Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: A review

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 297-336

  Kjeldsen, Peter ^a   Barlaz, Morton A ^b   Rooker, Alix P ^b   Baun, Anders ^a   Ledin, Anna ^a   Christensen, Thomas H ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b North Carolina State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Ammonia; Dissolved organic matter; Heavy metals; Toxicological testing; Waste disposal; Xenobiotic organic compound

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; DECOMPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; GROUNDWATER POLLUTION; HEAVY METALS; LEACHATE TREATMENT; OXIDATION; SURFACE WATERS;

POLLUTANTS;

LAND FILL;

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON; AMMONIA; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; BICARBONATE; CADMIUM; CALCIUM ION; CHLORIDE ION; CHROMIUM; COPPER; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; GROUND WATER; HALIDE; HEAVY METAL; INORGANIC COMPOUND; IRON; LEAD; MAGNESIUM ION; MANGANESE; NICKEL; PESTICIDE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; POTASSIUM ION; SODIUM ION; SULFATE; SURFACE WATER; XENOBIOTIC AGENT; ZINC;

AMMONIA; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; LANDFILL; LEACHATE; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; WATER POLLUTION;

ACIDITY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DECOMPOSITION; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; EVALUATION; LANDFILL LEACHATE; MODEL; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; REVIEW; SIMULATION; THEORY; TIME; WATER POLLUTANT; WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 0036412072     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643380290813462     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Åkesson, M. and Nilsson, P., Seasonal changes of leachate production and quality from test cells, J. Environ. Eng., 123, 892, 1997.
2. Albaiges, J., Casado, F., and Ventura, F., Organic indicators of groundwater pollution by sanitary landfill. Water Res., 20, 1153, 1986.
3. Altmann, R.S. and Bourg, A.M., Cadmium mobilisation under conditions simulating anaerobic to aerobic transition in a landfill leachate-polluted aquifer. Water, Air Soil Pollut., 94, 385, 1997.
4. Andreottola, G., and Cannas, P., Chemical and biological characteristics of landfill leachate, in Landfilling of waste: Leachate, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, 1992, 65.
5. Artiola-Fortuny J. and Fuller, W.H., Humic substances in landfill leachates: I. Humic acid extraction and identification. J. Environ. Qual., 11, 663, 1982.
6. Assmuth, T., Distribution and attenuation of hazardous substances in uncontrolled solid waste landfills. Waste Manag. Res., 10, 235, 1992.
7. Assmuth, T. and Penttilae, S., Characteristics, determinants and interpretations of acute lethality in daphnids exposed to complex waste leachates. Aquat. Toxicol., 31, 125, 1995.
8. Assmuth, T.W. and Strandberg, T., Groundwater contamination at Finnish landfills. Water, Air Soil Pollut., 69, 179, 1993.
9. Aulin, C. and Neretnieks, I., Material balance for an industrial landfill, in SARDINIA '95, Fifth International Landfill Symposium, Proceedings, Volume III, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., CISA. Cagliari, Italy, 173, 1995.
10. Atwater, J.W., Jasper, S., Mavinic, D.S., and Koch, F.A., Experiments using daphnia to measure landfill leachate toxicity, Water Res., 17, 1855, 1983.
11. Backhus, D.A., Ryan, J.N., Groher, D.M., MacFarlane, J.K., and Gschwend, P.M., Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water. Ground Water, 31, 466, 1993.
12. Barker, J.F., Cherry, J.A., Carey, D.A., and M.E., Muttes, Hazardous organic chemicals in groundwater at Ontario landfills, in Proc. Technol. Transfer Conf., No. 8, Part C, Liquids and Solid Waste Research. Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Canada, 1987.
13. Barker, J.F., Cherry, J.A., Reinhard, M., Pankow, J.F., and M. Zapico, The Occurrence and Mobility of Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Groundwater at Several Ontario Landfills. Lottery Trust Fund Project 118PL. Waterloo, Ontario, Institute of Groundwater Research, University of Waterloo, 1987.
14. Barlaz, M.A., Schaefer, D.M., and Ham, R.K., Bacterial population development and chemical characteristics of refuse decomposition in a simulated sanitary landfill, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55, 55, 1989a.
15. Barlaz, M. A., Ham, R. K., and Schaefer D.M., Mass balance analysis of decomposed refuse in laboratory scale lysimeters, ASCE J. Environ. Eng., 115, 1088, 1989b.
