Hafnium isotope and trace element constraints on the nature of mantle heterogeneity beneath the Central Southwest Indian Ridge (13°E to 47°E)

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 46, Issue 12, 2005, Pages 2427-2464

  Janney, P E ^a,c   Le Roex, A P ^b   Carlson, R W ^a  

^a GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^c FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Incompatible elements; Indian Ocean; Isotopes; Mid ocean ridge basalt

Indexed keywords

HAFNIUM; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALT; TRACE ELEMENT;

INDIAN OCEAN; MID-INDIAN RIDGE; OCEANIC REGIONS; WORLD;

EID: 27944489983     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egi060     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Aizawa, Y., Tatsumi, Y. & Yamada, H. (1999). Element transport by dehydration of subducted sediment: Implications for arc and ocean island magmatism. The Island Arc 8, 39-46.
2. Andres, M., Blichert-Toft, J. & Schilling, J.-G. (2002). Hafnium isotopes in basalts from the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 40°S to 55°S: Discovery and Shona plume-ridge interactions and the role of recycled sediments. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3, doi: 10.1029/ 2002GC000324.
3. Asimow, P. D., Hirschmann, M. M. & Stolper, E. M. (1997). An analysis of variations in isentropic melt productivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A 355, 255-281.
4. 2O at 2.0-3.0 GPa and 900-1100°C, and application to models of subduction zone processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150, 381-398.
5. Baker, M. B., Grove, T. L. & Price, R. (1994). Primitive basalts and andesites from the Mt. Shasta region, N. California: Products of varying melt fraction and water content. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 118, 111-129.
6. Beattie, P. (1994). Systematics and energetics of trace element partitioning between olivine and silicate melts: Implications for the nature of mineral-melt partitioning. Chemical Geology 117, 57-71.
7. Bedini, R. M., Blichert-Toft, J., Boyet, M. & Albarède, F. (2004). Isotopic constraints on the cooling of the continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223, 99-111.
8. Ben Othman, D., White, W. M. & Patchett, J. P. (1989). The geochemistry of marine sediments, island arc magma genesis and crust-mantle recycling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 94, 1-21.
9. Bernasconi, A. (1983). The Archean terranes of central eastern Brazil - a review. Precambrian Research 23, 107-131.
10. Black, R. & Liegeois, J.-P. (1993). Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental lithospheric mantle: The Pan-Africa testimony. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150, 89-98.
11. Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (1997). The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 148, 243-258.
12. Blichert-Toft, J., Chauvel, C. & Albarède, F. (1997). Separation of Hf and Lu for high-precision isotope analysis of rock samples by magnetic sector-multiple collector ICP-MS. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 127, 248-260.
13. Blichert-Toft, J., Frey, F. A. & Albarède, F. (1999). Hf isotope evidence for pelagic sediments in the source of Hawaiian basalts. Science 285, 879-882.
14. Blundy, J. D., Robinson, J. A. C. & Wood, B. J. (1998). Heavy REE are compatible on the spinel lherzolite solidus. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160, 493-504.
15. Bodinier, J. L., Guiraud, M., Fabries, J., Dostal, J. & Dupuy, C. (1987). Petrogenesis of layered pyroxenites from the Lherz, Freychinede and Prades ultramafic bodies (Ariege, French Pyrenees). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 279-290.
16. 230Th disequilibrium data. Nature 384, 231-235.
17. Bown, J. W. & White, R. S. (1994). Variation with spreading rate of oceanic crustal thickness and geochemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121, 435-449.
18. Cannat, M., Rommevaux-Jestin, C., Sauter, D., Deplus, C. & Mendel, V. (1999). Formation of the axial relief at the very slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (49-69°E). Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 22825-22843.
19. Carlson, R. W., Irving, A. J., Schulze, D. J. & Hearn, B. C. (2004). Timing of Precambrian melt depletion and Phanerozoic refertilization events in the lithospheric mantle of the Wyoming Craton and adjacent Central Plains Orogen. Lithos 77, 453-472.
