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1
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22844448201
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For recent reviews on chiral 2,2′-bipyridyl ligands and their application in catalytic asymmetric synthesis, see:
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A. A. Narine P. D. Wilson Can. J. Chem. 83 413
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Can. J. Chem.
, vol.83
, pp. 413
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Narine, A.A.1
Wilson, P.D.2
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6
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0342975922
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The 2-chloroketone 8 can be readily prepared on a multi-gram scale. In this instance, only the acetate precursor 6 requires purification by flash chromatography The diols 9a and 9c (R = Me and Ph) are commercially available in both enantiomeric forms. However, (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol 9a (R = Me) is significantly less expensive than the corresponding (2S,3S)-enantiomer and so it was employed in these studies. The non-commercially available (1S,2S)-ethanediol 9b (R = i-Pr) was synthesized from (2R,3R)-(+)-tartaric acid ethyl ester according to a five-step literature procedure, see:
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A. Sakurai H. Midorikawa Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 41 165
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Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
, vol.41
, pp. 165
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Sakurai, A.1
Midorikawa, H.2
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9
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0141712450
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K. B. Sharpless Y. Amberg G. Bannani J. Crispino K. Hartung H. Jeong K. Kwong Z. Morikawa D. Wang X. Xu X.-L. Zhang J. Org. Chem. 57 2768
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J. Org. Chem.
, vol.57
, pp. 2768
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Sharpless, K.B.1
Amberg, Y.2
Bannani, G.3
Crispino, J.4
Hartung, K.5
Jeong, H.6
Kwong, K.7
Morikawa, Z.8
Wang, D.9
Xu, X.10
Zhang, X.-L.11
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14
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0003397781
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F. Diederich and P. J. Stang, Wiley-VCH, New York, ch. 4 The corresponding chiral nonracemic unsymmetric 2,2′-bipyridyl ligand (R = i-Pr) was not prepared because of the relatively limited quantity of the chloropyridine acetal 3b (R = i-Pr) at hand as well as in view of the results from the preliminary evaluation of the unsymmetric 2,2′-bipyridyl ligands 2a- b (R = Me and Ph) in copper(i)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions
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T. N. Mitchell, in Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, ed., F. Diederich, and, P. J. Stang, Wiley-VCH, New York, ch. 4
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Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions
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Mitchell, T.N.1
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20
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0032500082
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For recent and illustrative examples of the use of these reaction conditions, see:
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M. P. Doyle M. N. Protopopova Tetrahedron 54 7919
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Tetrahedron
, vol.54
, pp. 7919
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Doyle, M.P.1
Protopopova, M.N.2
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22
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0037603215
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The enantioselectivity of the reactions were only determined for the major trans-cyclopropane reaction products. The enantiomeric purities of the minor cis-cyclopropane reaction products were not determined as the enantiomers of the corresponding primary alcohol could not be resolved by analytical chiral HPLC (Daicel Chiralcel OD column)
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A. V. Malkov D. Pernazza M. Bell M. Bella A. Massa F. Teplý P. Meghani P. Koovský J. Org. Chem. 68 4727
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J. Org. Chem.
, vol.68
, pp. 4727
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Malkov, A.V.1
Pernazza, D.2
Bell, M.3
Bella, M.4
Massa, A.5
Teplý, F.6
Meghani, P.7
Koovský, P.8
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25
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33344475685
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note
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Although the corresponding copper(i) triflate complex was not prepared (because of the inherent practical difficulties in handling copper(i) triflate), the copper(i) chloride complex 18 can be considered to be a good model for the actual species that is formed on reduction of the complex formed between the bipyridyl ligand 1c (R = Ph) and copper(ii) triflate with phenylhydrazine. In the cyclopropanation reactions attempted with this ligand, the triflate counterion would also have been displaced from the coordination sphere of the resultant complex
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26
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33344478167
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note
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w [I = 2.5σ(I)], 0.0532 and 0.750
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27
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33344460560
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note
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Of note, when a 2: 1 ratio of ligands 1a- b and copper(ii) triflate were employed in the cyclopropanation reactions the isolated yields of products were lower. This indicated that less of the two catalytically active species [copper(i) triflate and the mono-ligated copper(i) complexes] were present in these instances and that more of the catalytically inactive bis-ligated copper(i) complexes were formed
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28
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0003989710
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Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 321-368
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For a review on the synthesis of helicenes and their physical properties, see: H. Hopf, Classics in Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 321-368
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Classics in Hydrocarbon Chemistry
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Hopf, H.1
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29
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33344463518
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note
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Full experimental details regarding the preparation of the 2-chloropyridines acetals 3a- c have been reported (ref. 3,15a)
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