16. Barlaz, M. A., Ham, R. K., and Schaefer, D. M., Methane production from municipal refuse: A review of enhancement techniques and microbial dynamics, CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Contr., 19, 6, 557, 1990.
17. Barlaz, M. A. and Ham R. K., Leachate and gas generation, in Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal, D. E. Daniel, Ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1993, 113.
18. Bauer, M.J., Herrmann, R., Martin, A., and Zellmann, H., Chemodynamics, transport behaviour and treatment of phthalic acid esters in municipal landfill leachates, Water Sci. Technol. 38(2), 185, 1998.
19. Baun, A., Jensen, S.D., Bjerg, P.L., Christensen, T.H., and Nyholm, N., Toxicity of organic chemical pollution in groundwater downgradient of a landfill (Grindsted, Denmark), Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 1647, 2000.
20. Baun, A., Kløft, L., Bjerg, P.L., and Nyholm, N., Toxicity testing of organic chemicals in groundwater polluted with landfill leachate, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 2046, 1999.
21. Beg, M.U. and Al-Muzaini, S., Genotoxicity assay of landfill leachates, Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., 13, 127, 1998.
22. Belevi, H. and Baccini, P., Long-term behavior of municipal solid waste landfills, Waste Manag., Res., 7, 43, 1989.
23. Belevi, H. and Baccini, P., Long-term leachate emissions from municipal solid waste landfills, in Landfilling of waste: Leachate, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, 1992, 431.
24. Bolton, K.A. and Evans, L.J., Elemental composition and speciation of some landfill leachates with particular reference to cadmium, Water Air Soil Pollut., 60, 43, 1991.
25. Bookter, T.J. and Ham, R.K., Stabilization of solid waste in landfills, ASCE J. Environ. Eng., 108, 1089, 1982
26. Bozkurt, S., Moreno, L., and Neretnieks, I., Long-term fate of organics in waste deposits and its effect on metal release, Sci. Total Environ., 228, 135, 1999.
27. Bozkurt, S., Moreno, L., and Neretnieks, I., Long-term processes in waste deposits, Sci. Total Environ., 250, 101, 2000.
28. Brown, K.W. and Donnelly, K.C., An estimation of the risk associated with the organic constituents of hazardous and municipal waste landfill leachate, Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 5, 1, 1988.
29. Burton, S.Q. and Watson-Craik, I.A., Ammonia and nitrogen fluxes in landfill sites: Applicability to sustainable landfilling, Waste Manag. Res., 16, 41, 1998.
30. Cabrera, G.L. and Rodriguez, D.G., Genotoxicity of leachates from a landfill using three bioassays. Mut. Res., 426, 207, 1999.
31. Calmano, W., Hong, J., and Forstner, U., Binding and mobilization of heavy metals in contaminated sediments affected by pH and redox potential, Water Sci. Tech., 28(8-9), 223, 1993.
32. Cameron, R.D. and Koch, F.A., Toxicity of landfill leachates. J. WPCF, 52, 760, 1980.
33. Charlatcka, R. and Cambier, P., Influence of reducing conditions on solubility of trace metals in contaminated soils, Water Air Soil Pollut., 118, 143, 2000.
34. Chian, E.S.K., and DeWalle, F.B., Characterization of soluble organic matter in leachate. Environ. Sci. Techol., 11, 158, 1977.
35. Christensen, A.G., Fischer, E.V., Nielsen, H.N., Nygaard, T., Østergaard, H., Lenschow, S.R., Sørensen, H., Fuglsang, I.A., and Larsen, T.H., Passive soil vapor extraction of chlorinated solvents using boreholes, in Physical and Thermal Technologies, Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, The Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California, May 22-25, 2000, Wickramanayake, G.B. and Gavaskar, A.R., Eds., Batelle Press, Columbus, OH, 2000, 83.
36. Christensen, T.H. and Kjeldsen, P., Basic biochemical processes in landfills. Chapter 2.1 in Sanitary Landfilling: Process, Technology and Environmental Impact, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., Academic Press, London, UK, 1989, 29.
37. Christensen, T.H., Kjeldsen, P., and Stegmann, R., Effects of landfill management procedures on landfill stabilization and leachate and gas quality. Chapter 2.7 in Landfilling of Waste: Leachate, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, 1992, 119.
