메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 38-48

Closing the loop on cadmium: An assessment of the material cycle of cadmium in the U.S.

Author keywords

Battery recycling; Cadmium; Material cycle of cadmium in the U.S.; Material flow analysis (MFA); Nickel cadmium batteries; Substance flow analysis (SFA)

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; NICKEL; ZINC;

EID: 31144478045     PISSN: 09483349     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1065/lca2006.01.234     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (20)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 84872805403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 CFR 273 (1995): Universal Waste Rule. Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Part 273
    • 40 CFR 273 (1995): Universal Waste Rule. Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Part 273
  • 2
    • 30644467471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2004): ATSDR Minimal Risk Levels. Online: 〈http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrllist 03 O4.pdf〉
    • (2004) ATSDR Minimal Risk Levels
  • 4
    • 0033872777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Materials availability for large scale thin-film photovoltaics
    • Andersson B (2000): Materials Availability for Large Scale Thin-Film Photovoltaics. Prog in Photovoltaics 8 (1) 61-76
    • (2000) Prog in Photovoltaics , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-76
    • Andersson, B.1
  • 6
    • 0030201255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socio-ecological Indicators for Sustainability
    • Azar C, Holmberg J, Lindgren K (1996): Socio-ecological Indicators for Sustainability. Ecol Econ 18 (2) 89-112
    • (1996) Ecol Econ , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 89-112
    • Azar, C.1    Holmberg, J.2    Lindgren, K.3
  • 9
    • 17944375263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved understanding of soil cd risk to humans and low cost methods to phytoextract cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil cd risks
    • Chaney R et al. (2004): An Improved Understanding of Soil Cd Risk to Humans and Low Cost Methods to Phytoextract Cd from Contaminated Soils to Prevent Soil Cd Risks. BioMetals 17, 549-553
    • (2004) BioMetals , vol.17 , pp. 549-553
    • Chaney, R.1
  • 11
    • 3542999895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tire-wear particles as a source of zinc to the environment
    • Councell T et al. (2004): Tire-Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment. Environ Sci & Techn (38) 15, 4206-14
    • (2004) Environ Sci & Techn , Issue.38 , pp. 15
    • Councell, T.1
  • 13
    • 0020954310 scopus 로고
    • Quality and quantity of sanitary landfill leachate
    • Ehrig H (1983): Quality and Quantity of Sanitary Landfill Leachate. Waste Management and Research 1, 53-68
    • (1983) Waste Management and Research , vol.1 , pp. 53-68
    • Ehrig, H.1
  • 14
    • 31144441203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy Information Admin, US Dept of Energy, Washington DC
    • EIA (2005): Quarterly Coal Report, April-June 2005. Energy Information Admin, US Dept of Energy, Washington DC, p 32
    • (2005) Quarterly Coal Report, April-June 2005 , pp. 32
  • 17
    • 0034332938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-of life management and recycling of PV modules
    • Fthenakis V (2000): End-of Life Management and Recycling of PV Modules. Energy Policy 28, 1051-1058
    • (2000) Energy Policy , vol.28 , pp. 1051-1058
    • Fthenakis, V.1
  • 18
    • 1542274593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production
    • Fthenakis V (2004): Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Rev (8) 303-334
    • (2004) Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Rev , Issue.8 , pp. 303-334
    • Fthenakis, V.1
  • 19
    • 84872782949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recycling of NiCd batteries and other PRBs in Japan
    • Intl Cadmium Association. Great Falls, VA
    • th Intl NiCd Conf, Prague. Intl Cadmium Association. Great Falls, VA
    • (1998) th Intl NiCd Conf, Prague
    • Fujimoto, K.1
  • 21
