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note
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It was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis that the size of immobilized palladium particles was less than 1.5 nm and Pd dispersed uniformly on the polymer.
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note
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Immobilization of Pd nanoparticles in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (1 equiv) was also effective [yield 206 mg, 0.45 mmol/g (70%)]. However, reactivity of this catalyst in Heck reaction of iodobenzene and ethyl acrylate was low (49% yield).
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note
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This observation suggested that formation of Pd(0) from Pd(II) and subsequent stabilization by the polymer might be the key to the success of the current immobilization method.
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25
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0003143466
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Feldheim, D. L., Foss, C. A., Jr., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York; Chapter 2
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It has been reported that ionic compounds such as those containing halides, carboxylates, or polyoxoanions might form an electrical double layer around the metal particles to suppress aggregation of metals. (a) Finke R. G. In Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Application; Feldheim, D. L., Foss, C. A., Jr., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2002; Chapter 2, pp 17-54.
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4 suggested the effect of phosphine ligands as stabilizers as well. Synthesis of Pd nonoparticles stabilized by phosphine ligands has recently been reported; see: (a) Son, S. U.; Jang, Y.; Yoon, K. Y.; Kang, E.; Hyeon, T. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1147.
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note
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Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed that the size of Pd particles of PI Pd G and H are 3-5 nm.
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35
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Trost, B. M., Fleming, I., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford
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note
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Aggregation of the Pd cluster was observed after the first use (entries 2 and 3). However, no further aggregation was confirmed after the second and the third use. Partial loss of the catalytic activity after the first use might be attributed to this aggregation. PI Pd H also showed the same tendancy as PI Pd B (see Supporting Inforamtion).
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41
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0001786881
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Diederich, F., Stang, P. J., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany
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1842733481
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Recently, biphastic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of aryl chlorides using MeOPEG-supported palladium phosphine complexes was reported, see: Heiden, M. A. D.; Plenio, H. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 1789.
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49
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32644443203
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note
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When tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphine ligand was used, product was obtained in 17% yield.
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