The potential for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of localized infections

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 247-262

  O'Riordan, Katie ^a   Akilov, Oleg E ^a   Hasan, Tayyaba ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial; Local infection; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizer

Indexed keywords

5 ETHYLAMINO 9 DIETHYLAMINOBENZO[A]PHENOSELENAZINIUM CHLORIDE; 5 ETHYLAMINO 9 DIETHYLAMINOBENZO[A]PHENOTHIAZINIUM CHLORIDE; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZURE B; BENZOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; CHLOROPHYLL; HYPERICIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; MENADIONE; MESOTETRAHYDROXYPHENYLCHLORIN; METHYLENE BLUE; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; PHOTOFRIN; PHOTOFRIN II; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; PHTHALOCYANINE ALUMINUM; PHTHALOCYANINE DERIVATIVE; PORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; PROTOPORPHYRIN; TOLONIUM CHLORIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ACNE VULGARIS; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONDYLOMA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOBACTERIUM; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI; MYCOBACTERIUM; NEGIBACTERIA; POSIBACTERIA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 30344462349     PISSN: 15721000     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00099-2     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. G. Subramanian, R. Mural, S.L. Hoffman, J.C. Venter, and S. Broder Microbial disease in humans: a genomic perspective Mol Diagn 6 2001 243 252
2. A. Coates, Y. Hu, R. Bax, and C. Page The future challenges facing the development of new antimicrobial drugs Nat Rev Drug Discov 1 2002 895 910
3. A. Orenstein, D. Klein, and J. Kopolovic The use of porphyrins for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in burn wound infections FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 19 1998 307 314
4. M.L. Embleton, S.P. Nair, B.D. Cookson, and M. Wilson Selective lethal photosensitization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using an IgG-Tin(IV) chlorin e6 conjugate J Antimicrob Chemother 50 2002 857 864
5. M.L. Embleton, S.P. Nair, B.D. Cookson, and M. Wilson Antibody-directed photodynamic therapy of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Microb Drug Resist 10 2004 92 97
6. M.A. Griffiths, B.W. Wren, and M. Wilson Killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro using aluminium disulphonated phthalocyanine, a light-activated antimicrobial agent J Antimicrob Chemother 40 1997 873 876
7. M. Szpakowska, K. Lasocki, J. Grzybowski, and A. Graczyk Photodynamic activity of the haematoporphyrin derivative with rutin and arginine substituents (HpD-rut(2)-arg(2)) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pharmacol Res 44 2001 243 246
8. D.W. Hunt, and P. Margaron Status of therapies in development for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration IDrugs 6 2003 464 469
9. O. Raab Ueber die wirkung fluoreszierender stoffe auf infusoria Z Biol 39 1900 524 546
10. M.R. Hamblin, and T. Hasan Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 436 450
11. M. Wainwright Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) J Antimicrob Chemother 42 1998 13 28
12. G. Jori, and S.B. Brown Photosensitized inactivation of microorganisms Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 403 405
13. T. Maisch, R.M. Szeimies, G. Jori, and C. Abels Antibacterial photodynamic therapy in dermatology Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 907 917
14. N.S. Soukos, M. Wilson, T. Burns, and P.M. Speight Photodynamic effects of toluidine blue on human oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts and Streptococcus sanguis evaluated in vitro Lasers Surg Med 18 1996 253 259
15. A. Lavi, H. Weitman, R.T. Holmes, K.M. Smith, and B. Ehrenberg The depth of porphyrin in a membrane and the membrane's physical properties affect the photosensitizing efficiency Biophys J 82 2002 2101 2110