38. Christensen, T.H., Kjeldsen, P., Albrechtsen, H.-J., Heron, G., Nielsen, P.H., Bjerg, P.L., and Holm, P.E., Attenuation of landfill leachate pollutants in aquifers, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 119, 1994.
39. Christensen, T.H. and Kjeldsen, P., Landfill emissions and environmental impact: An introduction. in SARDINIA '95, Fifth International Landfill Symposium, Proceedings, Volume III, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., CISA, Cagliari, Italy, 1995, 3.
40. Christensen, J.B., Jensen, D.L., Filip Z., Grøn C., and Christensen T.H., Characterization of the dissolved organic carbon in landfill polluted groundwater, Water Res., 32, 125, 1998.
41. Christensen, T.H., Kjeldsen, P., Bjerg, P.L., Jensen, D.L., Christensen, J.B., Baun, A., Albrechtsen, H.-J., and Heron, G., Biogeochemistry of landfill leachate plumes, Appl. Geochem., 2001 16, 659-718.
42. Cheung, K.C., Chu, L.M., and Wong, M.H., Toxic effect of landfill leachate on microalgae, Water Air Soil Pollut., 69, 337, 1993.
43. Chu, L.M., Cheung, K.C., and Wong, M.H., Variations in the chemical-properties of landfill leachate, Environ. Manag., 18, 105, 1994.
44. Clément, B. and Merlin, G., The contribution of ammonia and alkalinity to landfill leachate toxicity to duckweed, Sci. Total Environ., 70, 71, 1995.
45. Clément, B., Persoone, G., Janssen, C., and Le Dû-Delepierre, A., Estimation of the hazard of landfills through toxicity testing of leachates. I. Determination of leachate toxicity with a battery of acute tests, Chemosphere, 33, 2303, 1996.
46. Clément, B., Janssen, C.R., and Le Dû-Delepierre, A., Estimation of the hazard of landfills through toxicity testing of leachates. II. Comparison of physico-chemical characteristics of landfill leachates with their toxicity determined with a battery of tests, Chemosphere, 35, 2783, 1997.
47. Devare, M., and Bahadir, M., Biological monitoring of landfill leachates using plants and luminiscent bacteria, Chemosphere, 28, 261, 1994.
48. DeWalle, F.B. and Chian, S.K., Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste landfill, AWWA J., 73, 206, 1981.
49. Dunlap, W.J., Shew, D.C., Robertson, J.M., and Toussaint, C.R., Organic pollutants contributed to groundwater by a landfill, in Gas and Leachate from Landfills, US. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, 1976, 96 (EPA-600/9-76-004).
50. Ecobalance Inc., Life Cycle Inventory of a Modern Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Environmental Research and Education Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA, 1999.
51. Ehrig, H.-J., Beitrag zum Quantitativen und Quantitativen Wasserhaushalt von Mülldeponien. II. Erweiterte Auflage. Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, 1980. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Stadtbauwesen, Heft 26).
52. Ehrig, H.-J., Quality and quantity of sanitary landfill leachate, Waste Manag. Res., 1, 53, 1983.
53. Ehrig, H.-J., Water and element balances of Landfills, in The Landfill, Baccini, P., Ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1988. 83. (Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Vol. 20).
54. Ejlertsson, J., Jonsson, S., and Svensson, B.H., The formation of phthalate monoesters during digestion of MSW under landfill conditions, in Sardinia 99, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita Di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, 4-8 October, Proceedings, Vol. 1, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., CISA, Cagliari, Italy, 1999, 193.
55. Ernst, W.R., Hennigar, P., Doe, K., Wade, S., and Julien, G., Characterization of the chemical constituents and toxicity to aquatic organisms of a municipal landfill leachate, Water Poll. Res. J. Canada, 29, 89, 1994.
56. Farquhar C.J. and Rovers, F.A., Gas production during refuse decomposition, Water Air Soil Pollut., 2, 483, 1973.
57. Flyhammer, P., Analysis of the cadmium flux in Sweden with special emphasis on landfill leachate, J. Environ. Qual., 24, 612, 1995.
58. Flyhammer, P., Estimation of heavy metals transformations in municipal solid waste, Sci. Total Environ., 198, 123, 1997.
59. Flyhammer, P., Tamaddon, F., and L. Bengtsson, Heavy metals in a municipal solid waste deposition cell, Waste Manag. Res., 16, 403, 1998.
