Does housing mobility policy improve health?

Housing Policy Debate

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 49-98

  Acevedo Garcia, Dolores ^a   Osypuk, Theresa L ^a   Werbel, Rebecca E ^a   Meara, Ellen R ^b   Cutler, David M ^c   Berkman, Lisa F ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Low income housing; Neighborhood; Urban policy

Indexed keywords

EID: 25844457706     PISSN: 10511482     EISSN: 10511482     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521495     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores. 2000. Residential Segregation and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases. Social Science and Medicine 51(8):1143-61.
2. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores, and Kimberly A. Lochner. 2003. Residential Segregation and Health. In Neighborhoods and Health, ed. Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman, 265-87. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores, Kimberly A. Lochner, Theresa L. Osypuk, and S.V. Subramanian. 2003. Future Directions in Residential Segregation and Health Research: A Multi-level Approach. American Journal of Public Health 93(2):215-21.
4. Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores, Theresa L. Osypuk, and Barbara Krimgold. 2003. Metropolitan Report Cards: How Well Are Different Urban Areas Providing Quality of Life for Americans of Color? Presented at the Color Lines Conference, sponsored by the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. August 29-September 1.
5. Allen, Chris. 2000. On the "Physiological Dope" Problematic in Housing and Illness Research: Towards a Critical Realism of Home and Health. Housing, Theory, and Society 17:49-67.
6. Altshuler, Alan, William Morrill, Harold Wolman, Faith Mitchell, and the Committee on Improving the Future of U.S. Cities through Improved Metropolitan Area Governance, eds. 1999. Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
7. Anderson, Laurie M., Carolynne Shinn, Joseph St. Charles, Mindy T. Fullilove, Susan C. Scrimshaw, Jonathan E. Fielding, Jacques Normand, Ruth Sanchez-Way, Todd Richardson, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Community Interventions to Promote Healthy Social Environments, Early Childhood Development, and Family Housing: A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(RR01):1-8.
8. Barker, David J.P., Peter D. Gluckman, Keith M. Godfrey, Jane E. Harding, Julie A. Owens, and Jeffrey S. Robinson. 1993. Fetal Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Life. Lancet 341:938-41.
9. Bartley, Mel, David Blane, and Scott Montgomery. 1997. Health and the Lifecourse: Why Safety Nets Matter. BMJ 314:1194-96.
10. Berkman, Lisa F., and Ichiro Kawachi, eds. 2000. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Boyle, Michael H. 2002. Home Ownership and the Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Children and Youth. Child Development 73(3):883-92.
12. Briggs, Xavier de Souza. 1997. Moving Up Versus Moving Out: Neighborhood Effects in Housing Mobility Programs. Housing Policy Debate 8(1):195-234.
13. Briggs, Xavier de Souza. 1998. Brown Kids in White Suburbs: Housing Mobility and the Many Faces of Social Capital. Housing Policy Debate 9(1):177-221.
14. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Joe T. Darden, and Angela A. Aidala. 1999. In the Wake of Desegregation: Early Impacts of Scattered-Site Public Housing on Neighborhoods in Yonkers, New York. Journal of the American Planning Association 65:27-49.
15. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, and the Yonkers Family and Community Project. 1997. Yonkers Revisited: The Early Impacts of Scattered-Site Public Housing on Families and Neighborhoods. A Report to the Ford Foundation. New York: Columbia University Teachers College, Harvard University, and Michigan State University.
16. Briss, Peter A., Stephanie Zaza, Marguerite Pappaioanou, Jonathan Fielding, Linda Wright-De Agüero, Benedict I. Truman, David R Hopkins, Patricia Dolan Mullen, Robert S. Thompson, Steven H. Woolf, Vilma G. Carande-Kulis, Laurie Anderson, Alan R. Hinman, David V. McQueen, Steven M. Teutsch, Jeffrey R. Harris, and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. 2000. Developing an Evidence-Based Guide to Community Preventative Services-Methods. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 18(1S):35-43.
17. Buka, Stephen L., Robert T. Brennan, Janet W. Rich-Edwards, Stephen W. Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 2003. Neighborhood Support and the Birth Weight of Urban Infants. American Journal of Epidemiology 157(1):1-8.
18. Buron, Larry, Susan J. Popkin, Diane Levy, Laura E. Harris, Jill Khadduri, Abt Associates, Inc., the Urban Institute, and the Office of Public Housing Investments. 2002. The HOPE VI Resident Tracking Study. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
19. Christiani, David C. 1996. Utilization of Biomarker Data for Clinical and Environmental Intervention. Environmental Health Perspectives 104(suppl 5):921-25.
