Mean and variable forcing of the middle atmosphere by gravity waves

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

Volumn 68, Issue 3-5, 2006, Pages 247-265

  Fritts, David C ^a   Vadas, Sharon L ^a   Wan, Kam ^a   Werne, Joseph A ^a  

^a Division of NorthWest Research Associates ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Gravity waves; Instability dynamics; Middle atmosphere dynamics; Turbulence

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; DYNAMICS; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; WIND EFFECTS;

ENERGY TRANSPORT; INSTABILITY DYNAMICS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE DYNAMICS; MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; OROGRAPHY; WIND SHEAR;

GRAVITY WAVES;

ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; GRAVITY WAVE; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; TURBULENCE;

EID: 32144454550     PISSN: 13646826     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Achatz, U., Schmitz, G., 2005a. Shear and convective instability of inertia-gravity wave packets: Modal and nonmodal growth. Journal of Atmospheric Science, submitted for publication.
2. Achatz, U., Schmitz, G., 2005b. Optimal growth in convectively stable inertia-gravity wave packets: Three-dimensional structure and early nonlinear development. Journal of Atmospheric Science, submitted for publication.
3. M.J. Alexander J.R. Holton D.R. Durran The gravity wave response above deep convection in a squall line simulation Journal of Atmospheric Science 52 1995 2212-2226
4. M.J. Alexander J.H. Beres L. Pfister Tropical stratospheric gravity wave activity and relationship to clouds Journal of Geophysical Research 105 2000 22,299-22,309
5. M.J. Alexander T. Tsuda R.A. Vincent Latitudinal variations observed in gravity waves with short vertical wavelengths Journal of Atmospheric Science 59 2002 1394-1404
6. M.J. Alexander R.A. Vincent Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: A model study of seasonal and interannual variability Journal of Geophysical Research 105 2000 22299-22310
7. S.J. Allen R.A. Vincent Gravity wave activity in the lower atmosphere: seasonal and latitudinal variations Journal of Geophysical Research 100 1995 1327-1350
8. O. Andreassen C.-E. Wasberg D.C. Fritts J.R. Isler Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions, 1. Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions Journal of Geophysical Research 99 1994 8095-8108
9. O. Andreassen P.O. Hvidsten D.C. Fritts S. Arendt Vorticity dynamics in a breaking gravity wave, 1. Initial instability evolution Journal of Fluid Mechanics 367 1998 27-46
10. D.G. Andrews M.E. McIntyre Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: The generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration Journal of Atmospheric Science 33 1976 2031-2048
11. Bailey, S.M., Merkel, A.W., Thomas, G.E., 2005. Observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D13203, doi:10.1029/2004JD005422.
12. M.P. Baldwin L.J. Gray T.J. Dunkerton K. Hamilton P.H. Haynes W.J. Randel J.R. Holton M.J. Alexander I. Hirota T. Horinouchi D.B.A. Jones J.S. Kinnersley C. Marquardt K. Sato M. Takahashi The quasi-biennial oscillation Reviews of Geophysics 39 2001 179-229
13. B.B. Balsley R.F. Woodman M. Sarango J. Urbino R. Rodriguez E. Ragaini J. Carey Southern hemisphere PMES: Where are they? Geophysical Research Letters 20 1993 1983-1985
14. B.B. Balsley R.F. Woodman M. Sarango R. Rodriguez J. Urbino E. Ragaini J. Carey J. Huaman A. Giraldez On the lack of southern-hemisphere PMSE Journal of Geophysical Research 100 1995 11685-11693
15. J.W. Bergman M.L. Salby Equatorial wave activity derived from fluctuations in observed convection Journal of Atmospheric Science 51 1994 3791-3806
16. D. Broutman On internal wave caustics Journal of Physical Oceanography 16 1986 1625-1635
17. D. Broutman W.R. Young On the interaction of small-scale internal waves with near-inertial waves Journal of Fluid Mechanics 166 1986 341-358
