Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes: A review

Endocrine Pathology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 303-317

  DeLellis, Ronald A ^a,c   Xia, Ling ^b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^c RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Ectopic inappropriate hormone production; Hypercalcemia; Methylation

Indexed keywords

ARGIPRESSIN; CALCITONIN; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CYTOKINE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; GASTRIN; GASTRIN RELEASING PEPTIDE; GLUCAGON; GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; HUMAN PLACENTA LACTOGEN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; NEUROTENSIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PEPTIDE HORMONE; PROLACTIN; RENIN; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOSTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE; VASOPRESSIN;

BENIGN TUMOR; CONFERENCE PAPER; ECTOPIC HORMONE PRODUCTION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; METHYLATION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; OSTEOMALACIA; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ARGININE VASOPRESSIN; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; OSTEOMALACIA; PARANEOPLASTIC ENDOCRINE SYNDROMES; PLACENTAL LACTOGEN; PROLACTIN; RENIN;

EID: 3142550612     PISSN: 10463976     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/EP:14:4:303     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (103)

1. Agarwala, SS. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Med Clin North Am 80:173-184, 1996.
2. Baylin SB, Mendelsohn G. Ectopic (inappropriate) hormone production by tumors: mechanisms involved and the biological and clinical implications. Endocr Rev. 1:45-77, 1980.
3. Gagel RF. Endocrine Manifestations of tumors: "ectopic" hormone production. In: Goldman L, ed. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. On-line edition. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2000.
4. Johnson B. Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes (Part 6, Section 1, Chapter 100) in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (on-line). Edited by E Braunwald, AS Fauci, KJ Isseuracker, et al.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001-2003.
5. Strewler GJ. Humoral manifestations of malignancy. In: Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2003, pp. 1834-2573.
6. Turner HE, Wass JAH. Ectopic Hormone Syndromes. In: DeGroot LJ, Jameson JL, eds. Endocrinology, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2001, pp. 2559-2573.
7. Brown WH. A case of pluriglandular syndrome: diabetes of bearded women. Lancet 2:1002, 1928.
8. Klemperer P. Parathyroid hyperplasia and bone destruction in generalized carcinomatosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 36:11, 1923.
9. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (case 27461). N Eng J Med 225:789-791, 1941.
10. Davies M, Hayes ME, Yin JA, et al. Abnormal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with malignant lymphoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1202-1207, 1994.
11. Vassilopoulou-Sellin, R, Newman, N, Taylor, SH, Guinee, VF. Incidence of hypercalcemia in patients with malignancy referred to a comprehensive cancer center. Cancer 71:1309-1312, 1993.
12. Mundy G, Guise TA. Hypercalcemia of malignancy. Am J Med 103:134-145, 1997.
13. Yoshimoto K, Yamasaki R, Sakai H, et al. Ectopic production of parathyroid hormone by small cell lung cancer in a patient with hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:976-981, 1989.
14. Rizzoli R, Pache JC, Didierjean L, et al. A thymoma as cause of true ectopic hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:912-915, 1994.
15. Philbrick WM. Parathyroid hormone related protein: Gene structure, biosynthesis, metabolism and regulation. In: Bilezekian J, ed. The parathyroid, basic and clinical concepts. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000, pp. 31-52.
16. Strewler, GJ. The physiology of parathyroid hormone related protein. N Engl J Med 342:177-185, 2000.
17. Seymour JF, Gagel RF. Calcitriol: the major mediation of hypercalcemia in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Blood 82:1383-1384, 1993.
18. Sorensen JB, Anderson MD, Hansen HH. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in malignant diseases. J Intern Med 238:97-110, 1995.
19. Gainer H, Wray S. Oxytocin and vasopressin: from genes to peptides. Ann NY Acad Sci 652:14-28, 1992.
20. Sausville E, Carney D, Batey J. The human vasopressin gene is linked to the oxytocin gene and is selectively expressed in a cultured lung cancer cell line. J Biol Chem 260:10235-10241, 1985.