20. Chauvel, C. & Blichert-Toft, J. (2001). A hafnium isotope and trace element perspective on melting of the depleted mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 190, 137-151.
21. Cohen, R. S. & O'Nions, R. K. (1982). Identification of recycled continental material in the mantle from Sr, Nd and Pb isotope investigations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 61, 73-84.
22. Cohen, R. S., O'Nions, R. K. & Dawson, J. B. (1984). Isotope geochemistry of xenoliths from East Africa: Implications for development of mantle reservoirs and their interaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 68, 209-220.
23. Cornell, D. H., Thomas, R. J., Bowring, S. A., Armstrong, R. A. & Grantham, G. H. (1996). Protolith interpretation in metamorphic terranes: A back-arc environment with Besshi-type base metal potential for the Quha Formation, Natal Province, South Africa. Precambrian Research 77, 243-271.
24. Dalziel, I. W. D., Mosher, S. & Gahagan, L. M. (2000). Laurentia-Kalahari collision and the assembly of Rodinia. Journal of Geology 108, 499-513.
25. Davidson, J. P. (1986). Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of subduction-related lavas from Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Journal of Geophysical Research 91, 5343-5962.
26. Debayle, E. & Leveque, J. J. (1997). Upper mantle heterogeneities in the Indian Ocean from waveform inversion. Geophysical Research Letters 24, 245-248.
27. Dick, H. J. B., Lin, J. & Schouten, H. (2003). An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge. Nature 426, 405-412.
28. Dosso, L., Bougault, H., Beuzart, P., Calvez, J.-Y. & Joron, J.-L. (1988). The geochemical structure of the South-East Indian Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 88, 47-59.
29. Dostal, J., Dupuy, C., Nicollet, C. & Cantagrel, J. M. (1992). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Upper Cretaceous basaltic rocks from southern Malagasy. Chemical Geology 97, 199-218.
30. Doucet, S., Weis, D., Scoates, J., Debaille, V. & Giret, A. (2004). Geochemical and Hf-Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on the origin of the Amsterdam-St. Paul (Indian Ocean) hotspot basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 218, 179-195.
31. Douglass, J., Schilling, J. G. & Fontignie, D. (1999). Plume-ridge interactions of the Discovery and Shona mantle plumes with the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (40-55°S). Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 2941-2962.
32. Dupré, B. & Allègre, C. J. (1983). Pb-Sr isotope variations in Indian Ocean basalts and mixing phenomena. Nature 303, 142-146.
33. Eggins, S. M., Woodhead, J. D., Kinsley, L. P. J., Mortimer, G. E., Sylvester, P. J., McCulloch, M. T., Hergt, J. M. & Handler, M. R. (1997). A simple method for the precise determination of forty trace elements in geological samples by ICPMS using enriched isotope internal standardisation. Chemical Geology 134, 311-326.
34. Elthon, D., Ross, D. K. & Meen, J. K. (1995). Compositional variations of basaltic glasses from the Mid-Cayman Rise spreading center. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 12497-12512.
35. Escrig, S., Capmas, F., Dupré, B. & Allègre, C. J. (2004). Osmium isotopic constraints on the nature of the DUPAL anomaly from Indian mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Nature 431, 59-63.
36. Evensen, N. M., Hamilton, P. J. & O'Nions, R. K. (1978). Rare-earth abundances in chondritic meteorites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 1199-1212.
37. Fisher, R. L. & Goodwillie, A. M. (1997). The physiography of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Marine Geophysical Researches 19, 451-455.
38. Fisher, R. L., Natland, J. H., Dick, H. J. B. & Meyer, P. S. (1985). Shipboard Description and Inventory of Rocks Dredged on PROTEA Expedition, Leg 5, in the Southwest Indian Ocean. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series, reference number 85-15, 223 pp.