18. D. Broutman C. MaCaskill M.E. McIntyre J.W. Rottman On Doppler spreading models of internal waves Geophysical Research Letters 24 1997 2813-2816
19. D. Broutman J.W. Rottman S.D. Eckermann Maslov's method for stationary hydrostatic mountain waves Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 128 2002 1159-1172
20. D. Broutman J.W. Rottman S.D. Eckermann A simplified Fourier method for nonhydrostatic mountain waves Journal of Atmospheric Science 60 2003 2686-2696
21. D. Broutman J.W. Rottman S.D. Eckermann Ray methods for internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean Annual Review on Fluid Mechanics 36 2004 233-253
22. D.L. Bruhwiler T.J. Kaper Wavenumber transport: Scattering of small-scale internal waves by large-scale wavepackets Journal of Fluid Mechanics 289 1995 379-405
23. G. Buckley D. Broutman J.W. Rottman S. Eckermann On the importance of weak steady shear in the refraction of short internal waves Geophysical Research Letters 26 1999 2877-2880
24. O. Bühler M.E. McIntyre On shear generated gravity waves that reach the mesosphere, part II: Wave propagation Journal of Atmospheric Science 56 1999 3764-3773
25. O. Bühler M.E. McIntyre Remote recoil: A new wave-mean interaction effect Journal of Fluid Mechanics 492 2003 207-230
26. O. Bühler M.E. McIntyre Wave capture and wave-vortex duality Journal of Fluid Mechanics 534 2005 67-95
27. O. Bühler M.E. McIntyre J.F. Scinocca On shear generated gravity waves that reach the mesosphere, part I: Wave generation Journal of Atmospheric Science 56 1999 3749-3763
28. G. Chimonas J.R. Grant Shear excitation of gravity waves. Part II: upscale scattering from Kelvin-Helmholtz waves Journal of Atmospheric Science 41 1984 2278-2288
29. T.L. Clark T. Hauf J.P. Kuettner Convectively forced internal gravity waves: Results from two-dimensional numerical experiments Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 112 1986 899-925
30. E.M. Dewan R.H. Picard R.R. O'Neil H.A. Gardiner J. Gibson J.D. Mill E. Richards M. Kendra W.O. Gallery MSX satellite observations of thunderstorm-generated gravity waves in mid-wave infrared images of the upper Stratosphere Geophysical Research Letters 25 1998 939-942
31. B. Dong K.C. Yeh Resonant and nonresonant wave-wave interactions in an isothermal atmosphere Journal of Geophysical Research 93 1988 3729-3744
32. T.J. Dunkerton Theory of the mesopause semiannual oscillation Journal of Atmospheric Science 39 1982 2681-2690
33. T.J. Dunkerton Effect of nonlinear instability on gravity wave momentum transport Journal of Atmospheric Science 44 1987 3188-3209
34. T.J. Dunkerton Theory of internal gravity wave saturation Pure and Applied Geophysics 130 1989 373-397
35. T.J. Dunkerton The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation Journal of Geophysical Research 102 1997 26053-26076
36. S.D. Eckermann Influence of wave propagation on the Doppler-spreading of atmospheric gravity waves Journal of Atmospheric Science 54 1997 2554-2573
37. B.F. Farrell P.J. Ioannou Generalized stability theory. Part I: autonomous operators Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 2025-2040
38. B.F. Farrell P.J. Ioannou Generalized stability theory. Part II: nonautonomous operators Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 2041-2053
39. E.J. Fetzer J.C. Gille Gravity wave variance in LIMS temperatures. Part I. Variability and comparison with background winds Journal of Atmospheric Science 51 1994 2461-2483
40. E.J. Fetzer J.C. Gille Gravity wave variance in LIMS temperatures. Part II: Comparison with the zonal-mean momentum balance Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 398-410
41. R. Fovell D. Durran J.R. Holton Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves Journal of Atmospheric Science 49 1992 1427-1442
42. D.C. Fritts Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and observations Review of Geophysics and Space Physics 22 1984 275-308
43. D.C. Fritts Shear excitation of atmospheric gravity waves. Part II: nonlinear radiation from a free shear layer Journal of Atmospheric Science 41 1984 524-537