21. Pequeux, C, Breton, C, Hendrick, JC, et al. Oxytocin synthesis and oxytocin receptor expression by cell lines of human small cell carcinoma of the lung stimulate tumor growth through autocrine/paracrine signaling. Cancer Res 62:4623-4629, 2002.
22. North, WG, Neuropeptide production by small cell carcinoma: vasopressin and oxytocin as plasma markers of disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1316-1320, 1991.
23. Bliss DP, Battey JF, Linnoila RI, et al. Expression of the atrial natriuretic factor gene in small cell lung cancer/tumors and tumor cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:305-310, 1990.
24. Campling BG, Sarda IP, Baer K, et al. Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin by small cell lung cancer. Cancer 75:2442-2451, 1995.
25. Becker M, Aron DC. Ectopic ACTH syndrome and CRH mediated Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amer 23:585-606, 1994.
26. Wajchenberg BL, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, et al. Ectopic adrenocorticotropin hormone syndrome. Endocr Rev 15:751-787, 1994.
27. Pfluger, KH, Gramse, M, Groop, C, Havemann, C. Ectopic ACTH production with autoantibody formation in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 305:1632-1636, 1981.
28. Yalow RS, Berson SA. Size heterogeneity of immunoreactive human ACTH in plasma and in extracts of pituitary glands and ACTH producing thymoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 44:439-445, 1971.
29. Schteingart DE. Ectopic secretion of peptides of the proopiomelanocortin family. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amer 20:453-471, 1991.
30. Black M, Carey FA, Farquhauson MA, et al. Expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene in lung neuroendocrine tumors; in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies. J Pathol 169:329-334, 1993.
31. Upton GV, Amatruda TT. Evidence for the presence of tumor peptides with corticotropin-releasing factor-like activity in the ectopic ACTH syndrome. N Eng J Med 285:419-424, 1971.
32. Mullen OA, van Werder K. Ectopic production of ACTH and CRH. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:403, 1992.
33. Faglia G, Aroso M, Bazzoni N. Ectopic acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amer 21:575-595, 1992.
34. Dayal Y, Lin HD, Tallberg K, et al. Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone releasing factor in gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. Am J Pathol 85:13-20, 1986.
35. Sano T, Asa SL, Kovacs K. Growth hormone-releasing hormone producing tumors: clinical biochemical and morphological manifestations. Endocr Rev 9:357-373, 1988.
36. Steiner H, Dahlback O, Waldenstrom J. Ectopic growth hormone production and osteoarthropathy in carcinomas of the bronchus. Lancet 1:783-785, 1968.
37. Melmed S, Ezrin C, Kovacs K, et al. Acromegaly due to secretion of growth hormone by an ectopic pancreatic islet cell tumor. N Engl J Med 312:9-17, 1985.
38. Beuschlein F, Strasburger CJ, Siegerstetter V, et al. Acromegaly caused by secretion of growth hormone by a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 342:1871-1876, 2000.
39. Kaganowicz A, Farkouh NH, Frantz AG, et al. Ectopic growth hormone in ovaries and breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:4-5, 1979.
40. Braunstein GD, Vaitukaitis JL, Carbone PP, et al. Ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotropin by neoplasms. Ann Int Med 78:39-45, 1973.
41. Braunstein GD, Bridson WE, Glass A, et al. In vivo and in vitro production of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein by a virilizing hepatoblastoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35:857-862, 1972.
42. Braunstein GD, Kamder V, Rason J, et al. Widespread distribution of chorionic gonadotropin like substance in normal human tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:917, 1979.
43. Rivera RT, Pasion SG, Wong DT, et al. Loss of tumorigenic potential by human lung tumor cells in the presence of antisense RNA specific to the ectopically synthesized alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. J Cell Biol 108:2423-2434, 1989.
44. Hirshberg B, Conn PM, Uwaifo GI, et al. Ectopic luteinizing hormone secretion and anovulation. N Engl J Med 348:312-317, 2003.
45. Rosen SW, Weintraub BD. Humours, tumors and caveats. Ann Int Med 82:274-276, 1975.
46. Weintraub BD, Rosen SW. Ectopic production of human chorionic somatomammotropin by non-trophoplastic cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32:94-101, 1971.
47. Sheth NA, Suraiya JN, Sheth AR, et al. Ectopic production of human placental lactogen by human breast tumors. Cancer 39:1693-1699, 1977.