39. Green, T. H. & Adam, J. (2003). Experimentally-determined trace element characteristics of aqueous fluid from partially dehydrated mafic oceanic crust at 3.0 GPa, 650-700≡C. European Journal of Mineralogy 15, 815-830.
40. Grégoire, M., Bell, D. R. & le Roex, A. P. (2003). Garnet lherzolites from the Kaapvaal craton (South Africa): Trace element evidence for a metasomatic history. Journal of Petrology 44, 629-657.
41. Groenewald, P. B., Grantham, G. H. & Watkeys, M. K. (1991). Geological evidence for a Proterozoic to Mesozoic link between southeastern Africa and Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 1115-1123.
42. Grunow, A., Hanson, R. & Wilson, T. (1996). Were aspects of Pan-African deformation linked to Iapetus opening? Geology 24, 1063-1066.
43. Gupta, M. L. (1991). Heat-flow and heat generation in the Archean Dharwar cratons and implications for the southern Indian shield geotherm and lithospheric thickness. Tectonophysics 194, 107-122.
44. Gurnis, M., Müller, R. D. & Moresi, L. (1998). Cretaceous vertical motion of Australia and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Science 279, 1499-1504.
45. Haggerty, S. E. (1999). Earth and planetary sciences - a diamond trilogy: Superplumes, supercontinents, and supernovae. Science 285, 851-860.
46. Hamelin, B. & Allègre, C. J. (1985). Large-scale regional units in the depleted upper mantle revealed by an isotope study of the South-West Indian Ridge. Nature 315, 196-199.
47. Hanan, B. B., Blichert-Toft, J., Pyle, D. G. & Christie, D. M. (2004). Contrasting origins of the upper mantle revealed by hafnium and lead isotopes from the Southeast Indian Ridge. Nature 432, 91-94.
48. Handke, M. J., Tucker, R. D. & Ashwal, L. D. (1999). Neoproterozoic continental arc magmatism in west-central Madagascar. Geology 27, 351-354.
49. Hanson, R. E. (2003). Proterozoic geochronology and tectonic evolution of southern Africa. In: Yoshida, M., Windley, B. F. & Dasgupta, S. (eds) Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 206, 427-463.
50. Hart, S. R. (1984). A large-scale anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle. Nature 309, 753-757.
51. Hart, S. R. & Dunn, T. (1993). Experimental cpx/melt partitioning of 24 trace elements. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 113, 1-8.
52. Hart, S. R., Gerlach, D. C. & White, D. M. (1986). A possible new Sr-Nd-Pb mantle array and consequences for mixing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1551-1557.
53. Hartnady, C. J. H. & le Roex, A. P. (1985). Southern Ocean hotspot tracks and the Cenozoic absolute motion of the African, Antarctic, and South American plates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75, 245-257.
54. Hauri, E. H., Wagner, T. P. & Grove, T. L. (1994). Experimental and natural partitioning of Th, U, Pb and other trace elements between garnet, clinopyroxene and basaltic melts. Chemical Geology 117, 149-166.
55. Hirschmann, M. M. & Stolper, E. M. (1996). A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the 'garnet signature' in MORB. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 124, 185-208.
56. Hofmann, A. W. (1988). Chemical differentiation of the Earth: The relationship between mantle, continental crust and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90, 297-314.
57. Huang, Y.-M., Van Calsteren, P. & Hawkesworth, C. J. (1995). The evolution of the lithosphere in southern Africa: A perspective on the basic granulite xenoliths from kimberlites in South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 4905-4920.
58. Irving, A. J. & Frey, F. A. (1978). Distribution of trace elements between garnet megacrysts and host volcanic liquids of kimberlitic to rhyolitic composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 771-787.
59. Jacobs, J., Fanning, C. M., Henjes-Kunst, F., Olesch, M. & Paech, H.-J. (1998). Continuation of the Mozambique Belt into East Antarctica: Grenville-age metamorphism and polyphase Pan-African high-grade events in central Dronning Maud Land. Journal of Geology 106, 385-406.
60. Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). The Geochemical Earth Reference Model: composition and evolution of the depleted mantle. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 80, F1173.