44. D.C. Fritts A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere Pure and Applied Geophysics 130 1989 343-371
45. D.C. Fritts M.J. Alexander Gravity dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere Reviews of Geophysics 41 2003 10.1029/2001RG000106
46. D.C. Fritts Z. Luo Gravity wave excitation by geostrophic adjustment of the jet stream, Part 1: Two-dimensional forcing Journal of Atmospheric Science 49 1992 681-697
47. D.C. Fritts Z. Luo Dynamical and radiative forcing of the summer mesopause circulation and thermal structure, 1. Mean Solstice conditions Journal of Geophysical Research 100 1995 3119-3128
48. D.C. Fritts G.D. Nastrom Sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves, II: Frontal, convective, and jet stream excitation Journal of Atmospheric Science 49 1992 111-127
49. D.C. Fritts T.E. VanZandt Effects of Doppler shifting on the frequency spectra of atmospheric gravity waves Journal of Geophysical Research 92 1987 9723-9732
50. D.C. Fritts T.E. VanZandt Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes, I: Energy dissipation, acceleration, and constraints Journal of Atmospheric Science 50 1993 3685-3694
51. D.C. Fritts R.A. Vincent Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: Observations and a gravity wave/tidal interaction model Journal of Atmospheric Science 44 1987 605-619
52. D.C. Fritts J.R. Isler O. Andreassen Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions, 2. Three-dimensional evolution and instability structure Journal of Geophysical Research 99 1994 8109-8123
53. D.C. Fritts T.L. Palmer O. Andreassen I. Lie Evolution and breakdown of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in stratified compressible flows, I: Comparison of two- and three-dimensional flows Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 3173-3191
54. D.C. Fritts J.F. Garten O. Andreassen Wave breaking and transition to turbulence in stratified shear flows Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 1057-1085
55. D.C. Fritts S. Arendt O. Andreassen Vorticity dynamics in a breaking internal gravity wave, 2. Vortex interactions and transition to turbulence Journal of Fluid Mechanics 367 1998 47-65
56. D.C. Fritts S.A. Vadas Y. Yamada An estimate of strong local gravity wave body forcing based on OH airglow and meteor radar observations Geophysical Research Letters 29 10 2002 1 10.1029/2001GL013753
57. D.C. Fritts C. Bizon J.A. Werne C.K. Meyer Layering accompanying turbulence generation due to shear instability and gravity wave breaking Journal of Geophysical Research 108 D8 2003 8452 10.1029/2002JD002406
58. R.R. Garcia Dynamics, radiation, and photochemistry in the mesosphere: implications for the formation of noctilucent clouds Journal of Geophysical Research 94 1989 14,605-14,615
59. R.R. Garcia B. Boville "Downward control" of the mean meridional circulation and temperature distribution of the polar winter stratosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 51 1994 2238-2245
60. R.R. Garcia F. Sassi Modulation of the Mesospheric Semiannual Oscillation by the Quasibiennial Oscillation Earth Planets Space 51 1999 563-569
61. C.S. Gardner G.C. Papen X. Chu W. Pan First lidar observations of middle atmosphere temperatures, Fe densities, and polar mesospheric clouds over the North and South Poles Geophysical Research Letters 28 2001 1199-1202
62. M. Griffiths M.J. Reeder Stratospheric inertia-gravity waves generated in a numerical model of frontogenesis. I: Model solutions Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 122 1996 1153-1174
63. P.H. Haynes C.J. Marks M.E. McIntyre T.G. Shephard K.P. Shine On the "Downward Control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces Journal of Atmospheric Science 48 1991 657-678
64. Hecht, J.H., Liu, A.Z., Walterscheid, R.L., Rudy, R.J., 2005. Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) observations of the evolution of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows formed near 86 km altitude. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D22S10, doi:10.1029/2003JD003908.