16. A.P. Castano, T.N. Demidova, and M.R. Hamblin Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one - Photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization Photodiagn Photodynam Ther 1 2004 279 293
17. M. Salmon-Divon, Y. Nitzan, and Z. Malik Mechanistic aspects of Escherichia coli photodynamic inactivation by cationic tetra-meso(N- methylpyridyl)porphine Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 423 429
18. M. Schafer, C. Schmitz, and R. Facius Systematic study of parameters influencing the action of rose bengal with visible light on bacterial cells: comparison between the biological effect and singlet-oxygen production Photochem Photobiol 71 2000 514 523
19. M. Schafer, C. Schmitz, and G. Horneck High sensitivity of Deinococcus radiodurans to photodynamically produced singlet oxygen Int J Radiat Biol 74 1998 249 253
20. G. Bertoloni, F.M. Lauro, G. Cortella, and M. Merchat Photosensitizing activity of hematoporphyrin on Staphylococcus aureus cells Biochim Biophys Acta 1475 2000 169 174
21. Y. Nitzan, R. Dror, and H. Ladan Structure-activity relationship of porphines for photoinactivation of bacteria Photochem Photobiol 62 1995 342 347
22. A. Minnock, D.I. Vernon, and J. Schofield Photoinactivation of bacteria. Use of a cationic water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine to photoinactivate both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria J Photochem Photobiol B 32 1996 159 164
23. M. Merchat, G. Bertolini, P. Giacomini, A. Villanueva, and G. Jori Meso-substituted cationic porphyrins as efficient photosensitizers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria J Photochem Photobiol B 32 1996 153 157
24. M. Merchat, J.D. Spikes, G. Bertoloni, and G. Jori Studies on the mechanism of bacteria photosensitization by meso-substituted cationic porphyrins J Photochem Photobiol B 35 1996 149 157
25. M.R. Hamblin, D.A. O'Donnell, and N. Murthy Polycationic photosensitizer conjugates: effects of chain length and Gram classification on the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria J Antimicrob Chemother 49 2002 941 951
26. K. Hiramatsu, L. Cui, and K. Kuwahara-Arai Has vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus started going it alone? Lancet 364 2004 565 566
27. M. Wilson, and C. Yianni Killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by low-power laser light J Med Microbiol 42 1995 62 66
28. M.N. Usacheva, M.C. Teichert, and M.A. Biel Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms Lasers Surg Med 29 2001 165 173
29. M.N. Usacheva, M.C. Teichert, and M.A. Biel The role of the methylene blue and toluidine blue monomers and dimers in the photoinactivation of bacteria J Photochem Photobiol B 71 2003 87 98
30. M. Wainwright, D.A. Phoenix, S.L. Laycock, D.R. Wareing, and P.A. Wright Photobactericidal activity of phenothiazinium dyes against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus FEMS Microbiol Lett 160 1998 177 181
31. M. Wainwright, D.A. Phoenix, M. Gaskell, and B. Marshall Photobactericidal activity of methylene blue derivatives against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp J Antimicrob Chemother 44 1999 823 824 825
32. J. O'Neill, M. Wilson, and M. Wainwright Comparative antistreptococcal activity of photobactericidal agents J Chemother 15 2003 329 334
33. D.A. Phoenix, Z. Sayed, S. Hussain, F. Harris, and M. Wainwright The phototoxicity of phenothiazinium derivatives against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 39 2003 17 22
34. A. Kubin, F. Wierrani, and R.H. Jindra Antagonistic effects of combination photosensitization by hypericin, meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) and photofrin II on Staphylococcus aureus Drugs Exp Clin Res 25 1999 13 21
35. F. Wierrani Experimental investigations and clinical use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the rudolf foundation hospital Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 39 1999 217 225
36. A. Segalla, C.D. Borsarelli, and S.E. Braslavsky Photophysical, photochemical and antibacterial photosensitizing properties of a novel octacationic Zn(II)-phthalocyanine Photochem Photobiol Sci 1 2002 641 648