20. Conley, Dalton. 1999. Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
21. Cook, Thomas D., and Donald T. Campbell. 1979. Validity. In Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings, 37-94. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
22. Deaton, Angus. 2002. Policy Implications of the Gradient of Health and Wealth. Health Affairs March-April, pp. 13-30.
23. De Gruttola, Victor G., Pamela Clax, David L. DeMets, Gregory J. Downing, Susan S. Ellenberg, Lawrence Friedman, Mitchell H. Gail, Ross Prentice, Janet Wittes, and Scott L. Zeger. 2001. Considerations in the Evaluation of Surrogate Endpoints in Clinical Trials: Summary of a National Institutes of Health Workshop. Controlled Clinical Trials 22:485-502.
24. Dunn, James R. 2000. Housing and Health Inequalities: Review and Prospects for Research. Housing Studies 15(3):341-66.
25. Dunn, James R. 2002. A Population Health Approach to Housing: A Framework for Research. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: National Housing Research Committee and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
26. Dunn, James R., and Michael V. Hayes. 2000. Social Inequality, Population Health, and Housing: A Study of Two Vancouver Neighborhoods. Social Science and Medicine 51:563-87.
27. Ellen, Ingrid Gould. 2000. Is Segregation Bad for Your Health? The Case of Low Birth Weight. In Papers on Urban Affairs, ed. William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack, 203-38. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
28. Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Tod Mijanovich, and Keri-Nicole Dillman. 2001. Neighborhood Effects on Health: Exploring the Links and Assessing the Evidence. Journal of Urban Affairs 23(3-4):391-408.
29. Ellen, Ingrid Gould, and Margery Austin Turner. 1997. Does Neighborhood Matter? Assessing Recent Evidence. Housing Policy Debate 8(4):833-66.
30. Fauth, Rebecca C., Tama Leventhal, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2002. They're Moving Out; Are They Moving Up? Early Impacts of Moving to Low-Poverty Neighborhoods on Low-Income Youth. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College, National Center for Children and Families.
31. Fischer, Paul B. 1991. Is Housing Mobility an Effective Anti-Poverty Strategy? An Examination of the Cincinnati Experience. Lake Forest, IL: Lake Forest College, Stephen H. Wilder Foundation.
32. Freeman, Lance. 2002. America's Affordable Housing Crisis: A Contract Unfulfilled. American Journal of Public Health 92(5):709-12.
33. Fried, Marc. 1963. Grieving for a Lost Home. In The Urban Condition: People and Policy in the Metropolis, ed. Leonard J. Duhl, 151-71. New York: Simon & Schuster.
34. Fullilove, Mindy Thompson. 2003. Neighborhoods and Infectious Diseases. In Neighborhoods and Health, ed. Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman, 211-22. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Gabriel, Stuart A. 1996. The Role of FHA in the Provision of Credit to Minorities. In Mortgage Lending, Racial Discrimination, and Federal Policy, ed. John Goering and Ron Wienk, 183-250. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
36. Gee, Gilbert C. 2002. A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship between Institutional and Individual Racial Discrimination and Health Status. American Journal of Public Health 92(4):615-23.
37. Geronimus, Arline T. 2000. To Mitigate, Resist, or Undo: Addressing Structural Influences on the Health of Urban Populations. American Journal of Public Health 90(6):867-72.
38. Goering, John. 2003. The Impacts of New Neighborhoods on Poor Families: Evaluating the Policy Implications of the Moving to Opportunity Demonstration. FRBNY Economic Policy Review, June, pp. 113-40.
39. Goering, John, Judith D. Feins, and Todd M. Richardson. 2002. A Cross-Site Analysis of Initial Moving to Opportunity Demonstration Results. Journal of Housing Research 13(1):1-30.
40. Goering, John, Joan Kraft, Judith Feins, Debra McInnis, Mary Joel Holin, and Huda Elhassan. 1999. Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program: Current Status and Initial Findings. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
41. Greenland, Sander. 2000. An Introduction to Instrumental Variables for Epidemiologists. International Journal of Epidemiology 29(4):722-29.
42. Hanratty, Maria H., Sara A. McLanahan, and Becky Pettit. 2003. Los Angeles Site Findings. In Choosing a Better Life? Evaluating the Moving to Opportunity Social Experiment, ed. John Goering and Judith D. Feins, 245-74. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
43. Harrell, Jules P., Sadiki Hall, and James Taliaferro. 2003. Physiological Responses to Racism and Discrimination: An Assessment of the Evidence. American Journal of Public Health 93(2):243-48.
44. Hart, Kevin D., Stephen J. Kunitz, Ralph R. Sell, and Dana B. Mukamel. 1998. Metro-politan Governance, Residential Segregation, and Mortality among African Americans. American Journal of Public Health 88(3):434-38.