61. James, D. E., Fouch, M. J., VanDecar, J. C. & van der Lee, S. (2001). Tectospheric structure beneath southern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2485-2488.
62. Johnson, C. M. & Beard, B. L. (1993). Evidence from hafnium isotopes for ancient sub-oceanic mantle beneath the Rio-Grande Rift. Nature 362, 441-444.
63. Kamenetsky, V. S., Maas, R., Sushchevskaya, N. M., Norman, M. D., Cartwright, I. & Peyve, A. A. (2001). Remnants of Gondwanan continental lithosphere in oceanic upper mantle: Evidence from the South Atlantic Ridge. Geology 29, 243-246.
64. Kempton, P. D. & Pearce, J. A. (2003). Indian MORB-source mantle: Not just a case of plume contamination or sediment recycling. Geophysical Research Abstracts 5, abstract 04017 (CD-ROM).
65. Kempton, P. D., Pearce, J. A. & Tappin, D. (2000). Hf isotope evidence for mantle domain boundaries in the western Pacific. Journal of Conference Abstracts 5, 576.
66. Kempton, P. D., Pearce, J. A., Barry, T. L., Fitton, J. G., Langmuir, C. & Christie, D. M. (2002). Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope results from ODP Leg 187: evidence for mantle dynamics of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance and origin of the Indian MORE source. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3, doi: 10.1029/2002GC000320.
67. Klein, E. M. & Langmuir, C. H. (1987). Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 8089-8115.
68. Kröner, A., Sacchi, R., Jaeckel, P. & Costa, M. (1997). Kibaran magmatism and Pan-African granulite metamorphism in northern Mozambique: single zircon ages and regional implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences 25, 467-484.
69. Kröner, A., Willner, A. P., Hegner, E., Jaeckel, P. & Nemchin, A. (2001). Single zircon ages, PT evolution and Nd isotopic systematics of high-grade gneisses in southern Malawi and their bearing on the evolution of the Mozambique belt in southeastern Africa. Precambrian Research 109, 257-291.
70. Lassiter, J. C., Hauri, E. H., Reiners, P. W. & Garcia, M. O. (2000). Generation of Hawaiian post-erosional lavas by melting of a mixed lherzolite/pyroxenite source. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 178, 269-284.
71. Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A. N., Davies, G. R., Essene, E. J., Fitton, J. G. & Temdjim, R. (1996). Melt enrichment of shallow depleted mantle: A detailed petrological trace element and isotopic study of mantle-derived xenoliths and megacrysts from the Cameroon line. Journal of Petrology, 37, 415-441.
72. Lenardic, A., Moresi, L. & Muhlhaus, H. (2003). Longevity and stability of cratonic lithosphere: Insights from numerical simulations of coupled mantle convection and continental tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, article number 2303.
73. le Roex, A. P. (1985). Geochemistry, mineralogy and magmatic evolution of the basaltic and trachytic lavas from Gough Island, South Atlantic. Journal of Petrology 26, 149-186.
74. le Roex, A. P. & Erlank, A. J. (1982). Quantitative evaluation of fractional crystallization in Bouvet Island lavas. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 13, 309-338.
75. le Roex, A. P., Dick, H. J. B., Erlank, A. J., Reid, A. M., Frey, F. A. & Hart, S. R. (1983). Geochemistry, mineralogy and petrogenesis of lavas erupted along the Southwest Indian Ridge between the Bouvet triple junction and 11 degrees east. Journal of Petrology 24, 267-318.
76. le Roex, A. P., Dick, H. J. B., Reid, A. M., Frey, F. A., Erlank, A. J. & Hart, S. R. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the American-Antarctic Ridge, Southern Ocean: Implications for the westward influence of the Bouvet mantle plume. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 90, 367-380.
77. le Roex, A. P., Dick, H. J. B. & Fisher, R. L. (1989). Petrology and geochemistry of MORB from 25°E to 46°E along the Southwest Indian Ridge: Evidence for contrasting styles of mantle enrichment. Journal of Petrology 30, 947-986.