65. A. Hertzog F. Vial A study of the dynamics of the equatorial lower atmosphere by use of ultra-long duration balloons, 2, gravity waves Journal of Geophysical Research 106 2001 22,745-22,761
66. C.O. Hines Generalizations of the Richardson criterion for the onset of atmospheric turbulence Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 97 1971 429-439
67. C.O. Hines The generation of turbulence by atmospheric gravity waves Journal of Atmospheric Science 45 1988 1269-1278
68. M.H. Hitchman J.C. Gille C.D. Rodgers G. Brasseur The separated polar winter stratopause: A gravity wave driven climatological feature Journal of Atmospheric Science 46 1989 410-422
69. J.R. Holton The role of gravity wave induced drag and diffusion in the momentum budget of the mesosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 39 1982 791-799
70. J.R. Holton The influence of gravity wave breaking on the general circulation of the middle atmosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 40 1983 2497-2507
71. T. Horinouchi T. Nakamura J. Kosaka Convectively generated mesoscale gravity waves simulated throughout the middle atmosphere Geophysical Research Letters 21 2002 1 10.1029/2002GL016069
72. J.R. Isler D.C. Fritts Gravity wave variability and interaction with lower-frequency motions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Hawaii Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 37-48
73. J.H. Jiang D.L. Wu S.D. Eckermann Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) MLS observation of mountain waves over the Andes Journal of Geophysical Research 107 D20 2002 1 10.1029/2002JD002091
74. J.H. Jiang D.L. Wu S.D. Eckermann J. Ma Mountain waves in the middle atmosphere: Microwave limb sounder observations and analyses Advances in Space Research 32 5 2003 801-806
75. J.H. Jiang S.D. Eckermann D.L. Wu J. Ma A search for mountain waves in MLS stratospheric limb radiance from the Northern Hemisphere: Data analysis and global mountain wave modeling Journal of Geophysical Research 109 2004 D03107 10.1029/2003JD003974
76. D.J. Karoly G.L. Roff M.J. Reeder Gravity wave activity associated with tropical convection detected in TOGA COARE sounding data Geophysical Research Letters 23 1996 261-264
77. Y.-J. Kim S.D. Eckermann H.-Y. Chun A overview of the past, present and future of gravity-wave drag parameterization for numerical climate and weather prediction models Atmosphere-Ocean 41 2003 65-98
78. J. Klostermeyer Two- and three-dimensional parametric instabilities in finite amplitude internal gravity waves Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 64 1991 1-25
79. T.P. Lane T.L. Clark Gravity waves generated by the dry convective boundary layer: Two-dimensional scale selection and boundary layer feedback Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 128 2002 1543-1570
80. T.P. Lane M.J. Reeder T.L. Clark Numerical modeling of gravity wave generation by deep tropical convection Journal of Atmospheric Science 58 2001 1249-1274
81. J. Lighthill Waves in Fluids 1978 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 504pp
82. P.N. Lombard J.J. Riley Instability and breakdown of internal gravity waves. I. Linear stability analysis Physics of Fluids 8 1996 3271-3287
83. F.-J. Lübken Thermal structure of the Arctic summer mesosphere Journal of Geophysical Research 104 1999 9135-9149
84. F.-J. Lübken M.J. Jarvis G.O.L. Jones First in situ temperature measurements at the Antarctic summer mesopause Geophysical Research Letters 26 1999 3581-3584
85. Z. Luo D.C. Fritts Gravity wave excitation by geostrophic adjustment of the jet stream, Part II: Three-dimensional forcing Journal of Atmospheric Science 50 1993 104-115
86. A.H. Manson C.E. Meek G.E. Hall Correlations of gravity waves and tides in the mesosphere over Saskatoon Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 60 1998 1089-1107
87. H.G. Mayr J.G. Mengel C.O. Hines K.L. Chan N.F. Arnold C.A. Reddy H.S. Porter The gravity wave Doppler spread theory applied in a numerical spectral model of the middle atmosphere 2. Equatorial oscillations Journal of Geophysical Research 102 1997 26,093-26,105
88. C.H. McComas F.P. Bretherton Resonant interaction of oceanic internal waves Journal of Geophysical Research 82 1977 1397-1412
89. M.E. McIntyre On dynamics and transport near the polar mesopause in summer Journal of Geophysical Research 94 1989 14,617-14,628
90. M.E. McIntyre J.R. Holton J.A. Pyle J.A. Curry Balanced Flow, Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences vol. 2 2003 Academic Press New York 680-685
