The moral imperative to conduct embryonic stem cell and cloning research

Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 7-21

  Devolder, Katrien ^a   Savulescu, Julian ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b Department of Practical Ethics ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; ECONOMICS; EMBRYO RESEARCH; ETHICS; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MOLECULAR CLONING; MORALITY; RESEARCH ETHICS; REVIEW; SOCIAL JUSTICE; STEM CELL; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; UNITED NATIONS;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION;

CLONING, MOLECULAR; EMBRYO RESEARCH; ETHICS, RESEARCH; HUMANS; MORAL OBLIGATIONS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 33644923264     PISSN: 09631801     EISSN: 14692147     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0963180106060026     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. United Nations General Assembly. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly: United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning. Fifty-ninth session, Distr.: General 23 March 2005.
2. Savulescu J. Cloning benefits akin to discovery of X-rays. The Australian 2005 Jun 4:19. (Several of the arguments in this paper first appeared in brief form in this newspaper opinion piece.)
3. Hwang WS, Roh SI, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kwon DK, Kim S, et al. Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts. Science 2005;308:1777-83.
4. Hwang WS, Ryu YJ, Park JH, Park ES, Lee EG, Koo JM, et al. Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst. Science 2004;303:1669-74.
5. Stojkovic M, Stojkovic P, Leary C, Hall VJ, Armstrong L, Herbert M, et al. Derivation of a human blastocyst after heterologous nuclear transfer to donated oocytes. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2005;11.
6. Price JH. Brownback pushes his anti-cloning bill. The Washington Times 2004 Feb 16.
7. Anonymous. Vatican slams human embryo cloning. CNN.Com International 2003 Feb 13. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/13/vatican. clones.reut/.
8. Kass LR. Drawing the line between ethical regenerative medicine research and immoral human reproductive cloning: Hearing before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary (March 19, 2003).
9. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998;282:1145-7.
10. Odorico JS, Kaufman DS, Thomson JA. Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cells 2001;19:193-204.
11. Takagi Y, Takahashi J, Saiki H, Morizane A, Hayashi T, Kishi Y, et al. Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005;115:102-9.
12. Campbell KH, McWhir J, Ritchie WA, Wilmut I. Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature 1994;380:64-6.
13. Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 1997;385:810-3.
14. Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, West MD. Prospects for the use of nuclear transfer in human transplantation. Nature Biotechnology 1999;17:1171-4.
15. Rideout WM, Hochedlinger K, Kyba M, Daley GQ, Jaenisch R. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell 2002;109:17-27.
16. Cooper DKC. Xenotransplantation - State of the art. Frontiers of Bioscience 1996;1:248-65.
17. Lovell-Badge R. The future for stem cell research. Nature 2001;414:88-91.
18. See note 12, Wilmut, Schnieke, McWhir, Kind, Campbell 1997.
19. Solter D, Beyleveld D, Friele MB, Holwka J, Lilie H, Lovell-Badge R, et al. Embryo Research in Pluralistic Europe. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2003:105.
20. Rachels, J. The End of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1986.
21. Anonymous. Key German stem cell vote awaited. CNN.com 2002 Jan 30 Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/01/30/germany. europe1040/.
22. Persson I, Savulescu J. Reproduction and embryo research: Bringing embryos into existence for different purposes, or not at all. In: Holm S, ed. Festschrift for John Harris, forthcoming.
23. Mandavilli A. Scientists seek simple remedies to cloning conundrums. Nature Medicine 2005;11:459.
24. Anonymous. Brownback, Weldon & member of European Parliament discuss ban on human cloning. 2003 Jun 25. Available from: http://brownback.senate.gov/ record.cfm?id=205465.
25. Kogler G, Sensken S, Airey JA, Trapp T, Muschen M, Feldhahn N, et al. A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2004;200:123-35.
26. Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity. On human embryos and stem cell research: An appeal for ethically responsible science and public policy. 1999 Jul 1. Available from: http://www.cbhd.org/resources/stemcells/ position_statement.htm.
27. Camargo FD, Chambers SM, Goodell MA. Stem cell plasticity: From transdifferentiation to macrophage fusion. Cell Proliferation 2004;37:55-65.
28. See note 12, Wilmut, Schnieke, McWhir, Kind, Campbell 1997.
29. Doerflinger RM. Farming humans for fun and profit. Life Issues Forum; 2004 Jan 20. Available from: http://www.usccb.org/prolife/publicat/lifeissues/ 012004.htm.
30. Kolata G, Grady D. Human embryos cloned in S. Korea. Star-Telegram 2004 Feb 12. Available from: http://www.dfw.com/mld/dfw/7936289.htm?1c.
31. Hochedlinger K. Nuclear Transfer to create stem cells. In: Recent Advances in Stem Cell Science and Therapies. Paper presented at the annual symposium of the Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra; 2005 May 6.
32. Tauer CA. International policy failures: Cloning and stem-cell research. The Lancet 2004;364:209-14.
33. UK Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001. Available from: http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.goc.uk/acts/acts2001/20010023.htm.
34. Sylvester KG, Longaker MT. Stem cells: Review and update. Archives of Surgery 2004;139:93-9.
35. Braude P, Minger SL, Warwick RM. Stem cell therapy: Hope or hype? British Medical Journal 2005;330:1159-60.
36. McLaren A. Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research. Nature 2001;414:129-31.
37. Rifkin J. The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. New York: Tarcher; 1999;
38. Buchanan A, Brock D, Daniels N, Wikler D. From Chance to Choice. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
39. See note 12, Wilmut, Schnieke, McWhir, Kind, Campbell 1997.
40. Holy See Mission. Holy See's call for a ban on all human cloning: UN Speech by Archbishop Migliore, 2003 Sept 30. Available from: http://www.catholic.org/featured/headline.php?ID=385.
41. Klinger FG, De Felici M. In vitro development of growing oocytes from fetal mouse oocytes: Stage-specific regulation by stem cell factor and granulose cells. Developmental Biology 2002;244:85-95.
42. Hubner K, Fuhrmann G, Christenson LK, Kehler J, Reinbold R, De La Fuente R, et al. Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Science 2003;300:1251-6;
43. Testa G, Harris J. Ethical aspects of ES cell-derived gametes. Science 2004;305:1719.
44. Anonymous. Women produce new eggs, study suggests. BioNews 2004 Mar 15.
45. Byrne JA, Simonsson S, Western PS, Gurdon JB. Nuclei of adult mammalian somatic cells are directly reprogrammed to oct-4 stem cells gene expression by amphibian oocytes. Current Biology 2003;13:1206-13.
46. Committee on Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, National Research Council. Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2005.
47. Center for Genetics and Society. National policies governing new technologies of human genetic modification. A Preliminary survey (accessed Feb 2004). Available from: http://www.genetics-and-society.org/policies/survey.html.