48. Lowe WL, Roberts CT, LeRoith D, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-II in non-islet cell tumors associated with hypoglycemia: increased levels of messenger ribonucleic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:1153-1159, 1989.
49. Hizuka N, Fukuda I, Takano K, et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor II in 44 patients with non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia. Endocr J 45:561-565, 1998.
50. Daughaday WH. Hypoglycemia in patients with non-islet cell tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 18:91-101, 1989.
51. Shapiro ET, Bell GI, Polonsky KS, et al. Tumor hypoglycemia: relationship to high molecular weight insulin-like growth factor II. J Clin Invest 85:1672-1679, 1990.
52. Seckl MJ, Mulholland PJ, Bishop AE, et al. Hypoglycemia due to an insulin secreting small cell carcinoma of the cervix. N Engl J Med 341:733-736, 1999.
53. DiMeglio LA, White KE, Econs MJ. Disorders of phosphate metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 29:591-609, 2000.
54. Weidner N, Santa Cruz D. Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors: a polymorphous group causing osteomalacia or rickets. Cancer 59:1442-1454, 1981.
55. Terek RM, Nielsen GP. Case 29-2001. A 14-year old boy with abnormal bone and sacral mass. N Engl J Med 345:903-908, 2001.
56. Cai Q, Hodgson SF, Kao PC, et al. Brief report: inhibition of renal phosphate transport by a produce in a patient with osteogenic osteomalacia. N Engl J Med 330:1645-1649, 1994.
57. Shimada T, Mizutani S, Muto T, et al. Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6500-6505, 2001.
58. White KE, Jonsson KB, Carn G, et al. The autosomal dominant hypophosphatasemic rickets (ADHR) gene is a secreted polypeptide overexpressed by tumors that cause phosphate wasting. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:497-500, 2001.
59. Jan de Beur SM, Finnegan RB, Vassiliadis J, et al. Tumors associated with oncogenic osteomalacia express genes important in bone and mineral metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 17:1102-1110, 2002.
60. ADHR Consortium. Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets in associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet 26:345-348, 2000.
61. Carpenter TO. New perspectives on the biology and treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Pediatr Clin North Am 44:443-466, 1997.
62. Carpenter TO. Osteogenic osteomalacia - a complex dance of factors. N Engl J Med 348:1705-1708, 2003.
63. Jonsson KB, Zahradnik R, Larsson T. Fibroblast growth factor 23 in oncogenic osteomalacia and X-linked hypophosphatemia. N Engl J Med 348:1656-1663, 2003.
64. HYP Consortium. A gene (PEX) with homologies to endopeptidase is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatasemic rickets. Nat Genet 11:130-136, 1995.
65. Leckie BJ, Birnie G, Carachi R. Renin in Wilms' tumor: pro-renin as an indicator. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1742-1746, 1994.
66. Spahr J, Demers LM, Schochat SJ. Renin producing Wilms' tumor. J Pediatri Surg 16:32-34, 1981.
67. Hanger-Klevene JH. High plasma renin activity in an oat cell carcinoma. A renin secreting carcinoma. Cancer 26:1112-1114, 1970.
68. Anderson PW, Macaulay L, Do YS, et al. Extra-renal renin producing tumors: Insights into hypertension and ovarian renin production. Medicine 68:257-268, 1989.
69. Turkington RW. Ectopic production of prolactin. N Engl J Med 285:1455, 1971.
70. Clevenger CV, Chang WP, Ngo W, et al. Expression of prolactin and prolactin receptor in human breast carcinoma evidence of an autocrine/paracrine loop. Am J Pathol 146:695-705, 1995.
71. Purnell DM, Hillman EA, Heathfield DM, Trump BF. Immunoreactive prolactin in epithelial cells of normal and cancerous human breast and prostate detected by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Cancer Res 42:2317-2324, 1982.
72. Clevenger CV, Furth PA, Hankinson SE, Schuler LA. The role of prolactin I mammary carcinoma. Endocrin Rev 24:1-27, 2003.
73. Gould V, Chan W, Lee I, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms of the lung. Pathol Res Pract 183:200-213, 1988.
74. Coombes RC, Hillyard CJ, Greenberg PB, et al. Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin in patients with non-thyroid tumors. Lancet 1:1080-1082, 1974.
75. Roos BA, Lindall AW, Baylin SB, et al. Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin in lung cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:659-666, 1980.
76. Foa P, Ortolani S, Pagliani Em, et al. Immunoreactive calcitonin: a tumor marker for myelogenous leukemia. Int J Biol Markers 5:27-30, 1990.
