Physical exercise in patients with heart failure due to myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy

Herz

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 391-400

  Alter, Peter ^a   Grimm, Wolfram ^b   Herzum, Matthias ^b   Ritter, Michael ^b   Rupp, Heinz ^b   Maisch, Bernhard ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Dilated cardiomyopathy; Exercise; Myocarditis; Sports; Training

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMIODARONE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; DIGITALIS; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; NITRATE; RAMIPRIL; TRANDOLAPRIL;

AUTOIMMUNITY; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; EXERCISE; FITNESS; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART WORK; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MORTALITY; MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SPORT; SUDDEN DEATH; SYMPATHETIC TONE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; KINESIOTHERAPY; METHODOLOGY; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS;

CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED; CLINICAL TRIALS; EXERCISE; EXERCISE THERAPY; HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MYOCARDITIS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 3142749608     PISSN: 03409937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00059-004-2579-z     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1064-75.
2. Drory Y, Turetz Y, Hiss Y, et al. Sudden unexpected death in persons less than 40 years of age. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:1388-92.
3. Friman G, Wesslen L, Karjalainen J, et al. Infectious and lymphocytic myocarditis: epidemiology and factors relevant to sports medicine. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995;5:269-78.
4. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, et al. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1374-450.
5. Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Maron BJ. The athlete's heart: remodeling, electrocardiogram and preparticipation screening. Cardiol Rev 2002;10:85-90.
6. Maisch B, Funcker R, Alter P, et al. [Dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Current diagnostic requirements and therapeutic possibilities.] Internist (Berl) 2002;43:Suppl 1:S45-65.
7. Maisch B, Ristic AD, Hufnagel G, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathies as a cause of congestive heart failure. Herz 2002;27:113-34.
8. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies. Circulation 1996;93:841-2.
9. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1987;1:3-14.
10. Gatmaitan BG, Chason JL, Lerner AM. Augmentation of the virulence of murine Coxsackie-virus B-3 myocardiopathy by exercise. J Exp Med 1970;131:1121-36.
11. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. Circulation 1999;99:1091-100.
12. Kawai C, Takatsu T. Clinical and experimental studies on cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1975;293:592-7.
13. Alter P, Rupp H, Maisch B. Activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with myocarditis. Submitted.
14. Oddis CV, Finkel MS. NF-kappa B and GTP cyclohydrolase regulate cytokine-induced nitric oxide production by cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol 1996;270:H1864-8.
15. Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Jacob TD, et al. Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science 1992;257:387-9.
16. Tak PP, Firestein GS. NF-kappaB: a key role in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Invest 2001;107:7-11.
17. Alter P, Jobmann M, Meyer E, et al. Apoptosis in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: does enterovirus genome persistence protect from apoptosis? An endomyocardial biopsy study. Cardiovasc Pathol 2001;10:229-34.
18. Fu YC, Chi CS, Yin SC, et al. Norepinephrine induces apoptosis in neonatal rat endothelial cells via down-regulation of Bcl-2 and activation of beta-adrenergic and caspase-2 pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2004;61:143-51.
19. Katz AM. Proliferative signaling and disease progression in heart failure. Circ J 2002;66:225-31.
20. Cabinian AE, Kiel RJ, Smith F, et al. Modification of exercise-aggravated coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis by T lymphocyte suppression in an inbred model. J Lab Clin Med 1990;115:454-62.
21. Friman G, Ilback NG. Acute infection: metabolic responses, effects on performance, interaction with exercise, and myocarditis. Int J Sports Med 1998;19:Suppl 3:S172-82.
22. Friman G, Wesslen L. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: infections and exercise in high-performance athletes. Immunol Cell Biol 2000;78:510-22.
23. Jokl E, McClellan JT. Exercise and cardiac death. JAMA 1970;213:1489-91.
24. Grimm W, Maisch B. Sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy - therapeutic options. Herz 2002;27:750-9.
25. Roberts JA. Viral illnesses and sports performance. Sports Med 1986;3:298-303.
26. Herzum M, Maisch B. Humoral and cellular immune response in human myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Pathol Immunopathol Res 1988;7:240-50.
27. Herzum M, Maisch B. Anti-viral and anti-myocyte antibodies in experimental myocarditis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1989;11:69-76.
28. Herzum M, Maisch B. Humoral and cellular immune reactions to the myocardium in myocarditis. Herz 1992;17:91-6.
29. Herzum M, Huber SA, Weller R, et al. Treatment of experimental murine Coxsackie B3 myocarditis. Eur Heart J 1991;12:Suppl D:200-2.