78. le Roex, A. P., Dick, H. J. B. & Watkins, R. T. (1992). Petrogenesis of anomalous K-enriched MORB from the Southwest Indian Ridge: 11°53′E to 14°38′E. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 110, 253-268.
79. Le Roux, P. J., le Roex, A. P., Schilling, J. G., Shimizu, N., Perkins, W. W. & Pearce, N. J. G. (2002a). Mantle heterogeneity beneath the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Trace element evidence for contamination of ambient asthenospheric mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203, 479-498.
80. Le Roux, P. J., le Roex, A. P. & Schilling, J.-G. (2002b). MORB melting processes beneath the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (40-55°S): A role for mantle plume-derived pyroxenite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144, 206-229.
81. Lin, P. N., Stern, R. J., Morris, J. & Bloomer, S. H. (1990). Nd and Sr-isotopic compositions of lavas from the northern Mariana and southern Volcano arcs: Implications for the origin of island arc melts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 381-392.
82. Mahoney, J. J., Natland, J. H., White, W. M., Poreda, R., Bloomer, S. M., Fisher, R. L. & Baxter, A. N. (1989). Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean spreading centers. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 283-296.
83. Mahoney, J. J., Nicollet, C. & Dupuy, C. (1991). Madagascar basalts: tracking oceanic and continental sources. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104, 350-363.
84. 204Pb mid-ocean ridge basalts: Isotope systematics of the Southwest Indian Ridge (17°-50°E). Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 19771-19790.
85. Mahoney, J. J., Sinton, J. M., Kurz, M. D., Macdougall, J. D., Spencer, K. J. & Lugmair, G. W. (1994). Isotope and trace element characteristics of a super-fast spreading ridge: East Pacific Rise, 13-23°S. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121, 173-193.
86. Mahoney, J. J., Graham, D. W., Christie, D. M., Johnson, K. T. M., Hall, L. S. & Vonderhaar, D. L. (2002). Between a hotspot and a cold spot: isotopic variation in the Southeast Indian Ridge asthenosphere, 86°E-118°E. Journal of Petrology 43, 1155-1176.
87. Mattielli, N., Weis, D., Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (2002). Hf isotope evidence for a Miocene change in the Kerguelen mantle plume composition. Journal of Petrology 43, 1327-1339.
88. McDonough, W. F. (1990). Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 101, 1-18.
89. McDonough, W. F. & McCulloch, M. T. (1987). The southeast Australian lithospheric mantle: Isotopic and geochemical constraints on its growth and evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 86, 327-340.
90. McKenzie, D. & O'Nions, R. K. (1991). Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare-earth element concentrations. Journal of Petrology 32, 1021-1091.
91. Meert, J. G. (2003). A synopsis of events related to the assembly of East Gondwana. Tectonophysics 362, 1-40.
92. Meisel, T., Walker, R. J. & Morgan, J. W. (1996). The osmium isotopic composition of the Earth's primitive upper mantle. Nature 383, 517-520.
93. Menzies, M. A. & Murthy, V. R. (1980). Enriched mantle: Nd and Sr isotopes in diopsides from kimberlite nodules. Nature 283, 634-636.
94. Michard, A., Montigny, R. & Schlich, R. (1986). Geochemistry of the mantle beneath the Rodriguez triple junction and the South-East Indian Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78, 104-114.
95. Milner, S. C. & le Roex, A. P. (1996). Isotope characteristics of the Okenyenya igneous complex, northwestern Namibia: Constraints on the composition of the early Tristan plume and the origin of the EM 1 mantle component. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 141, 277-291.
96. Mühe, R., Devey, C. W. & Bohrmann, H. (1993). Isotope and trace element geochemistry of MORB from the Nansen-Gakkel Ridge at 86°N. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, 103-109.