45. Hattersley, Lin. 1999. Trends in Life Expectancy by Social Class-An Update. Health Statistics Quarterly 2:16-24.
46. Haurin, Donald R., Toby L. Parcel, and R. Jean Haurin. 2002. Impact of Homeownership on Child Outcomes. In Low-Income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal, ed. Nicolas P. Retsinas and Eric S. Belsky, 427-46. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, and Brookings Institution Press.
47. Heymann, S. Jody, and Alison Earle. 1999. The Impact of Welfare Reform on Parents' Ability to Care for Their Children's Health. American Journal of Public Health 89(4):502-05.
48. Iannotta, Joah G., Jane L. Ross, and the National Research Council. 2002. Equality of Opportunity and the Importance of Place: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
49. Jackson, James S., Tony N. Brown, David R. Williams, Myriam Torres, Sherrill L. Sellers, and Kendrick Brown. 1996. Racism and the Physical and Mental Health Status of African Americans: A Thirteen-Year National Panel Study. Ethnicity & Disease 6(1-2):132-47.
50. Joint Center for Housing Studies. 2003. The State of the Nation's Housing: 2003. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
51. Kaplan, George A., and Jukka T. Salonen. 1990. Socioeconomic Conditions in Childhood and Ischaemic Heart Disease during Middle Age. British Medical Journal 301:1121-23.
52. Katz, Bruce J., and Margery Austin Turner. 2001. Who Should Run the Housing Voucher Program? A Reform Proposal. Housing Policy Debate 12(2):239-62.
53. Katz, Lawrence E, Jeffrey R. Kling, and Jeffrey B. Liebman. 2001. Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Results of a Randomized Mobility Experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(2):607-54.
54. Kawachi, Ichiro, and Lisa F. Berkman. 2003a. Introduction. In Neighborhoods and Health, ed. Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman, 1-19. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Kawachi, Ichiro, and Lisa F. Berkman, eds. 2003b. Neighborhoods and Health. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Kearns, Ade, Rosemary Hiscock, Anne Ellaway, and Sally Macintyre. 2000. "Beyond Four Walls": The Psychosocial Benefits of Home. Evidence from West Central Scotland. Housing Studies 15(3):387-410.
57. Kennedy, Stephen D., and Mireille L. Leger. 1990. Final Comprehensive Report of the Freestanding Housing Voucher Demonstration. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
58. Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., Lynanne McGuire, Theodore F. Robles, and Ronald Glaser. 2002. Emotions, Morbidity, and Mortality: New Perspectives from Psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology 53:83-107.
59. Kling, Jeffrey R., Jeffrey B. Liebman, and Lawrence F. Katz. 2001. Bullets Don't Got No Name: Consequences of Fear in the Ghetto. Working Paper 225. Joint Center for Poverty Research.
60. Krieger, James, and Donna L. Higgins. 2002. Housing and Health: Time Again for Public Health Action. American Journal of Public Health 92(5):758-68.
61. Krieger, Nancy, and Steve Sidney. 1996. Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study of Young Black and White Adults. American Journal of Public Health 86(10):1370-78.
62. Kuh, Diana, Rebecca Hardy, Claudia Langenberg, Marcus Richards, and Michael E. J. Wadsworth. 2002. Mortality in Adults Aged 26-54 Years Related to Socioeconomic Conditions in Childhood and Adulthood: Post War Birth Cohort Study. British Medical Journal 325(7372):1076-80.
63. Leventhal, Tama, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2000. The Neighborhoods They Live In: The Effects of Neighborhood Residence on Child and Adolescent Outcomes. Psychological Bulletin 126(2):309-37.
64. Leventhal, Tama, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2003a. The Early Impacts of Moving to Opportunity on Children and Youth in New York City. In Choosing a Better Life: Evaluating the Moving to Opportunity Social Experiment, ed. John Goering and Judith Feins, 213-44. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
65. Leventhal, Tama, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2003b. Moving to Opportunity: An Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health. American Journal of Public Health 93(9):1576-82.
66. Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. 2001. 2000 Census Data: Whole Population Public Use Data. State University of New York-Albany. World Wide Web page 〈http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/WholePop/WPSegdata/ 1120msa.htm〉 (accessed February 19, 2003).
67. Librett, John J., Michelle M. Yore, and Thomas L. Schmid. 2003. Local Ordinances That Promote Physical Activity: A Survey of Municipal Policies. American Journal of Public Health 93(9):1399-1403.
68. Loucks, Eric. 2003. Biological Markers in Housing-Health Research. Presented at the Harvard School of Public Health Symposium on Housing, Neighborhoods, and Health: State of the Evidence, Boston. June 26.