37. K. Lasocki, M. Szpakowska, J. Grzybowski, and A. Graczyk Examination of antibacterial activity of the photoactivated arginine haematoporphyrin derivative Pharmacol Res 39 1999 181 184
38. Y. Nitzan, M. Salmon-Divon, E. Shporen, and Z. Malik ALA induced photodynamic effects on Gram positive and negative bacteria Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 430 435
39. S. Gross, A. Brandis, and L. Chen Protein-A-mediated targeting of bacteriochlorophyll-IgG to Staphylococcus aureus: a model for enhanced site-specific photocytotoxicity Photochem Photobiol 66 1997 872 878
40. F. Gad, T. Zahra, T. Hasan, and M.R. Hamblin Effects of growth phase and extracellular slime on photodynamic inactivation of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 2004 2173 2178
41. H. Ashkenazi, Z. Malik, Y. Harth, and Y. Nitzan Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35 2003 17 24
42. Y. Itoh, Y. Ninomiya, S. Tajima, and A. Ishibashi Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris with topical delta-aminolaevulinic acid and incoherent light in Japanese patients Br J Dermatol 144 2001 575 579
43. Y. Itoh, Y. Ninomiya, S. Tajima, and A. Ishibashi Photodynamic therapy for acne vulgaris with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid Arch Dermatol 136 2000 1093 1095
44. B. Pollock, D. Turner, and M.R. Stringer Topical aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a study of clinical efficacy and mechanism of action Br J Dermatol 151 2004 616 622
45. R.I. Rudolph Some articles should just not be published Arch Dermatol 137 2001 964 965
46. N.A. Romanova, L.Y. Brovko, and L. Moore Assessment of photodynamic destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes by using ATP bioluminescence Appl Environ Microbiol 69 2003 6393 6398
47. M. Wilson Lethal photosensitisation of oral bacteria and its potential application in the photodynamic therapy of oral infections Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 412 418
48. S. Wood, B. Nattress, and J. Kirkham An in vitro study of the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of natural oral plaque biofilms formed in vivo J Photochem Photobiol B 50 1999 1 7
49. T. Burns, M. Wilson, and G.J. Pearson Effect of dentine and collagen on the lethal photosensitization of Streptococcus mutans Caries Res 29 1995 192 197
50. F.W. van der Meulen, K. Ibrahim, and H.J. Sterenborg Photodynamic destruction of Haemophilus parainfluenzae by endogenously produced porphyrins J Photochem Photobiol B 40 1997 204 208
51. C.A. Henry, B. Dyer, M. Wagner, M. Judy, and J.L. Matthews Phototoxicity of argon laser irradiation on biofilms of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species J Photochem Photobiol B 34 1996 123 128
52. C.A. Henry, M. Judy, B. Dyer, M. Wagner, and J.L. Matthews Sensitivity of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species in liquid media to argon laser Photochem Photobiol 61 1995 410 413
53. D. Matevski, R. Weersink, and H.C. Tenenbaum Lethal photosensitization of periodontal pathogens by a red-filtered xenon lamp in vitro J Periodontal Res 38 2003 428 435
54. C.E. Millson, M. Wilson, A.J. MacRobert, and S.G. Bown Ex-vivo treatment of gastric Helicobacter infection by photodynamic therapy J Photochem Photobiol B 32 1996 59 65
55. H. Ashkenazi, Y. Nitzan, and D. Gal Photodynamic effects of antioxidant substituted porphyrin photosensitizers on Gram-positive and -negative bacterial Photochem Photobiol 77 2003 186 191
56. M.N. Usacheva, M.C. Teichert, and M.A. Biel The interaction of lipopolysaccharides with phenothiazine dyes Lasers Surg Med 33 2003 311 319
57. N. Komerik, M. Wilson, and S. Poole The effect of photodynamic action on two virulence factors of Gram-negative bacteria Photochem Photobiol 72 2000 676 680
58. K.I. Moller, B. Kongshoj, P.A. Philipsen, V.O. Thomsen, and H.C. Wulf How Finsen's light cured lupus vulgaris Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 21 2005 118 124
59. Sharlin D, Gross J, Nau G, Hasan T. Photodynamic destruction of mycobacteria in a new animal model for localized infection. Abstract from the Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Photobiology; 2002.