60. Frimmel, F.H. and Weis, M., Ageing effects of high molecular weight organic acids which can be isolated from landfill leachates, Water Sci. Technol., 23, 419, 1991.
61. Först, C., Stieglitz, L., Roth, W., and Kuhnmünch, S., Quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds in landfill leachates, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 37, 287, 1989.
62. Garland, G.A. and Mosher, D.C., Leachate effects of improper land disposal, Waste Age, 6(3), 42, 1975.
63. Gintautas, P.A., Daniel, S.R., and Macalady, D.L., Phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides in municipal landfill leachates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 517, 1992.
64. Gibbons, R.D., Dolan, D.G., May, H., O'Leary, K., and O'Hara, R., Statistical comparison of leachate from hazardous, codisposal, and municipal solid waste landfills, Ground Water Monit. Rem., 19, 72, 1999.
65. Gounaris, V., Anderson, P.R., and Holsen, T.M., Characteristics and environmental significance of colloids in landfill leachate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1381, 1993.
66. Greenpeace (1999): http://www.greenpeace.se
67. Grøn, C., Christensen, J.B., Jensen, D.L., Kjeldsen, P., and Østfeldt, P., Organic halogens in landfill leachates. Water Air Soil Pollut., 120, 331, 2000.
68. Harkov, R., Gianti, S.J., Jr., Bozelli, J.W., and LaRegina, J.E., Monitoring volatile organic compounds at hazardous and sanitary landfills in New Jersey, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, A20, 491, 1985.
69. Harmsen, J., Identification of organic compounds in leachate from a waste tip, Water Res., 17, 699, 1983.
70. Helma, C., Mersch-Sundermann, V., Houk, V.S., Glasbrenner, U., Klein, C., Wenquing, L., Kassie, F., Schulte-Hermann, R., and Knasmüller, S., Compartive evaluation of four bacterial assays for the detection of genotoxic effects in the dissolved water phases of aqueous matrices, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 897, 1996.
71. Holm, P.E., Andersen, S., and Christensen, T.H., Speciation of dissolved cadmium: Interpretation of dialysis, ion exchange and computer (GEOCHEM) methods, Water Res., 29, 803, 1995.
72. Jensen, D.L. and Christensen, T.H., Colloidal and dissolved metals in leachates from four Danish landfills, Water Res., 33, 2139, 1999.
73. Johansen, O.J. and Carlson, D.A., Characterization of sanitary landfill leachates, Water Res., 10, 1129, 1976.
74. Karstensen, K.H., Priority Pollutants in Leachate from Landfills, Statens Forurensningstilsyn, Oslo Norway, 1989 (in Norwegian).
75. Keddy, C.J., Greene, J.C., and Bonnell, M.A., Review of whole-organism bioassays: Soil, freshwater sediment, and freshwater assessment in Canada, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 30, 221, 1995.
76. Khare, M. and Dondero, N.C., Fractionation and concentration from water of volatile organics on high vacuum system: Examination of sanitary landfill leachate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 814, 1977.
77. Kjeldsen, P., Groundwater pollution source characterization of an old landfill, J. Hydrol., 142, 349, 1993.
78. Kjeldsen, P. and Grundtvig, Aa., Leaching of organic compounds from industrial waste disposed of at an old municipal landfill, in SARDINIA '95, Fifth International Landfill Symposium, Proceedings, Volume III, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., CISA, Cagliari, Italy, 1995, 201.
79. Kjeldsen, P., Andersen, J.S., Grundtvig, Aa., and Winther, P., Characterization of an old municipal landfill (Grindsted, Denmark) as a groundwater pollution source: Landfill history and leachate compostition, Waste Manag. Res., 16,3, 1998.
80. Kjeldsen, P. and Christensen, T.H., A simple model for the distribution and fate of organic chemicals in a landfill: MOCLA, Waste Manag.Res., 19, 201-216, 2001.
81. Kjeldsen, P. and Christophersen, M., Composition of leachate from old landfills in Denmark, Waste Manag. Res., 19, 249-256, 2001.
82. Kjeldsen, P., and Jensen, M.H., Release of CFC-11 from disposal of polyurethane foam waste, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3055-3063, 2001.