91. R.P. Mied The occurrence of parametric instabilities in finite amplitude internal gravity waves Journal of Fluid Mechanics 78 1976 763-784
92. P. Müller G. Holloway F. Henyey N. Pomphrey Nonlinear interactions among internal gravity waves Reviews of Geophysics 24 1986 493-536
93. T. Nakamura D.C. Fritts J.R. Isler T. Tsuda R.A. Vincent Short-period fluctuations of the diurnal tide observed with low-latitude MF and meteor radars during CADRE: Evidence for gravity wave/tidal interactions Journal of Geophysical Research 102 1997 26,225-26,238
94. G.D. Nastrom B.B. Balsley D.A. Carter Mean meridional winds in the mid- and high-latitude summer mesosphere Geophysical Research Letters 9 1982 139-142
95. G.D. Nastrom T.E. VanZandt J.M. Warnock Vertical wavenumber spectra of wind and temperature from high-resolution balloon soundings in the lower atmosphere over Illinois Journal of Geophysical Research 102 1997 6685-6702
96. T.L. Palmer D.C. Fritts O. Andreassen Evolution and breakdown of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in stratified compressible flows, II: instability structure, evolution, and energetics Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 3192-3212
97. L. Pfister W. Starr R. Craig M. Loewenstein Small-scale motions observed by aircraft in the tropical lower stratosphere: Evidence for mixing and its relationship to large-scale flows Journal of Atmospheric Science 43 1986 3210-3225
98. L. Pfister S. Scott M. Loewenstein S. Bowen M. Legg Mesoscale disturbances in the tropical stratosphere excited by convection: observations and effects on the stratospheric momentum budget Journal of Atmospheric Science 50 1993 1058-1075
99. L. Pfister K.R. Chan T.P. Bui S. Bowen M. Legg B. Gary K. Kelly M. Proffitt W. Starr Gravity waves generated by a tropical cyclone during the STEP tropical field program: A case study Journal of Geophysical Research 98 1993 8611-8638
100. C. Piani D. Durran M.J. Alexander J.R. Holton A numerical study of three-dimensional gravity waves triggered by deep tropical convection and their role in the dynamics of the QBO Journal of Atmospheric Science 57 2000 3689-3702
101. Preusse, P., Dörnbrack, A., Eckermann, S.D., Riese, M., Schaeler, B., Bacmeister, J.T., Broutman, D., Grossmann, K.U., 2002. Space-based measurements of stratospheric mountain waves by CRISTA, 1, Sensitivity, analysis method, and a case study. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (D23), 8178, doi:10.1029/2001JD000699.
102. M.J. Reeder M. Griffiths Stratospheric inertia-gravity waves generated in a numerical model of frontogenesis. II: Wave sources and generation mechanisms Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 122 1996 1175-1195
103. M.L. Salby R.R. Garcia Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics. Part I: Excitation and short-time near-field behaviour Journal of Atmospheric Science 44 1987 458-498
104. J.F. Scinocca R. Ford The nonlinear forcing of large-scale internal gravity waves by stratified shear instability Journal of Atmospheric Science 57 2000 653-672
105. D.D. Sentman E.M. Wescott R.H. Picard J.R. Winick H.C. Stenbaek-Nielson E.M. Dewan D.R. Moudry F.T. São Sabbas M.J. Heavner Simultaneous observation of mesospheric gravity waves and sprites generated by a Midwestern thunderstorm Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 65 2003 537-550
106. A. Shimizu T. Tsuda Characteristics of Kelvin waves and gravity waves observed with radiosondes over Indonesia Journal of Geophysical Research 102 1997 26159-26171
107. A.K. Smith Longitudinal variations in mesospheric winds: Evidence for gravity wave filtering by planetary waves Journal of Atmospheric Science 53 1996 1156-1173
108. I.-S. Song H.-Y. Chun P.P. Lane Generation mechanisms of convectively forced internal gravity waves and their propagation to the stratosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 60 2003 1960-1980
109. L.J. Sonmor G.P. Klaassen Toward a unified theory of gravity wave stability Journal of Atmospheric Science 54 1997 2655-2680
110. L.J. Sonmor G.P. Klaassen Mechanisms of gravity wave focusing in the middle atmosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 57 2000 493-510
111. B.R. Sutherland Propagation and reflection of internal waves Physics of Fluids 11 1999 1081-1090
112. B.R. Sutherland Internal wave reflection in uniform shear Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society 126 2000 3255-3287
113. B.R. Sutherland Finite-amplitude internal wavepacket dispersion and breaking Journal of Fluid Mechanics 429 2001 343-380