60. M.R. Hamblin, D.A. O'Donnell, N. Murthy, C.H. Contag, and T. Hasan Rapid control of wound infections by targeted photodynamic therapy monitored by in vivo bioluminescence imaging Photochem Photobiol 75 2002 51 57
61. M.R. Hamblin, T. Zahra, C.H. Contag, A.T. McManus, and T. Hasan Optical monitoring and treatment of potentially lethal wound infections in vivo J Infect Dis 187 2003 1717 1725
62. F. Gad, T. Zahra, K.P. Francis, T. Hasan, and M.R. Hamblin Targeted photodynamic therapy of established soft-tissue infections in mice Photochem Photobiol Sci 3 2004 451 458
63. F. Berthiaume, S.R. Reiken, M. Toner, R.G. Tompkins, and M.L. Yarmush Antibody-targeted photolysis of bacteria in vivo Biotechnology 12 1994 703 706
64. N. Komerik, H. Nakanishi, and A.J. MacRobert In vivo killing of Porphyromonas gingivalis by toluidine blue-mediated photosensitization in an animal model Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 2003 932 940
65. N.C. Hepburn Cutaneous leishmaniasis: current and future management Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 1 2003 563 570
66. K. Gardlo, S. Hanneken, T. Ruzicka, and N.J. Neumann Photodynamic therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A promising new therapeutic modality Hautarzt 55 2004 381 383
67. K. Gardlo, Z. Horska, and C.D. Enk Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by photodynamic therapy J Am Acad Dermatol 48 2003 893 896
68. C.D. Enk, K. Gardlo, M. Hochberg, A. Ingber, and T. Ruzicka Cutaneous leishmaniasis Hautarzt 54 2003 506 512
69. J.F. Sah, H. Ito, B.K. Kolli, D.A. Peterson, S. Sassa, and K.P. Chang Genetic rescue of leishmania deficiency in porphyrin biosynthesis creates mutants suitable for analysis of cellular events in uroporphyria and for photodynamic therapy J Biol Chem 277 2002 14902 14909
70. J. El-On, M. Katz, and L. Weinrauch Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by photodynamic therapy J Am Acad Dermatol 50 2004 e12 [author reply e13]
71. P. Gottlieb, L.G. Shen, and E. Chimezie Inactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote forms in blood components by photodynamic treatment with phthalocyanines Photochem Photobiol 62 1995 869 874
72. P.C. Lo, J.D. Huang, and D.Y. Cheng New amphiphilic silicon(IV) phthalocyanines as efficient photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: synthesis, photophysical properties, and in vitro photodynamic activities Chemistry 10 2004 4831 4838
73. K. Kassab, D. Dei, G. Roncucci, G. Jori, and O. Coppellotti Phthalocyanine-photosensitized inactivation of a pathogenic protozoan, Acanthamoeba palestinensis Photochem Photobiol Sci 2 2003 668 672
74. K. Ishii, S. Takeuchi, S. Shimizu, and N. Kobayashi A concept for controlling singlet oxygen (1 delta g) yields using nitroxide radicals: phthalocyaninatosilicon covalently linked to nitroxide radicals J Am Chem Soc 126 2004 2082 2088
75. E.V. Kudrik, S.V. Makarov, A. Zahi, and R. van Eldik Kinetics and mechanism of the cobalt phthalocyanine catalyzed reduction of nitrite and nitrate by dithionite in aqueous solution Inorg Chem 42 2003 618 624
76. E. Linares, S. Giorgio, R.A. Mortara, C.X. Santos, A.T. Yamada, and O. Augusto Role of peroxynitrite in macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo revealed by protein nitration and hydroxylation Free Radic Biol Med 30 2001 1234 1242
77. O. Brandonisio, M.A. Panaro, and M. Sisto Nitric oxide production by leishmania-infected macrophages and modulation by cytokines and prostaglandins Parassitologia 43 2001 1 6
78. K. Abok, E. Cadenas, and U. Brunk An experimental model system for leishmaniasis. Effects of porphyrin-compounds and menadione on leishmania parasites engulfed by cultured macrophages APMIS 96 1988 543 551
