Positron emission tomography methods with potential for increased understanding of mental retardation and developmental disabilities

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 325-330

  Sundaram, Senthil K ^a   Chugani, Harry T ^a   Chugani, Diane C ^a,b  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

GABAA receptor; Glucose metabolism; PET; Positron emission tomography; Protein synthesis; Serotonin synthesis; Tracer

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; CARBON 11; FLUMAZENIL; FLUMAZENIL C 11; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; LEUCINE; LEUCINE C 11; N METHYLTRYPTOPHAN; N METHYLTRYPTOPHAN C 11; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SEROTONIN; TRACER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AUTISM; BIOCHEMISTRY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISABILITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HAPPY PUPPET SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; ISOTOPE LABELING; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RETT SYNDROME; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; BRAIN; CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; MENTAL RETARDATION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME; RECEPTORS, GABA-A; RETT SYNDROME; SEROTONIN; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS;

EID: 27644472190     PISSN: 10804013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.20086     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Andre-Thomas CY, Saint-Anne Dargassies S. 1960. The neurological examination of the infant. London: Medical Advisory Committee of the National Spastics Society.
2. Barrio JR, Marcus CS, Hung JC, et al. 2004. A rational regulatory approach for positron emission tomography imaging probes: from "first in man" to NDA approval and reimbursement. Mol Imaging Biol 2004 6:361-367.
3. Blue ME, Naidu S, Johnston MV. 1999. Development of amino acid receptors in frontal cortex from girls with Rett syndrome. Ann Neurol 45:541-545.
4. Bronson G. 1974. The postnatal growth of visual capacity. Child Dev 45:873-890.
5. Buxbaum JD, Silverman JM, Smith CJ, et al. 2002. Association between a GABRB3 polymorphism and autism. Mol Psychiatry 7:311-316.
6. Chandana SR, Behen ME, Juhasz C, et al. 2005. Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism. Int J Dev Neurosci 23:171-182.
7. Chugani DC, Muzik O, Behen ME, et al. 1999. Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and non-autistic children. Ann Neurol 45:287-295.
8. A receptors measured with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 49:618-626.
9. Chugani DC, Muzik O, Rothermel R, et al. 1997. Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamo-cortical pathway in autistic boys. Ann Neurol 42:666-669.
10. Chugani HT. 1994. Development of regional brain glucose metabolism in relation to behavior and plasticity. In: Dawson G, Fischer KW, editors. Human behavior and the developing brain. New York: Guilford Publications. p 153-175.
11. Chugani HT. 1996. Neuroimaging of developmental nonlinearity and developmental pathologies. In: Thatcher RW, Lyon GR, Rumsey J, Krasnegor N, editors. Developmental neuroimaging: mapping the development of brain and behavior. San Diego: Academic Press, p 187-195.
12. Chugani HT. 1998. The ontogeny of cerebral metabolism. In: Garreau B, editor. Neuroimaging in child neuropsychiatric disorders. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p 89-96.
13. 18FDG positron emission tomography. Science 231:840-843.
14. Chugani HT, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC. 1987. Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Ann Neurol 22:487-497.
15. Curatolo P, Verdecchia M, Bombardieri R. 2002. Tuberous sclerosis complex: a review of neurological aspects. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 6:15-23.
16. Doubrovin M, Ponomarev V, Blasberg RG. 2004. PET-based reporter gene imaging: assessment of endogenous molecular-genetic events. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 23:38-50.
17. Dykens EM, Sutcliffe JS, Levitt P. 2004. Autism and 15q11-q13 disorders: behavioral, genetic, and pathophysiological issues. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 10:284-291.
18. Egelhoff JC, Ball WS Jr, Koch BL, et al. 1997. Safety and efficacy of sedation in children using a structured sedation program. Am J Roentgenol 168:1259-1262.
19. Ernst M, Freed ME, Zametkin AJ. 1998. Health hazards of radiation exposure in the context of brain imaging research: special consideration for children. J Nucl Med 39:689-698.
20. Fryer AE, Chalmers A, Connor JM, et al. 1987. Evidence that the gene for tuberous sclerosis is on chromosome 9. Lancet 1:659-661.
21. Gjedde A, Wong DF, Rosa-Neto P, et al. 2005. Mapping neuroreceptors at work: on the definition and interpretation of binding potentials after 20 years of progress. Int Rev Neurobiol 63:1-20.
22. Goldman-Rakic PS, Brown RM. 1982. Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. Dev Brain Res 4:339-349.
23. 11C]leucine and PET: methods, model, and results in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:446-460.
24. Herschman HR. 2004. Noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression in living subjects. Adv Cancer Res 92:29-80.
25. Herschman HR, MacLaren DC, Iyer M et al. 2000. Seeing is believing: non-invasive, quantitative and repetitive imaging of reporter gene expression in living animals, using positron emission tomography. J Neurosci Res 59:699-705.
26. Hoffman EJ, Phelps ME. 1986. Positron emission tomography: principles and quantitation. In: Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Schelbert HR, editors. Positron emission tomography and autoradiography: principles and applications for the brain and heart. New York: Raven Press, p 237-286.
27. 11C]flumazenil in Angelman syndrome patients with GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit deletions. Ann Neurol 49:110-113.
28. Iwata R. 2004. Reference Book for PET Radiopharmaceuticals. http://kakuyaku.cyric.tohoku.ac. jp/indexe.html.
29. Jain M, Batra SK. 2003. Genetically engineered antibody fragments and PET imaging: a new era of radioimmunodiagnosis. J Nucl Med 44:1970-1972.
30. Kandt RS, Haines JL, Smith M, et al. 1992. Linkage of an important gene locus for tuberous sclerosis to a chromosome 16 marker for polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 2:37-41.
31. Kellaway P. 1979. An orderly approach to visual analysis: parameters of the normal EEG in adults and children. In: Klass DW, Daly DD, editors. Current practice of clinical electroencephalography. New York: Raven. p 69-147.
32. Kennedy C, Sokoloff L. 1957. An adaptation of the nitrous oxide method to the study of the cerebral circulation in children: normal values for cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate in childhood. J Clin Invest 36:1130-1137.
33. Kinnala A, Suhonen-Polvi H, Δärimaa T, et al. 1996. Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose during the first six months of life: an FDG positron emission tomography study. Arch Dis Child 74:F153-F157.
34. Kwiatkowski DJ. 2003. Rhebbing up mTOR: new insights on TSC1 and TSC2, and the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis. Cancer Biol Ther 5:471-476.
35. Laggerbauer B, Ostareck D, Keidel EM, et al. 2001. Evidence that fragile X mental retardation protein is a negative regulator of translation. Hum Mol Genet 10:329-338.
36. Li Z, Zhang Y, Ku L, et al. 2001. The fragile X mental retardation protein inhibits translation via interacting with mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 29:2276-2283.
37. Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS, Pakic P. 1991. Synchronized overproduction of neurotransmitter receptors in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10218-10221.
38. 11C]flumazenil. Neuroimage 22:22-28.
39. MacLaren DC, Toyokuni T, Cherry SR, et al. 2000. PET imaging of transgene expression. Biol Psychiatry. 48:337-348.
40. Magistretti PH, Pellerin L, Rothman DL, et al. 1999. Energy on demand. Science 283:496-497.
41. Manning BD, Cantley LC. 2003. Rheb fills a GAP between TSC and TOR. Trends Biochem Sci 28:573-576.
42. Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. 2003. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 17:545-580.
43. A receptor subunit genes in autistic disorder. J Neurogenet 15:245-259.
44. Merola C, Albarracin C, Lebowitz P, et al. 1995. An audit of adverse events in children sedated with chloral hydrate or propofol during imaging studies. Paediatr Anaesth 5:375-378.
45. 11C] leucine as a PET radiotracer for the measurement of cerebral protein synthesis. J Labeled Compounds 48:S189.
46. Pardridge WM. 2005. Molecular biology of the blood-brain barrier. Mol Biotechnol 30:57-70.
47. Parmelee AH, Sigman MD. 1983. Perinatal brain development and behavior. In: Haith M, Campos J, editors. Biology and infancy. Volume II. New York: Wiley, p 95-155.
48. Phelps ME, Barrio JR, Huang SC, et al. 1984. Criteria for the tracer kinetic measurement of cerebral protein synthesis in humans with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 15 Suppl:S192-S202.
49. Qin M, Kang J, Burlin TV, et al. 2005. Postadolescent changes in regional cerebral protein synthesis: an in vivo study m the FMR1 null mouse. J Neurosci 25:5087-5095.
50. Rett A. 1966. Uber ein eiggenatiges hirnatrophisches syndrome bei hyperammonamie in kindersalter. Wien Ned Wochenschr 116:723-736.
51. 11C]leucine and PET with correction for recycling of tissue amino acids. I. Kinetic modeling approach. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25:617-628.
52. Shiue CY, Welch MJ. 2004. Update on PET radiopharmaceuticals: life beyond fluorodeoxyglucose. Radiol Clin North Am 42:1033-1053.
53. Smith CB, Crane AM, Kadekaro M, et al. 1984. Stimulation of protein synthesis and glucose utilization in the hypoglossal nucleus induced by axotomy. J Neurosci 4:2489-2496.
54. Smith CB, Deibler GE, Eng N, et al. 1988. Measurement of local cerebral protein synthesis in vivo: influence of recycling of amino acid derived from protein degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:9341-9345.
55. Smith CB, Schmidt KC, Qin M, et al. 2005. Measurement of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis with L-[1-11C]leucine and PET with correction for recycling of tissue amino acids. II. Validation in rhesus monkeys. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25:629-640.
56. Smith GS, Koppel J, Goldberg S. 2003. Applications of neuroreceptor imaging to psychiatry research. Psychopharmacol Bull 37:26-65.
57. Soejima H, Wagstaff J. 2005. Imprinting centers, chromatin structure, and disease. J Cellular Biochem 95:226-233.
58. Stickel JR, Cherry SR. 2005. High-resolution PET detector design: modelling components of intrinsic spatial resolution. Phys Med Biol 50:179-195.
59. Sun Y, Deibler GE, Jehle J, et al. 1995. Rates of local cerebral protein synthesis in the rat during normal postnatal development. Am J Physiol 268:R549-R56l.
60. Tai YC, Chatziioannou AF, Yang Y, et al. 2003. MicroPET II: design, development and initial performance of an improved microPET scanner for small-animal imaging. Phys Med Biol 48:1519-1537.
61. Ter-Pogossian MM. 1995. Positron emission tomography. In: Wagner HN, Szabo Z, Buchanan JW, editors. Principles of nuclear medicine. London: WB Saunders. p 342-346.
62. van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C, et al. 1997. Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science 277:805-808.
63. Verkerk AJ, Pieretti M, Sutcliffe JS, et al. 1991. Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome. Cell 65:905-914.
64. Villemagne PM, Naidu S, Villemagne VL, et al. 2002. Brain glucose metabolism in Rett syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 27:117-122.
65. A receptor beta 3 subunit to the Angelman/Prader-Willi region of human chromosome 15. Am J Hum Genet 49:330-337.
66. Weissleder R, Mahmood U. 2001. Molecular imaging. Radiology 219:316-333.