97. Mühe, R., Bohrmann, H., Garbe-Schönberg, D. & Kassens, H. (1997). E-MORB glasses from the Gakkel Ridge (Arctic Ocean) at 87°N: Evidence for the Earth's most northerly volcanic activity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 152, 1-9.
98. Müller, M. R., Robinson, C. J., Minshull, T. A., White, R. S. & Bickle, M. J. (1997). Thin crust beneath Ocean Drilling Program borehole 735B at the Southwest Indian Ridge? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 148, 93-107.
99. Nelson, D. R., Chivas, A. R., Chappell, B. W. & McCulloch, M. T. (1988). Geochemical and isotopic systematics in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean island sources. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 1-17.
100. Niu, Y. & Batiza, R. (1991). An empirical method for calculating melt compositions produced beneath mid-ocean ridges: Applications for axis and off-axis (seamounts) melting. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 21753-21777.
101. Nowell, G. M., Kempton, P. D., Noble, S. R., Fitton, J. G., Saunders, A. D., Mahoney, J. J. & Taylor, R. N. (1998). High precision Hf isotope measurements of MORB and OIB by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry: insights into the depleted mantle. Chemical Geology 149, 211-233.
102. O'Neill, H. S. C. (1981). The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite, and its use as a geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 77, 185-194.
103. Patchett, P. J. & Tatsumoto, M. (1980a). Hafnium isotope variations in oceanic basalts. Geophysical Research Letters 7, 1077-1080.
104. Patchett, P. J. & Tatsumoto, M. (1980b). A routine high-precision method for Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry and chronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 75, 263-267.
105. Patchett, P. J., White, W. M., Feldmann, H., Kielinczuk, S. & Hofmann, A. W. (1984). Hafnium/rare earth element fractionation in the sedimentary system and crustal recycling into the Earth's mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 69, 365-378.
106. Paulsson, O. & Austrheim, H. (2003). A geochronological and geochemical study of rocks from Gjelsvikfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica - implications for Mesoproterozoic correlations and assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research 125, 113-138.
107. Pearce, J. A., Baker, P. E., Harvey, P. K. & Luff, I. W. (1995). Geochemical evidence for subduction fluxes, mantle melting and fractional crystallization beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc. Journal of Petrology 36, 1073-1109.
108. Pearce, J. A., Kempton, P. D., Nowell, G. M. & Noble, S. R. (1999). Hf-Nd element and isotope perspective on the nature and provenance of mantle and subduction components in western Pacific arc-basin systems. Journal of Petrology 40, 1579-1611.
109. Pertermann, M. & Hirschmann, M. M. (2003). Partial melting experiments on a MORB-like pyroxenite between 2 and 3 GPa: Constraints on the presence of pyroxenite in basalt source regions from solidus location and melting rate. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, paper number 2000JB000118.
110. Plank, T. & Langmuir, C. H. (1998). The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145, 325-394.
111. Price, R. C., Kennedy, A. K., Riggs-Sneeringer, M. & Frey, F. A. (1986). Geochemistry of basalts from the Indian Ocean triple junction: implications for the generation and development of Indian Ocean ridge basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78, 379-396.
112. Pyle, D. G., Christie, D. M. & Mahoney, J. J. (1992). Resolving an isotopic boundary within the Australian-Antarctic discordance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 112, 161-178.
113. Pyle, D. G., Christie, D. M., Mahoney, J. J. & Duncan, R. A. (1995). Geochemistry and geochronology of ancient southeast Indian and southwest Pacific seafloor. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 22261-22282.
114. Rehkämper, M. & Hofmann, A. W. (1997). Recycled ocean crust and sediment in Indian Ocean MORB. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 147, 93-106.
115. Rehkämper, M. & Halliday, A. N. (1998). Accuracy and long-term reproducibility of lead isotopic measurements by MC-ICP-MS using an external method for correction of mass discrimination. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 58, 123-133.