30. Maisch B, Herzum M, Schonian U. Immunomodulating factors and immunosuppressive drugs in the therapy of myocarditis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1993;88:149-62.
31. Maisch B, Camerini F, Schultheiss HP. Immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1713.
32. Maisch B, Portig I, Ristic A, et al. Definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): on the way to consensus. A status report. Herz 2000;25:200-9.
33. Maisch B, Hufnagel G, Schonian U, et al. The European Study of Epidemiology and Treatment of Cardiac Inflammatory Disease (ESETCID). Eur Heart J 1995;16:Suppl O:173-5.
34. Maisch B, Herzum M, Hufnagel G, et al. Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatment for myocarditis. Curr Opin Cardiol 1996;11:310-24.
35. Maisch B, Seferovic PM, Ristic A, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary. The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004;25:587-610
36. Maisch B. Myocarditis and pericarditis - old questions and new answers. Herz 1992;17:65-70.
37. Maisch B. Pericardial diseases, with a focus on etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, new diagnostic imaging methods, and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol 1994;9:379-88.
38. Maisch B, Pankuweit S, Brilla C, et al. Intrapericardial treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic pericarditis guided by pericardioscopy and epicardial biopsy - results from a pilot study. Clin Cardiol 1999;22:Suppl 1:I17-22.
39. Maisch B, Ristic AD, Seferovic PM. New directions in diagnosis and treatment of pericardial disease. A project of the Taskforce on Pericardial Disease of the World Heart Federation. Herz 2000;25:769-80.
40. Maisch B, Ristic AD, Seferovic PM, et al. Intrapericardial treatment of autoreactive myocarditis with triamcinolon. Successful administration in patients with minimal pericardial effusion. Herz 2000;25:781-6.
41. Burch GE, McDonald CD. Prolonged bed rest in the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Chest 1971;60:424-30.
42. Burch GE, Giles TD. Prolonged bed rest in the management of patients with cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Clin 1972;4:375-87.
43. Schrier RW, Abraham WT. Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999;341:577-85.
44. Ghali JK, Cooper R, Ford E. Trends in hospitalization rates for heart failure in the United States, 1973-1986. Evidence for increasing population prevalence. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:769-73.
45. Ghali JK, Cooper RS, Ford E. Hospitalization for heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:649-55.
46. Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Banegas B Jr, Guallar-Castillon P. Epidemiology of heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol 2004;57:163-70.
47. Abraham WT, Schrier RW. Edematous disorders: pathophysiology of renal sodium and water retention and treatment with diuretics. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993;2:798-805.
48. Kinugawa T, Ogino K, Osaki S, et al. Prognostic significance of exercise plasma noradrenaline levels for cardiac death in patients with mild heart failure. Circ J 2002;66:261-6.
49. Kiilavuori K, Toivonen L, Naveri H, et al. Reversal of autonomic derangements by physical training in chronic heart failure assessed by heart rate variability. Eur Heart J 1995;16:490-5.
50. Pietila M, Malminiemi K, Vesalainen R, et al. Exercise training in chronic heart failure: beneficial effects on cardiac (11)C-hydroxyephedrine PET, autonomic nervous control, and ventricular repolarization. J Nucl Med 2002;43:773-9.
51. Piepoli MF, Davos C, Francis DP, et al. Exercise training meta-analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTra-MATCH). BMJ 2004;328:189.
52. Abraham WT, Hensen J, Schrier RW. Elevated plasma noradrenaline concentrations in patients with low-output cardiac failure: dependence on increased noradrenaline secretion rates. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990;79:429-35.
53. Hensen J, Abraham WT, Durr JA, et al. Aldosterone in congestive heart failure: analysis of determinants and role in sodium retention. Am J Nephrol 1991;11:441-6.
54. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1984;311:819-23.
55. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1349-55.
56. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1651-8.
57. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Lancet 1997;349:375-80.
58. Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Bristow MR, et al. Safety and efficacy of carvedilol in severe heart failure. The U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. J Card Fail 1997;3:173-9.
59. Krum H, Roecker EB, Mohacsi P, et al. Effects of initiating carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS Study. JAMA 2003;289:712-8.
60. Fowler MB, Vera-Llonch M, Oster G, et al. Influence of carvedilol on hospitalizations in heart failure: incidence, resource utilization and costs. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1692-9.
61. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, et al. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. Circulation 1996;94:2800-6.
62. Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Aboyoun CL, et al. Tolerability and efficacy of carvedilol in patients with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:924-31.
63. A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). CIBIS Investigators and Committees. Circulation 1994;90:1765-73.
64. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13.