    • 84872779480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spain, 30 September-1 October 1996. International Cadmium Association. Reston, VA, pp 44-49
    • Spain, 30 September-1 October 1996. International Cadmium Association. Reston, VA, pp 44-49
  • 23
    • 0004524844 scopus 로고
    • Energy and environmental impacts of electric vehicle battery production and recycling
    • Vienna, Austria, October 16-19, 1995
    • Gaines L, Singh M (1995): Energy and Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicle Battery Production and Recycling. Total Life Cycle Conference and Exposition, Vienna, Austria, October 16-19, 1995
    • (1995) Total Life Cycle Conference and Exposition
    • Gaines, L.1    Singh, M.2
  • 24
    • 0041318648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The characterization of the technological zinc cycles
    • Gordon R et al. (2003): The Characterization of the Technological Zinc Cycles. Resources Conserv and Recycl 39, 107-135
    • (2003) Resources Conserv and Recycl , vol.39 , pp. 107-135
    • Gordon, R.1
  • 25
    • 31144442777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collection and recycling of NiCd batteries in Europe
    • th Intl NiCd Conf, Prague, Czech Rep. Ikeda M et al., Possible Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure on Kidney Function in the Japanese General Population
    • th Intl NiCd Conf, Prague, Czech Rep. In: Ikeda M et al. (2000), Possible Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure on Kidney Function in the Japanese General Population. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 73, pp 15-25
    • (1998) International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , vol.73 , pp. 15-25
    • Hake, M.1
  • 26
    • 84872814405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online
    • IZA (2001): Primary Zinc Grades. Int Zinc Association. Online: 〈www.iza. com/zwo_org/Applications/Zinc/031201.htm〉
    • (2001) Primary Zinc Grades
  • 27
    • 0010023741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc production: A survey of existing smelter and refineries
    • Dutrizac J et al. (2000). TMS. Warrendale
    • James SE (2000): Zinc Production: A Survey of Existing Smelter and Refineries. In: Dutrizac J et al. (2000), Lead Zinc 2000. TMS. Warrendale, pp 205-225
    • (2000) Lead Zinc 2000 , pp. 205-225
    • James, S.E.1
  • 28
    • 0142059123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaching of lead from computer printed wire boards and cathode ray tubes by municipal solid waste landfill leachates
    • Jang Y, Townsend T (2003): Leaching of Lead from Computer Printed Wire Boards and Cathode Ray Tubes by Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachates. Environ Sci & Tech (37) 20, 4778-4784
    • (2003) Environ Sci & Tech , Issue.37 , pp. 20
    • Jang, Y.1    Townsend, T.2
  • 31
    • 17644426712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future redistribution of cadmium to arable Swedish soils: A substance stock analysis
    • Karlsson S, Fredrikson, Holmberg J (2004): Future Redistribution of Cadmium to Arable Swedish Soils: A Substance Stock Analysis. J of Ind Ecol (8) 4, 41-58 (and e-supplement)
    • (2004) J of Ind Ecol , Issue.8 E-SUPPL. , pp. 4
    • Karlsson, S.1    Fredrikson2    Holmberg, J.3
  • 32
    • 0016567021 scopus 로고
    • Pathways of thirty-seven trace elements through coal-fired power plant
    • Klein D et al. (1975): Pathways of Thirty-seven Trace Elements Through Coal-Fired Power Plant. Environ Sci & Tech (9) 10, 973-979
    • (1975) Environ Sci & Tech , Issue.9 , pp. 10
    • Klein, D.1
  • 34
    • 0036412072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: A review
    • Kjeldson P et al. (2002): Present and Long-Term Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review. Crit Rev m Envron Sci & Tech 32 (4) 297-336
    • (2002) Crit Rev M Envron Sci & Tech , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-336
    • Kjeldson, P.1
  • 36
    • 0034214242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-cycle methods for comparing primary and rechargeable batteries
    • Lankey R, McMichael F (2000): Life-Cycle Methods for Comparing Primary and Rechargeable Batteries. Environ Sci Technol 34, 2299-2304