116. Robinson, C. J., White, R. S., Bickle, M. J. & Minshull, T. A. (1996). Restricted melting under the very slow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. In: MacLeod, C. J., Tyler, P. A. & Walker, C. L. (eds) Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation of Mid-Ocean Ridges. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 118, 131-141.
117. Rudnick, R. L. (1990). Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of lower crustal xenoliths from North Queensland, Australia: Implications for Nd model ages and crustal growth processes. Chemical Geology 83, 195-208.
118. Rudnick, R. L. & Fountain, D. M. (1995). Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics 33, 267-309.
119. Rudnick, R. L., McDonough, W. F., McCulloch, M. T. & Taylor, S. R. (1986). Lower crustal xenoliths from Queensland, Australia: Evidence for deep crustal assimilation and fractionation of continental basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1099-1115.
120. Saal, A. E., Rudnick, R. L., Ravizza, G. E. & Hart, S. R. (1998). Re-Os isotope evidence for the composition, formation and age of the lower crust. Nature 393, 58-61.
121. Salters, V. J. M. (1996). The generation of mid-ocean ridge basalts from the Hf and Nd isotope perspective. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 141, 109-123.
122. Salters, V. J. M. & Dick, H. J. B. (2002). Mineralogy of the mid-ocean-ridge basalt source from neodymium isotopic composition of abyssal peridotites. Nature 418, 68-72.
123. Salters, V. J. M. & Hart, S. R. (1989). The hafnium paradox and the role of garnet in the source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Nature 342, 420-422.
124. Salters, V. J. M. & Hart, S. R. (1991). The mantle sources of ocean ridges, islands and arcs: The Hf-isotope connection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104, 364-380.
125. Salters, V. J. M. & Longhi, J. (1999). Trace element partitioning during the initial stages of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 166, 15-30.
126. Salters, V. J. M. & Stracke, A. (2004). Composition of the depleted mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 5, doi: 10.1029/ 2003GC000597.
127. Salters, V. J. M. & White, W. M. (1998). Hf isotopic constraints on mantle evolution. Chemical Geology 145, 447-460.
128. Salters, V. J. M., Longhi, J. E. & Bizimis, M. (2002). Near mantle solidus trace element partitioning at pressures up to 3.4 GPa. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3, doi: 10.1029/2001GC000148.
129. Scherer, E. E., Cameron, K. L., Johnson, C. M., Beard, B. L., Barovich, K. M. & Collerson, K. D. (1997). Lu-Hf geochronology applied to dating Cenozoic events affecting lower crustal xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico. Chemical Geology 142, 63-78.
130. Schmitz, M. D., Vervoort, J. D., Bowring, S. A. & Patchett, J. P. (2004). Decoupling of the Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd systems during the evolution of granulitic lower crust beneath southern Africa. Geology 32, 405-408.
131. Scotese, C. R. (2004). A continental drift flipbook. Journal of Geology 112, 729-741.
132. Shirey, S. B., Bender, J. F. & Langmuir, C. H. (1987). Three-component isotopic heterogeneity near the Oceanographer Transform, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 325, 217-223.
133. Simon, N. S. C., Carlson, R. W., Pearson, D. G. & Davies, G. R. (2002). The Lu-Hf isotope composition of cratonic lithosphere: Disequilibrium between garnet and clinopyroxene in kimberlite xenoliths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66(Supplement), A717.
134. Simon, N. S. C., Carlson, R. W., Davies, G. R., Nowell, G. M. & Pearson, D. G. (2003). Os-Sr-Nd-Hf isotope evidence for the ancient depletion and subsequent multi-stage enrichment history of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithosphere. In: Extended Abstracts of the Eighth International Kimberlite Conference, abstract number 117 (CD-ROM).
135. Staudigel, H., Plank, T., White, W. M. & Schminke, H. U. (1996). Geochemical fluxes during seafloor alteration of the basaltic upper crust: DSDP Sites 417 and 418 (Overview). In: Bebout, G. E., Scholl, D. W., Kirby, S. H. & Platt, J. P. (eds) Subduction: Top to Bottom. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union 96, 19-38.