79. E.E. Zijlstra, A.M. Musa, E.A. Khalil, I.M. el-Hassan, and A.M. el-Hassan Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Lancet Infect Dis 3 2003 87 98
80. S. Evans, W. Matthews, and R. Perry Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages J Natl Cancer Inst 82 1990 34 39
81. S.O. Gollnick, S.S. Evans, and H. Baumann Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation Br J Cancer 88 2003 1772 1779
82. N. Yamamoto, S. Homma, T.W. Sery, L.A. Donoso, and J.K. Hoober Photodynamic immunopotentiation: in vitro activation of macrophages by treatment of mouse peritoneal cells with haematoporphyrin derivative and light Eur J Cancer 27 1991 467 471
83. E.M. Johnson, D.W. Warnock, J. Luker, S.R. Porter, and C. Scully Emergence of azole drug resistance in candida species from HIV-infected patients receiving prolonged fluconazole therapy for oral candidosis J Antimicrob Chemother 35 1995 103 114
84. M.C. Teichert, J.W. Jones, M.N. Usacheva, and M.A. Biel Treatment of oral candidiasis with methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in an immunodeficient murine model Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 93 2002 155 160
85. G. Bertoloni, E. Reddi, M. Gatta, C. Burlini, and G. Jori Factors influencing the haematoporphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of Candida albicans J Gen Microbiol 135 1989 957 966
86. A.G. Stenstrom, J. Moan, G. Brunborg, and T. Eklund Photodynamic inactivation of yeast cells sensitized by hematoporphyrin Photochem Photobiol 32 1980 349 352
87. T.G. Smijs, and H.J. Schuitmaker Photodynamic inactivation of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Photochem Photobiol 77 2003 556 560
88. J.M. Bliss, C.E. Bigelow, T.H. Foster, and C.G. Haidaris Susceptibility of candida species to photodynamic effects of photofrin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 2004 2000 2006
89. M.G. Strakhovskaya, E.V. Ivanova, O.A. Kolesnikova, and G.Y. Fraikin Effect of 2,2′-dipyridyl on accumulation of protoporphyrin IX and its derivatives in yeast mitochondria and plasma membranes Biochemistry 64 1999 213 216
90. M.G. Strakhovskaya, A.O. Shumarina, G.Y. Fraikin, and A.B. Rubin Endogenous porphyrin accumulation and photosensitization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of 2,2′-dipyridyl J Photochem Photobiol B 49 1999 18 22
91. M. Paardekooper, A.E. Van Gompel, J. Van Steveninck, and P.J. Van den Broek The effect of photodynamic treatment of yeast with the sensitizer chloroaluminum phthalocyanine on various cellular parameters Photochem Photobiol 62 1995 561 567
92. H. Kamp, H.J. Tietz, and M. Lutz Antifungal effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid PDT in Ttrichophyton rubrum Mycoses 48 2005 101 107
93. V. Carre, O. Gaud, and I. Sylvain Fungicidal properties of meso-arylglycosylporphyrins: influence of sugar substituents on photoinduced damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae J Photochem Photobiol B 48 1999 57 62
94. R.F. Donnelly, P.A. McCarron, J.M. Lightowler, and A.D. Woolfson Bioadhesive patch-based delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid to the nail for photodynamic therapy of onychomycosis J Controlled Release 103 2005 381 392
95. P.G. Calzavara-Pinton, M. Venturini, R. Capezzera, R. Sala, and C. Zane Photodynamic therapy of interdigital mycoses of the feet with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 20 2004 144 147
96. R. Bissonnette, S. Sharfaei, G. Viau, and Y. Liu Irradiance and light dose influence histological localization of photodamage induced by photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid Br J Dermatol 151 2004 653 655