77. Samaan NA, Castillo S, Schultz PN, et al. Serum calcitonin after pentagastrin stimulation in patients with bronchogenic and breast cancer compared to that in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrionol Metab 51:237-241, 1980.
78. Gahatei MA, Stratton MR, Allen J, et al. Co-expression of calcitonin gene related peptide, gastrin releasing peptide and ACTH by a carcinoid tumor metastasizing to the cerebellum. Post Grad Med J 63:125-130, 1987.
79. Pansky A, DeWeerth A, Fasler-Kan E, et al. Gastrin releasing peptide-preferring bombesin receptors mediate growth of human renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephol 11:1409-1418, 2000.
80. Bartholdi MF, Wu JM, Pu H, et al. In situ hybridization for gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRP receptor) expression in prostatic carcinoma. Int J Cancer 79:82-90, 1998.
81. Cuttita F, Desmond NC, Mulshine J, et al. Bombesin like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small cell lung cancer. Nature 316:823-826, 1985.
82. Saurin JC, Fallavier M, Sordat B, et al. Bombesin stimulates invasion and migration of Isrecol colon carcinoma cells in a rho-dependent manner. Cancer 62:4829-4835, 2002.
83. Saurin JC, Nemoz-Gaillard E, Sordat B, et al. Bombesin stimulates adhesion, spreading, lamellipodia formation and proliferation in a human colon carcinoma Isrecol cell line. Cancer Res 316:962-967, 1999.
84. Mendelsohn G, Eggleston JC, Olson JL, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and its relationship to ganglion cell differentiation in neuroblastic tumors. Lab Invest 41:144-149, 1979.
85. Said SI, Faloona GR. Elevated plasma and tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the watery diarrhea syndrome due to pancreatic bronchogenic and other tumors. N Engl J Med 293:155-160, 1975.
86. Moody TW, Chan D, Fahrenkrug J, Jensen RT. Neuropeptides as autocrine growth factors in cancer cells. Curr Pharm Des 9:495-509, 2003.
87. Wood SM, Wood, JR, Ghatei MA, et al. Bombesin, somatostatin, and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in bronchial carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:1310-1312, 1981.
88. Huntstein W, Trumper LH, Dummer R, et al. Glucagonoma syndrome and bronchial carcinoma. Ann Int Med 109:920-921, 1988.
89. Leach SD, La Morte AI, Ture LD, et al. Aberrant hormone production from ovarian neoplasms: strategies for diagnosis and therapy. World J Surg 14:335-340, 1990.
90. Baylin SB, Herman JG, Graff JR, et al. Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia. Adv Cancer Res 72:141-196, 1998.
91. Ito T, Udaka N, Okudela K, et al. Mechanisms of neuroendocrine differentiation in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and small cell carcinomas. Endocrine Pathol 14:133-139, 2003.
92. Borges M, Linnoila RI, van de Velde H, et al. An achaete-scute homologue essential for neuroendocrine differentiation in the lung. Nature 386:852-855, 1997.
93. Chen H, Thiagalingam A, Chopra H, et al. Conservation of the Drosophila lateral inhibition pathway in human lung cancer: A hairy related protein (HES-1) directly represses achete-scute homolog-1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5355-5360, 1997.
94. Linnoila RI, Zaho B, DeMayo JL, et al. Constitutive achete-scute homologue-1 promotes airway dysplasia and lung neuroendocrine tumors in transgenic mice. Cancer Res 60:4005-4009, 2000.
95. Watkins D, Berman D, Burkholder S, et al. Hedgohog signaling within airway epithelial progenitors and in small cell lung cancer. Nature 422:313-317, 2003.
96. Watkins D, Berman D, Baylin SB. Hedgehog signaling: progenitor phenotype in small cell lung cancer. Cell Cycle 2:196-198, 2003.
97. Ehrlich M. DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little. Oncogene 21:5400-5413, 2002.
98. Esteller M. CpG island hypermethylation and tumor suppressor genes: a booming present, a brighter future. Oncogene 21:5427-5440, 2002.
99. Karp A, Jones D. Reactivating the expression of methylation silenced genes in human cancer. Oncogene 21:5496-5503, 2002.
100. Newell-Price J, King P, Clark A. The CpG island promoter of the human proopiomelanocortin gene is methylated in nonexpressing normal tissue and tumors and represses expression. Mol Endocrinol 15:338-348, 2001.
101. Newell-Price J. Proopiomelanocortin gene expression and DNA methylation: implications for Cushing's syndrome and beyond. J. Endocrinol 177:365-372, 2003.
102. Rabbani SA. Molecular mechanism action of parathyroid hormone related peptide in hypercalcemia of malignancy: therapeutic strategies (review). Int J Oncol 16:198-206, 2000.
103. Akliliu F, Gladu J, Goltzman D, Rabbani SA. Role of mitogen activated protein kinase in the induction of parathyroid hormone related peptide. Cancer Res 60:1753-1760, 2000.