Evaluation of safety of excessive intake and efficacy of long term intake of beverage containing polyphenols derived from apples

Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 33, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 893-911

  Akazome, Yoko ^a   Kanda, Tomomasa ^a   Ohtake, Yasuyuki ^a   Hashimoto, Hidenori ^b   Kametani, Norihiro ^b   Sato, Katsuhiko ^b   Nakamura, Tadashi ^c   Kajimoto, Yoshitaka ^d  

^a ASAHI BREWERIES LTD   (Japan)

^b Asahi Soft Drinks Co Ltd   (Japan)

^c OSAKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d Soiken Inc   (Japan)

Author keywords

Apple procyanidins; Excessive intake; Long term intake; Obesity; Polyphenols; Safety test

Indexed keywords

POLYPHENOL; PROCYANIDIN;

ADULT; APPLE; ARTICLE; BEVERAGE; BODY FAT; BODY WEIGHT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SAFETY;

EID: 32844467709     PISSN: 03863603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Nelson LH, Tucker LA. Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of 203 men. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96: 771-7.
2. Kobayashi H, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K. Visceral fat accumulation contributes to insulin resistance, small-sized low-density lipoprotein, and progression of coronary artery disease in middle-aged non-obese Japanese men. Jpn Circ J 2001; 65: 193-9.
3. Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 1987; 36: 54-9.
4. New Food Industry 1999; 41: 49-54.
5. Yoshino K, Hara Y, Sano M. Antioxidative effects of black tea theaflavins and thearubigin on lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Biol Pharm Bull 1994; 17: 146-9.
6. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka N, Komori A, Sueoka E, et al. Cancer inhibition by green tea. Mutat Res 1998; 402: 307-10.
7. Valsa AK, Sudheesh S, Vijayalakshmi NR. Effect of catechin on carbohydrate metabolism. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1997; 34: 406-8.
8. Henry JP, Stephens-Larson P. Reduction of chronic psychosocial hypertension in mice by decaffeinated tea. Hypertension 1984; 6: 437-44.
9. Nanjo F, Hara Y, Kikuchi Y. Effects of tea polyphenols on blood rheology in rats fed a high-fat diet. In: Food phytochemicals for cancer prevention II. Teas, Spices and Herbs. Washington DC, USA: American Chemical Society; 1994. 547. p.76-82.
10. Chan PT, Fong WP, Cheung Y. Jasmine green tea epicatechins are hypolipidemic in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) fed a high fat diet. J Nutr 1999; 129: 1094-101.
11. Chaudhari PN, Hatwalne VG. Effect of epicatechin on liver lipids of rats fed with choline deficient diet. Ind J Nutr Diet 1977; 14: 136-9.
12. Ishigaki A, Tonooka F, Matsumoto N. Suppression of the accumulation of body and liver fat by tea catechin. In: Proc. Int. Sympo. on tea science. Shizuoka, Japan: Organizing Committee of ISTS; 1991. p. 309-13.
13. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes 2000; 24: 252-8.
14. Akazome Y. Characteristics and physiological functions of polyphenols from apples. BioFactors 2004; 22: 311-4.
15. Akazome Y, Kanda T, Ikeda M, Shimasaki K. Serum choresterol-lowering effect of apple polyphenols in healthy subjects. Journal of Oleo Science 2005; 54: 143-51.
16. Shoji T, Akazome Y, Kanda T, Ikeda M. The toxicology and safety of apple polyphenol extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42 (6): 959-67.
17. Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Yanagida A, Kanda T, Nagata T. Identification of Catechin oligomers from apple in matrix-flight mass spectrometry and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Rapid Com. in Mass spectrometry 1997; 11: 31-6.
18. Yanagida A, Kanda T, Shoji T, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Nagata T. Fractionation of apple procyanidins by size-exclusion chromatography. Jounal of Chromatography A 1999; 855: 181-90.
19. Yanagida A, Kanda T, Takahashi T, Kamimura A, Hamazono T, Honda S. Fractionation of apple procyanidins according to their degree of polymerization by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2000; 890: 251-9.
20. Yamashita S, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Nishida M, Yoshida S, Kotani K, et al. Insulin resistance and body fat distribution. Diabetes Care 1996; 19 (3): 287-91.
21. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nature Med 1995; 1 (11): 1155-61.
22. Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Takahashi M. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat: Possible contributor to vascular desease in obesity. Nature Med 1996; 2: 800-3.
23. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79-83.
24. Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Shimomura I. Role of adipocytokines on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in visceral obesity. Internal Medicine 1999; 38: 202-6.
25. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1930-5.
26. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type-2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1126-33.
27. Stefan N, Vozarova B, Funahashi T. Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1884-8.
28. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-32
29. Muramatsu K, Fukuyo M, Hara Y. Effects of green tea catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1986; 32: 613-22.
30. Ikeda I, Imasato Y, Sasaki E. Tea catechins decrease micellar solubility and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1127: 141-6.
31. Matsumoto N, Ishigaki F, Ishigaki A. Reduction of blood glucose levels by tea catechin. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1993; 57: 525-7.
32. Meguro S, Mizuno T, Onizawa K. Effects of tea catechins on diet-induced obesity in mice. J Oleo Sci 2001; 50: 593-8.
33. Dollo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 1040-5.
34. Osaki N, Harada U, Watanabe H. Effects of tea catechins on energy metabolism in rats. J Oleo Sci 2001; 50: 677-82.