136. Stern, R. J. (1994). Arc-assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African orogen: Implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 319-352.
137. Storey, B. C. (1995). The role of mantle plumes in continental breakup: case histories from Gondwanaland. Nature 377, 301-308.
138. Storey, M., Saunders, A. D., Tarney, J., Gibson, I. L., Norry, M. J., Thirlwall, M. F., Leat, P., Thompson, R. N. & Menzies, M. A. (1989). Contamination of Indian Ocean asthenosphere by the Kerguelen-Heard mantle plume. Nature 338, 574-576.
139. Storey, M., Mahoney, J. J. & Saunders, A. D. (1998). Cretaceous basalts in Madagascar and the transition between plume and continental lithosphere mantle sources. In: Mahoney, J. J. & Coffin, M. F. (eds) Large Igneous Provinces. Geophysical Monograph, Washington American Geophysical Union 100, 95-122.
140. 86Sr in rocks from the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 18, 223-228.
141. Sun, S.-S. (1980). Lead isotopic study of young volcanic rocks from mid-ocean ridges, ocean islands and island arcs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 297, 409-445.
142. Sun, S.-S. & McDonough, W. F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A. D. & Norry, M. J. (eds) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 313-345.
143. Taylor, S. R. & McClennan, S. M. (1985). The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
144. 205Pb double spike for high-precision lead isotope analysis. In: Basu, A. & Hart, S. R. (eds) Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union 95, 429-437.
145. Tucker, R. D., Ashwal, L. D., Handke, M. J., Hamilton, M. A., Le Grange, M. & Rambeloson, R. A. (1999). U-Pb geochronology of the Archean and Proterozoic rocks of north-central Madagascar. Journal of Geology 107, 135-153.
146. Vervoort, J. D., Patchett, P. J., Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (1999). Relationships between Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in the global sedimentary system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, 79-99.
147. Vervoort, J. D., Patchett, J. P., Albarède, F., Blichert-Toft, J., Rudnick, R. & Downes, H. (2000). Hf-Nd isotopic evolution of the lower crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 181, 115-129.
148. Walker, R. J., Carlson, R. W., Shirey, S. B. & Boyd, F. R. (1989). Os, Sr, Nd and Pb isotope systematics of southern African peridotite xenoliths: Implications for the chemical evolution of subcontinental mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1583-1595.
149. Weaver, B. L., Wood, D. A., Tarney, J. & Joron, J. L. (1986). Role of subducted sediment in the genesis of ocean island basalts: Geochemical evidence from South Atlantic Ocean islands. Geology 14, 275-278.
150. Weis, D. & Frey, F. A. (1996). Role of the Kerguelen Plume in generating the eastern Indian Ocean seafloor. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 13831-13849.
151. White, W. M., Hofmann, A. W. & Puchelt, H. (1987). Isotope geochemistry of Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalt. Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 4881-4893.
152. Williams, G. A. & Turekian, K. K. (2004). The glacial-interglacial variation of seawater osmium isotopes as recorded in Santa Barbara Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 228, 379-389.
153. Woodhead, J. D., Hergt, J. M., Davidson, J. P. & Eggins, S. M. (2001). Hafnium isotope evidence for 'conservative' element mobility during subduction zone processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 192, 331-346.
154. Workman, R. K. & Hart, S. R. (2005). Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 231, 53-72.
155. Yang, H.-J., Frey, F. A., Weis, D., Giret, A., Pyle, D. G. & Michon, G. (1998). Petrogenesis of the flood basalts forming the northern Kerguelen Archipelago: Implications for the Kerguelen Plume. Journal of Petrology 39, 711-748.
156. Zhang, S.-Q., Mahoney, J. J., Mo, X.-X., Ghazi, A. M., Milani, L., Crawford, A. J., Guo, T.-Y. & Zhao, Z.-D. (2005). Evidence for a widespread Tethyan upper mantle with Indian Ocean-type isotopic characteristics. Journal of Petrology 46, 829-858.