    • (2000) Environ Sci Technol , vol.34 , pp. 2299-2304
    • Lankey, R.1    McMichael, F.2
  • 37
    • 0008644494 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines. Online
    • Llewellyn T (1994): Cadmium: Materials Flow. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines. Online: 〈http://pubs.usgs.gov/usbmic/ic-9380/cadmium. pdf〉
    • (1994) Cadmium: Materials Flow
    • Llewellyn, T.1
  • 42
    • 0005377770 scopus 로고
    • Online
    • Occupational Health and Safety Administration (1992): Occupational Exposure to Cadmium. Online: 〈http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha 3136.pdf〉
    • (1992) Occupational Exposure to Cadmium
  • 43
    • 0035544773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide
    • Pacyna J, Pacyna E (2001): An Assessment of Global and Regional Emissions of Trace Metals to the Atmosphere from Anthropogenic Sources Worldwide. Environ Rev (9) 269-298
    • (2001) Environ Rev , Issue.9 , pp. 269-298
    • Pacyna, J.1    Pacyna, E.2
  • 48
    • 17644425964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First Solar LLC, Toledo, Ohio. Personal communication
    • Rich G (2004): Systems Engineer, First Solar LLC, Toledo, Ohio. Personal communication
    • (2004) Systems Engineer
    • Rich, G.1
  • 49
    • 0042327134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roskill Information Services Ltd.
    • Roskill (2001): The Economics of Zinc. Roskill Information Services Ltd.
    • (2001) The Economics of Zinc
    • Roskill1
  • 51
    • 0842339502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Material flows of household batteries in Sweden
    • CISA Environmental Sanitary Engineering Center, Cagliari, Italy
    • th Intl Waste Mgt and Landfill Symposium. CISA Environmental Sanitary Engineering Center, Cagliari, Italy
    • (1999) th Intl Waste Mgt and Landfill Symposium
    • Rydh, C.1
  • 52
    • 0036174563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle inventory of recycling portable nickel-cadmium batteries
    • Rydh C, Karlström M (2002a): Life Cycle Inventory of Recycling Portable Nickel-Cadmium Batteries. Res Cons & Recycling (34) 2, 289-309
    • (2002) Res Cons & Recycling , Issue.34 , pp. 2
    • Rydh, C.1    Karlström, M.2
  • 53
    • 0037454726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact on global metal flows arising from the use of portable rechargeable batteries
    • Rydh C, Svärd B (2002b): Impact on global metal flows arising from the use of portable rechargeable batteries. Sci of the Tot Environ (302) 167-184
    • (2002) Sci of the Tot Environ , Issue.302 , pp. 167-184
    • Rydh, C.1    Svärd, B.2
  • 55
    • 0032921061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental considerations on battery-housing recovery
    • Schmidt W, Beyer H (1999): Environmental Considerations on Battery-Housing Recovery. Int J LCA 4 (2) 107-112
    • (1999) Int J LCA , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-112
    • Schmidt, W.1    Beyer, H.2
  • 56
    • 11144257693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Household hazardous waste in municipal landfills: Contaminants in leachate
    • Slack R, Gronow J, Voulvoulis N (2005): Household Hazardous Waste in Municipal Landfills: Contaminants in Leachate. Sci of the Total Environ 337, 119-137
    • (2005) Sci of the Total Environ , vol.337 , pp. 119-137
    • Slack, R.1    Gronow, J.2    Voulvoulis, N.3
  • 57
    • 31144431740 scopus 로고
    • Recycling and other regulatory requirements affecting battery technologies
    • Reno, NV - Electrochemical Society PV
    • Smith T (1995): Recycling and Other Regulatory Requirements Affecting Battery Technologies. Proc of the Symp on Electrochemical Technology Applied to Environ Problems. Reno, NV - Electrochemical Society PV (12) 155-167
    • (1995) Proc of the Symp on Electrochemical Technology Applied to Environ Problems , Issue.12 , pp. 155-167
    • Smith, T.1
  • 59
    • 0027336802 scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal pollution in the rhine basin
    • Stigliani W et al. (1993): Heavy Metal Pollution in the Rhine Basin. Environ Sci & Tech (27) 5, 786-793
    • (1993) Environ Sci & Tech , Issue.27 , pp. 5