83. Klein, T. and Niessner, R., Characterization of heavy-metal-containing seepage water colloids by flow FFF, ultrafiltration, ELISA and AAS, Mikrochim Acta, 129(1-2), 47, 1998.
84. Knox, K. and Jones, P.H., Complexation characteristics of sanitary landfill leachates, Water Res., 13, 839, 1979.
85. Komilis, D.P., Ham, R.K., and Stegmann, R., The effect of municipal solid waste pretreatment on landfill behavior: a literature review, Waste Manag. Res., 17, 10, 1999.
86. Komilis, D.P., Ham, R.K., and Stegmann, R., The effect of landfill design and operation practices on waste degradation behavior: a review, Waste Manag. Res., 17, 20, 1999.
87. Kromann, A., Ludvigsen, L., Albrechtsen, H.J., Christensen, T.H., Ejlertsson, J., and Svensson, B.H., Degradability of chlorinated aliphatic compounds in methanogenic leachates sampled at eight landfills, Waste Manag. Res., 16, 54, 1998.
88. Kross, B.C. and Cherryholmes, K., Toxicity screening of sanitary landfill leachates: A comparative evaluation with Microtox analyses, chemical, and other toxicity screening methods, in Ecotoxicology Monitoring, Richardson, M.L., Ed., VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany, 1993, 225.
89. Kruempelbeck, I. and Ehrig, H.-J., Long-term behavior of municipal solid waste landfills in Germany, in Sardinia 99, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 4-8 October, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Proceedings Vol. I, Christensen, T. H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R. Eds., CISA - Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Cagliari, Italy, 1999, 27.
90. Krug, M.N. and Ham, R.K., Analysis of long-term leachate characteristics, in Proceedings Sardinia 91, Third International Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, 14-18 October 1991, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., CISA, Cagliari, Italy, 1991, 51.
91. Kylefors, K., Ecke, H., and Lagerkvist, A. Relevancy of discharge limit of COD for landfill leachates, in Sardinia 99, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 4-8 October, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. Proceedings, Vol. IV, Christensen, T. H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R. Eds., CISA - Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Cagliari, Italy, 1999, 201.
92. Lambolez, L., Vasseur, P., Ferard, J.F., and Gisbert, T., The environmental risks of industrial waste disposal: An experimental approach including acute and chronic toxicity studies, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 28, 217, 1994.
93. Leahy, J.G. and Shreve G.S., The effect of organic carbon on the sequential reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloroethylene in landfill leachates, Water Res., 34, 2390, 2000.
94. Ledin, A., Baun, A., Ask, L., Jonsson, S., Bjerg, P.L. and Christensen, T.H., Xenobiotic Organic Compounds (XOCs) in Leachates from Landfills - Characterized by Chemical Analysis and Toxicity Tests. 2001 (manuscript in preparation).
95. Lu, J.C.S., Eichenberger, B., and Steams, R.J., Leachate from Municipal Landfills - Production and Management, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1985.
96. Lun, X.Z. and Christensen, T.H., Cadmium complexation by solid waste leachates, Water Res., 23, 81, 1989.
97. Luthy, R.G., Aiken, G.R., Brusseau, M.L., Cunningham, S.D., Gschwend, P.M., Pignatello, J.J., Reinhard, M., Traina, S.J., Weber, W.J., and Westall, J.C., Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3341, 1997.
98. Martensson, A. M., Aulin, C, Wahlberg, O., and Argen, S., Effect of humic substances on the mobility of toxic metals in a mature landfill, Waste Manag. Res., 17, 296, 1999.
99. McBride, J.R., Donaldson, E.M., and Derksen, G., Toxicity of landfill leachates to underyearling rainbow trout, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 23, 806, 1979.
100. McCarthy, J.F. and Zachara, J.M., Subsurface transport of contaminants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, 496, 1989.
101. Naturvårdsverket, Biological and Chemical characterization of leachates (in Swedish), National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Solna, Sweden, 1989 (SNV Report 3702).
102. Nohava, M., Vogel, W.R., and Gaugitsch, H., Evaluation of the luminiscent bacteria bioassay for the estimation of the toxicological potential of effluent water samples - Comparison with data from chemical analysis, Environ. Int., 21, 33, 1995.
103. Öman, C. and Hynning, P.-Å., Identification of organic compounds in municipal landfill leachates, Environ. Pollut., 20, 265, 1993.