65. Leizorovicz A, Lechat P, Cucherat M, et al. Bisoprolol for the treatment of chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis on individual data of two placebo-controlled studies - CIBIS and CIBIS II. Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study. Am Heart J 2002;143:301-7.
66. LeJemtel TH. Review of the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II). Curr Cardiol Rep 1999;1:29-30.
67. Erdmann E, Lechat P, Verkenne P, et al. Results from post-hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2001;3:469-79.
68. Simon T, Mary-Krause M, Funck-Brentano C, et al. Sex differences in the prognosis of congestive heart failure: results from the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS II). Circulation 2001;103:375-80.
69. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001-7.
70. Waagstein F, Stromblad O, Andersson B, et al. Increased exercise ejection fraction and reversed remodeling after long-term treatment with metoprolol in congestive heart failure: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in mild to moderate heart failure due to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:679-91.
71. Sanderson JE, Chan SK, Yip G, et al. Beta-blockade in heart failure: a comparison of carvedilol with metoprolol. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1522-8.
72. Hryniewicz K, Androne AS, Hudaihed A, et al. Comparative effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on regional vascular responses to adrenergic stimuli in normal subjects and patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2003;108:971-6.
73. Sanderson JE, Chan SK, Yu CM, et al. Beta blockers in heart failure: a comparison of a vasodilating beta blocker with metoprolol. Heart 1998;79:86-92.
74. Muller J, Wallukat G, Dandel M, et al. Immunoglobulin adsorption in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2000;101:385-91.
75. Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Levine TB, et al. The neurohumoral axis in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:370-7.
76. Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 1990;82:1724-9.
77. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Francis GS, et al. Neurohumoral control mechanisms in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1981;102:509-14.
78. Levine TB, Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, et al. Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system assessed by plasma hormone levels and their relation to hemodynamic abnormalities in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:1659-66.
79. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-77
80. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302.
81. Chatterjee K. Congestive heart failure: what should be the initial therapy and why? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2002;2:1-6.
82. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429-35.
83. Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, et al. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 1992;327:678-84.
84. Hall AS, Murray GD, Ball SG. Follow-up study of patients randomly allocated ramipril or placebo for heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: AIRE Extension (AIREX) Study. Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy. Lancet 1997;349:1493-7.
85. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-6.
86. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999;100:2312-8.
87. Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 1997;349:747-52.
88. Pitt B. Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly (ELITE) Trial: clinical implications. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1197-9.
89. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial - the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000;355:1582-7.
90. Brilla CG, Maisch B, Weber KT. Myocardial collagen matrix remodelling in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 1992;13:Suppl D:24-32.
91. Brilla CG, Maisch B, Weber KT. Renin-angiotensin system and myocardial collagen matrix remodeling in hypertensive heart disease: in vivo and in vitro studies on collagen matrix regulation. Clin Investig 1993;71:Suppl:S35-41.
92. Brilla CG, Maisch B. Regulation of the structural remodelling of the myocardium: from hypertrophy to heart failure. Eur Heart J 1994;15:Suppl D:45-52.
93. Brilla CG, Rupp H, Funck R, et al. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and myocardial collagen matrix remodelling in congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1995;16:Suppl O:107-9.
94. Brilla CG, Zhou G, Rupp H, et al. Role of angiotensin II and prostaglandin E2 in regulating cardiac fibroblast collagen turnover. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:8D-13D.
95. Brilla CG, Maisch B, Rupp H, et al. Pharmacological modulation of cardiac fibroblast function. Herz 1995;20:127-34.
96. Brilla CG, Rupp H, Maisch B. Effects of ACE inhibition versus non-ACE inhibitor antihypertensive treatment on myocardial fibrosis in patients with arterial hypertension. Retrospective analysis of 120 patients with left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies. Herz 2003;28:744-53.
97. Rakusan K, Flanagan MF, Geva T, et al. Morphometry of human coronary capillaries during normal growth and the effect of age in left ventricular pressure-overload hypertrophy. Circulation 1992;86:38-46.
98. Linz W, Scholkens BA. A specific B2-bradykinin receptor antagonist HOE 140 abolishes the antihypertrophic effect of ramipril. Br J Pharmacol 1992;105:771-2.
99. McDonald KM, Garr M, Carlyle PF, et al. Relative effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade, converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, and angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade on ventricular remodeling in the dog. Circulation 1994;90:3034-46.
100. McDonald KM, Mock J, D'Aloia A, et al. Bradykinin antagonism inhibits the antigrowth effect of converting enzyme inhibition in the dog myocardium after discrete transmural myocardial necrosis. Circulation 1995;91:2043-8.