    • Stigliani, W.1
  • 60
    • 0039479977 scopus 로고
    • Industrial metabolism at the regional level: The rhine basin
    • Ayres R, Simonis U (eds). UN University Press, Hongkong
    • Stigliani W, Anderberg S (1994a): Industrial Metabolism at the Regional Level: The Rhine Basin. In: Ayres R, Simonis U (eds), Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development. UN University Press, Hongkong, pp 119-162
    • (1994) Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development , pp. 119-162
    • Stigliani, W.1    Anderberg, S.2
  • 61
    • 0000668553 scopus 로고
    • Metals loading of the environment: Cadmium in the rhine basin
    • Socolow et al. (eds). Cambridge University Press
    • Stigliani W, Jaffé P, Anderberg S (1994b): Metals Loading of the Environment: Cadmium in the Rhine Basin. In: Socolow et al. (eds), Industrial Ecology and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, pp 287-296
    • (1994) Industrial Ecology and Global Change , pp. 287-296
    • Stigliani, W.1    Jaffé, P.2    Anderberg, S.3
  • 63
    • 20344380173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc casting and recycling
    • Online
    • Tan R, Khoo T (2005): Zinc Casting and Recycling. Im J of LCA 10 (3) 211-218, Online: 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2004.08.172〉
    • (2005) Im J of LCA , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-218
    • Tan, R.1    Khoo, T.2
  • 65
    • 0003441938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington D.C. Online (1.1.05)
    • US Census Bureau (2004): Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004-2005. Washington D.C. Online (1.1.05): 〈http://www.census.gov/prod/ 2004pubs/04statab/pop.pdf〉
    • (2004) Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004-2005
  • 66
    • 0004031145 scopus 로고
    • Online (1.1.05)
    • US Bureau of Mines (1972-1993): Minerals Yearbooks. Online (1.1.05): 〈http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/usbmmvb.html〉
    • (1972) Minerals Yearbooks
  • 72
    • 12844255886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dept of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA530-K-97-009 Online (15.12.04)
    • US EPA (1997): Implementation of the Mercury Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act. Dept of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA530-K-97-009 Online (15.12.04): 〈www.epa.Eov/epaoswer/hazwaste/recvcle/ batterv.pdf〉
    • (1997) Implementation of the Mercury Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act
  • 74
    • 0042805865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online
    • US EPA (2002): Toxics Release Inventory. Online: 〈http://www.epa. gov/tri/tridata/tri02/data/index.htm〉
    • (2002) Toxics Release Inventory
  • 75
    • 84872763792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online (3.1.05)
    • US EPA (2005): Priority Chemicals and Fact Sheets Website. Online (3.1.05): 〈www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazvvaste/minimize/chemlist.htm〉
    • (2005) Priority Chemicals and Fact Sheets Website
  • 76
    • 0004031145 scopus 로고
    • Online (1.1.05)
    • USGS (1994-2003): Minerals Yearbooks. US Geological Survey. Online (1.1.05): 〈http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commoditv/cadmium/index. html#mvb〉
    • (1994) Minerals Yearbooks
  • 79
    • 0009326376 scopus 로고
    • United Nations University Press. Tokyo, Japan
    • Ui J (1992): Industrial Pollution in Japan. United Nations University Press. Tokyo, Japan
    • (1992) Industrial Pollution in Japan
    • Ui, J.1
  • 80
    • 0003518385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metals: A problem solved? Methods and models to evaluate policy strategies for heavy metals
    • Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands
    • van der Voet E, Guinée J, Udo de Haes HA (2000): Heavy Metals: A Problem Solved? Methods and Models to Evaluate Policy Strategies for Heavy Metals. Environ & Policy Series (22), Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands
    • (2000) Environ & Policy Series , Issue.22
    • Van Der Voet, E.1    Guinée, J.2    Udo De Haes, H.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.