97. R.H. Kaufman, E. Adam, R.R. Mirkovic, J.L. Melnick, and R.L. Young Treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infection with photodynamic inactivation Am J Obstet Gynecol 132 1978 861 869
98. K. Muller-Breitkreutz, and H. Mohr Infection cycle of herpes viruses after photodynamic treatment with methylene blue and light Beitr Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 34 1997 37 42
99. Z. Smetana, E. Ben-Hur, and E. Mendelson Herpes simplex virus proteins are damaged following photodynamic inactivation with phthalocyanines J Photochem Photobiol B 44 1998 77 83
100. M.J. Shikowitz, A.L. Abramson, and B.M. Steinberg Clinical trial of photodynamic therapy with meso-tetra (hydroxyphenyl) chlorin for respiratory papillomatosis Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131 2005 99 105
101. M. Uhlir, M. Jirsa, M. Otcenasek, M. Halaska, and J. Feyereisl Photodynamic therapy of benign viral vulvar lesions Ceska Gynekol 67 2002 320 323
102. I.M. Stender, J. Lock-Andersen, and H.C. Wulf Recalcitrant hand and foot warts successfully treated with photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid: a pilot study Clin Exp Dermatol 24 1999 154 159
103. I.M. Stender, R. Na, H. Fogh, C. Gluud, and H.C. Wulf Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid or placebo for recalcitrant foot and hand warts: randomised double-blind trial Lancet 355 2000 963 966
104. I.M. Stender, and H.C. Wulf Photodynamic therapy of recalcitrant warts with 5-aminolevulinic acid: a retrospective analysis Acta Derm Venereol 79 1999 400 401
105. I.M. Stender, and H.C. Wulf Treatment of recalcitrant verrucae by photodynamic therapy with topical application of delta-aminolevulinic acid Clin Exp Dermatol 21 1996 390
106. Z. Smetana, Z. Malik, A. Orenstein, E. Mendelson, and E. Ben-Hur Treatment of viral infections with 5-aminolevulinic acid and light Lasers Surg Med 21 1997 351 358
107. J.C. Kennedy, R.H. Pottier, and D.C. Pross Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: basic principles and present clinical experience J Photochem Photobiol B 6 1990 143 148
108. R. Ammann, T. Hunziker, and L.R. Braathen Topical photodynamic therapy in verrucae. A pilot study Dermatology 191 1995 346 347
109. R.M. Szeimies, M. Landthaler, and S. Karrer Non-oncologic indications for ALA-PDT J Dermatolog Treat 13 2002 S13 S18
110. H.C. Wolfsen, and C.S. Ng Cutaneous consequences of photodynamic therapy Cutis 69 2002 140 142
111. E. Ben-Hur, G. Barshtein, S. Chen, and S. Yedgar Photodynamic treatment of red blood cell concentrates for virus inactivation enhances red blood cell aggregation: protection with antioxidants Photochem Photobiol 66 1997 509 512
112. E. Ben-Hur, J. Oetjen, and B. Horowitz Silicon phthalocyanine pc 4 and red light causes apoptosis in HIV-infected cells Photochem Photobiol 65 1997 456 460
113. K. Muller-Breitkreutz, and H. Mohr Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus RNA degradation by methylene blue/light treatment of human plasma J Med Virol 56 1998 239 245
114. T.N. Demidova, and M.R. Hamblin Effect of cell-photosensitizer binding and cell density on microbial photoinactivation Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2005 2329 2335
115. Lee JC. The Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide and T cells influence the host-pathogen interaction in a wound infection model. Int Symp Staphylococcus Staphylococcal Infect 2002;266:01 [abstract ].
116. W. Kobayashi, Q. Liu, and T. Matsumiya Photodynamic therapy upregulates expression of mac-1 and generation of leukotriene B(4) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes Oral Oncol 40 5 2004 506 510
117. T.N. Demidova, and M.R. Hamblin Macrophage-targeted photodynamic therapy Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 17 2004 117 126