69. Loucks, Eric B., Jerry M. Spiegel, Carlos Barcelo, Annalee Yassi, Alfredo Aldama, and James R. Dunn. 2002. Using Biomarkers for Measurement of the Health Effects of Housing Conditions: Practical Guidelines. Presented at the 5th Pan American Health Organization Inter-American Health and Housing Conference, Havana, Cuba. May.
70. Lundberg, Olle. 1993. The Impact of Childhood Living Conditions on Illness and Mortality in Adulthood. Social Science and Medicine 36:1047-52.
71. Macintyre, Sally, and Anne Ellaway. 2000. Ecological Approaches: Rediscovering the Role of the Physical and Social Environment. In Social Epidemiology, ed. Lisa F. Berkman and Ichiro Kawachi, 332-48. New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Macintyre, Sally, and Anne Ellaway. 2003. Neighborhoods and Health: An Overview. In Neighborhoods and Health, ed. Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman, 20-42. New York: Oxford University Press.
73. Marmot, Michael G., George Davey Smith, Stephen Stansfeld, Chandra Patel, Fiona North, Jenny Head, Ian White, Eric Brunner, and Amanda Feeney. 1991. Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants-The Whitehall-II Study. Lancet 337(8754):1387-93.
74. Marsh, Alex, David Gordon, Pauline Heslop, and Christina Pantazis. 2000. Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis. Housing Studies 15(3):411-42.
75. Meyers, Alan, Deborah Frank, Nicole Roos, Karen E. Peterson, Virginia A. Casey, L. Adrienne Cupples, and Suzette M. Levenson. 1995. Housing Subsidies and Pediatric Undernutrition. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 149(10):1079-84.
76. Mood, Eric W. 1986. Housing and Health: APHA-CDC Recommended Minimum Housing Standards. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
77. Morland, Kimberly, Steve Wing, Ana Diez-Roux, and Charles Poole. 2002. Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 22(1):23-29.
78. Nettleton, Sarah, and Roger Burrows. 1998. Mortgage Debt, Insecure Homeownership, and Health: An Exploratory Analysis. Sociology of Health and Illness 20(5):731-53.
79. Newman, Sandra J., and Ann B. Schnare. 1997. "⋯And a Suitable Living Environment": The Failure of Housing Programs to Deliver on Neighborhood Quality. Housing Policy Debate 8(4):703-41.
80. Oakes, J. Michael. 2004. The (Mis)Estimation of Neighborhood Effects: Causal Inference for a Practicable Social Epidemiology. Social Science and Medicine 58(10):1929-52.
81. O'Campo, Patricia. 2003. Advancing Theory and Methods for Multilevel Models of Residential Neighborhoods and Health. American Journal of Epidemiology 157(1):9-13.
82. O'Campo, Patricia, Andrea C. Gielen, Ruth R. Faden, Xiaonan Xue, Nancy Kass, and Mei-Cheng Wang. 1995. Violence by Male Partners against Women during the Child-bearing Years: A Contextual Analysis. American Journal of Public Health 85(8, part 1):1092-97.
83. Orr, Larry L. 1999. Social Experiments: Evaluating Public Programs with Experimental Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
84. Orr, Larry, Judith D. Feins, Robin Jacob, Erik Beecroft, Lisa Sanbonmatsu, Lawrence F. Katz, Jeffrey B. Liebman, and Jeffrey R. Kling. 2003. Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program. Interim Impacts Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
85. Peroff, Kathleen A., Cloteal L. Davis, Ronald Jones, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. 1979. Gautreaux Housing Demonstration: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Participating Households. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.
86. Peterson, George E., and Kale Williams. 1995. Housing Mobility: What Has It Accomplished and What Is Its Promise? In Housing Mobility: Promise or Illusion? ed. Alexander Polikoff, 7-101. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
87. Pettit, Kathryn L. S., G. Thomas Kingsley, Claudia J. Coulton, and Jessica Cigna. 2003. Neighborhoods and Health: Building Evidence for Local Policy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
88. Popkin, Susan J., Laura E. Harris, and Mary K. Cunningham. 2002. Families in Transition: A Qualitative Analysis of the MTO Experience. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, under a subcontract with Abt Associates, Inc. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
89. Power, Chris, Clyde Hertzman, Sharon Matthews, and Orly Manor. 1997. Social Differences in Health: Life Cycle Effects between Ages 23 and 33 in the 1958 British Birth Cohort. American Journal of Public Health 87:1499-503.
90. Preston, Samuel H., and Michael R. Haines. 1991. Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
91. Robert, Stephanie, and James S. House. 1996. SES Differentials in Health by Age and Alternative Indicators of SES. Journal of Aging and Health 8(3):359-88.
92. