinavir/ritonavir (KALEPHAR study) AIDS 18 2004 1305 1310
65. Marcelin AG, I Cohen-Codar, MS King Virological and pharmacological parameters predicting the response to lopinavir-ritonavir in heavily protease inhibitor-experienced patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2005 1720 1726
66. Marcelin AG, C Dalban, G Peytavin Clinically relevant interpretation of genotype and relationship to plasma drug concentrations for resistance to saquinavir-ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor-experienced patients Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 2004 4687 4692