104. Öman, C., Organic compounds selected for leachate characterisation programs, in Sardinia 99, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita Di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, 4-8 October, Proceedings, Vol. II, Christensen, T.H., Cossu, R. and Stegmann, R. Eds., CISA, Cagliari, Italy, 1999, 113.
105. Omura, M., Inamasu, T., and Ishinishi, N., Mutagenic activity of the leachate of municipal slid-waste landfill, Mutation Res., 298, 125, 1992.
106. Owen, J.A., and Manning, D.A.C., Silica in landfill leachates: Implications for clay mineral stabilities, Appl. Geochem., 12, 267, 1997.
107. Parker, L.V., The effects of ground water sampling devices on water quality, a literature review, Ground Water Monit. Rem., 14(2), 130, 1994.
108. Plotkin, S. and Ram, N.M., Multiple bioassays to assess the toxicity of sanitary landfill leachate, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13, 197, 1984.
109. Paxeus, N., Organic compounds in municipal landfill leachates. Wat. Sci. Technol., 41, 7-8, 323, 2000.
110. Pohland, F. G. and Harper S.R., Critical Review and Summary of Leachate and Gas Production from Landfills, EPA/600/2-86/073, PB86-240181, 1986.
111. Prudent, P., Domeizel, M., and C. Massiani, Chemical sequential extraction as decision-making tool: Application to municipal solid waste and its individual constituents, Sci. Total Environ., 178, 55, 1996.
112. Reardon, E. J., Anaerobic corrosion of granular iron: Measurement and interpretation of hydrogen evolution rates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2936, 1995
113. Reinhard, M., Goodman, N.L., and Barker, J.F., Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals in two landfill leachate plumes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 953, 1984.
114. Reinhart, D.R. and Grosh, C.J., Analysis of Florida MSW Landfill Leachate Quality, Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Management, Gainesville, FL, 1998.
115. Revans, A., Ross D., Gregory, B., Meadows, M., Harries, C., and Gronow, J., Long-term fate of metals in landfill, in Sardinia '99, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Volume I, Christensen, T. H., Cossu, R., and Stegmann, R., Eds., CISA. Cagliari, Italy, 199, 1999.
116. Riediker S., Suter M, J.-F., and Giger W., Benzene and naphtalene sulfonates in leachates and plumes of landfills, Water Res., 34, 2069, 2000.
117. Robinson, H.D., The Technical Aspects of Controlled Waste Management. A Review of the Composition of Leachates from Domestic Wastes in Landfill Sites. Report for the UK Department of the Environment. Waste Science and Research, Aspinwall & Company, Ltd., London, UK, 1995.
118. Robinson, H.D. and Maris, P.J., Leachate from Domestic Waste: Generation, Composition, and Treatment. A review, Water Research Centre, Stevenage, UK, 1979 (WRC Technical Report TR 108).
119. Sabel, G.V. and Clark, T.P., Volatile organic compounds as indicators of municipal solid waste leachate contamination, Waste Manag. Res., 2, 119, 1984.
120. Sanin, F.D., Knappe, D.R.U., and Barlaz, M.A., Biodegradation and humification of toluene in a simulated landfill, Water Res., 34, 3063, 2000.
121. Sawhney, B.L. and Kozloski, R.P., Organic pollutants in leachates from landfill sites, J. Environ. Qual., 13, 349, 1984.
122. Schrab, G.E., Brown, K.W., and Donnelly, K.C., Acute and genetic toxicity of municipal landfill leachate, Water Air Soil Pollut., 69, 99, 1993.
123. Schultz, B. and Kjeldsen, P., Screening of organic matter in leachates from sanitary landfills using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, Water Res., 20, 965, 1986.
124. Scully, J.C., The Fundamentals of Corrosion. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1990.
125. Weis, M., Abbt-Barun, G., and Frimmel, F.H., Humic-like substances from landfill leachates characterization and comparison with terrestrial and aquatic humic substances, Sci. Total Environ., 81/82, 343, 1989.
126. Wong, M.H., Toxicity test of landfill leachate using Sarotherodon mossambicus (freshwater fish), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 17, 149, 1989.
127. Zehnder, A. J. B., Ingvorsen K., and Marti, T., Microbiology of methane bacteria, in Anaerobic Digestion, D. E. Hughes, D. A., et al., Eds., Elsevier Biomedical Press B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 45, 1982.