101. Swartz SL, Williams GH, Hollenberg NK, et al. Captopril-induced changes in prostaglandin production: relationship to vascular responses in normal man. J Clin Invest 1980;65:1257-64.
102. Gainer JV, Morrow JD, Loveland A, et al. Effect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1285-92.
103. Pitt B. Aldosterone blockade in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2003;108:1790-4.
104. Pitt B. Aldosterone blockade in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;107:2525-7.
105. Spertus JA, Tooley J, Jones P, et al. Expanding the outcomes in clinical trials of heart failure: the quality of life and economic components of EPHESUS (EPlerenone's neuroHormonal Efficacy and SUrvival Study). Am Heart J 2002;143:636-42.
106. Pitt B, Williams G, Remme W, et al. The EPHESUS trial: eplerenone in patients with heart failure due to systolic dysfunction complicating acute myocardial infarction. Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2001;15:79-87.
107. Rousseau MF, Gurne O, Duprez D, et al. Beneficial neurohormonal profile of spironolactone in severe congestive heart failure: results from the RALES neurohormonal substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1596-601.
108. Harrington D, Anker SD, Chua TP, et al. Skeletal muscle function and its relation to exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1758-64.
109. Harrington D, Coats AJ. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in congestive heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 1997;12:224-32.
110. Harrington D, Chua TP, Coats AJ. The effect of salbutamol on skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2000;73:257-65.
111. Webb-Peploe KM, Chua TP, Harrington D, et al. Different response of patients with idiopathic and ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy to exercise training. Int J Cardiol 2000;74:215-24.
112. Hornig B, Maier V, Drexler H. Physical training improves endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 1996;93:210-4.
113. Wilson JR, Groves J, Rayos G. Circulatory status and response to cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1996;94:1567-72.
114. Metcalfe C. Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: more information is needed on out-comes in individual studies. BMJ 2004;328:711.
115. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Cianci G, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of long-term moderate exercise training in chronic heart failure: effects on functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcome. Circulation 1999;99:1173-82.
116. McKelvie RS, Teo KK, Roberts R, et al. Effects of exercise training in patients with heart failure: the Exercise Rehabilitation Trial (EXERT). Am Heart J 2002;144:23-30.
117. Dubach P, Myers J, Dziekan G, et al. Effect of high intensity exercise training on central hemodynamic responses to exercise in men with reduced left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1591-8.
118. Myers J, Wagner D, Schertler T, et al. Effects of exercise training on left ventricular volumes and function in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: application of magnetic resonance myocardial tagging. Am Heart J 2002;144:719-25.
119. Giannuzzi P, Temporelli PL, Corra U, et al. Attenuation of unfavorable remodeling by exercise training in postinfarction patients with left ventricular dysfunction: results of the Exercise in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (ELVD) Trial. Circulation 1997;96:1790-7.
120. Hambrecht R, Gielen S, Linke A, et al. Effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and peripheral resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000;283:3095-101.
121. Kiilavuori K, Naveri H, Salmi T, et al. The effect of physical training on skeletal muscle in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2000;2:53-63.
122. Wielenga RP, Huisveld IA, Bol E, et al. Safety and effects of physical training in chronic heart failure. Results of the Chronic Heart Failure and Graded Exercise Study (CHANGE). Eur Heart J 1999;20:872-9.
123. Willenheimer R, Erhardt L, Cline C, et al. Exercise training in heart failure improves quality of life and exercise capacity. Eur Heart J 1998;19:774-81.
124. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Scocco V, et al. Low intensity exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:975-82.
125. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1989;321:406-12.
126. Epstein AE, Bigger JT Jr, Wyse DG, et al. Events in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST): mortality in the entire population enrolled. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:14-9.
127. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, fle-cainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 1991;324:781-8.
128. Coats AJ, Adamopoulos S, Radaelli A, et al. Controlled trial of physical training in chronic heart failure. Exercise performance, hemodynamics, ventilation, and autonomic function. Circulation 1992;85:2119-31.
129. Hambrecht R, Niebauer J, Fiehn E, et al. Physical training in patients with stable chronic heart failure: effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and ultrastructural abnormalities of leg muscles. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1239-49.
130. Hambrecht R, Adams V, Erbs S, et al. Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2003;107:3152-8.
131. Kiilavuori K, Sovijarvi A, Naveri H, et al. Effect of physical training on exercise capacity and gas exchange in patients with chronic heart failure. Chest 1996;110:985-91.
132. Zanelli E, Volterrani M, Scalvini S, et al. Multidisciplinary nonpharmacological intervention prevents hospitalization, improves morbidity rates and functional status in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997;18:Suppl:647.