114. M.J. Taylor M.A. Hapgood Identification of a thunderstorm as a source of short period gravity waves in the upper atmospheric nightglow emissions Planetary and Space Science 36 1988 975
115. T. Thayaparan W.K. Hocking J. MacDougall Observational evidence of tidal/ gravity wave interactions using the UWO 2 MHz radar Geophysical Research Letters 22 1995 373-376
116. S.A. Thorpe Observations of parametric instability and breaking waves in an oscillating tilted tube Journal of Fluid Mechanics 261 1994 33-45
117. T. Tsuda Y. Murayama H. Wiryosumarto S.W.B. Harijono S. Kato Radiosonde observations of equatorial atmosphere dynamics over Indonesia, 2, characteristics of gravity waves Journal of Geophysical Research 99 1994 10,507-10,516
118. T. Tsuda T.E. VanZandt M. Mizumoto S. Kato S. Fukao Spectral analysis of temperature and Brunt-Vaisala frequency fluctuations observed by radiosondes Journal of Geophysical Research 96 1991 17265-17278
119. T. Tsuda M. Nishida C. Rocken A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the GPS occultation data (GPS/ MET) Journal of Geophysical Research 105 2000 7257-7274
120. S.L. Vadas D.C. Fritts Gravity wave radiation and mean responses to local body forces in the atmosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 58 2001 2249-2279
121. S.L. Vadas D.C. Fritts The importance of spatial variability in the generation of secondary gravity waves from local body force s Geophysical Research Letters 29 20 2002 10.1029/2002GL015574
122. S.L. Vadas D.C. Fritts Thermospheric responses to gravity waves arising from mesoscale convective complexes Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 66 2004 781-804
123. S.L. Vadas D.C. Fritts M.J. Alexander Mechanism for the generation of secondary waves in wave breaking regions Journal of Atmospheric Science 60 2003 194-214
124. J. Vanneste The instability of internal gravity waves to localized disturbances Annals of Geophysics 13 1995 196-210
125. T.E. VanZandt A universal spectrum of buoyancy waves in the atmosphere Geophysical Research Letters 9 1982 575-578
126. R.A. Vincent M.J. Alexander Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: An observational study of seasonal and interannual variability Journal of Geophysical Research 105 2000 17971-17982
127. R.A. Vincent I.M. Reid HF Doppler measurements of mesospheric momentum fluxes Journal of Atmospheric Science 40 1983 1321-1333
128. U. von Zahn J. Höffner V. Eska M. Alpers The mesopause altitude: only two distinctive levels worldwide? Geophysical Research Letters 23 1996 3231-3234
129. K. Wada T. Nitta K. Sato Equatorial inertia-gravity waves in the lower stratosphere revealed by TOGA-COARE IOP data Journal of Meteorological Society, Japan 77 1999 721-736
130. R.L. Walterscheid Inertio-gravity wave induced accelerations of mean flow having an imposed periodic component: Implications for tidal observations in the meteor region Journal of Geophysical Research 86 1981 9698-9706
131. R.L. Walterscheid Propagation of small-scale gravity waves through large-scale internal wave fields: Eikonal effects at low-frequency approximation critical levels Journal of Geophysical Research 105 2000 18027-18037
132. D.-Y. Wang D.C. Fritts Mesospheric momentum fluxes observed by the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska Journal of Atmospheric Science 47 1990 1511-1521
133. D.-Y. Wang D.C. Fritts Evidence of gravity wave-tidal interaction observed near the summer mesopause at Poker Flat, Alaska Journal of Atmospheric Science 48 1991 572-583
134. J. Werne D.C. Fritts Stratified shear turbulence: Evolution and statistics Geophysical Research Letters 26 1999 439-442
135. Y. Yamada H. Fukunishi T. Nakamura T. Tsuda Breakdown of small-scale quasi-stationary gravity wave and transition to turbulence observed in OH airglow Geophysical Research Letters 28 2001 2153-2156
136. K.C. Yeh B. Dong The nonlinear interaction of a gravity wave with the vortical modes Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 51 1989 45-50
137. K.C. Yeh C.H. Liu The instability of atmospheric gravity waves through wave-wave interactions Journal of Geophysical Research 86 1981 9722-9728
138. L. Zhong L.J. Sonmor A.H. Manson C.E. Meek The influence of time-dependent wind on gravity-wave propagation in the middle atmosphere Annales Geophysicae 13 1995 375-394
139. X. Zhu J.R. Holton Mean fields induced by local gravity-wave forcing in the middle atmosphere Journal of Atmospheric Science 44 1987 620-630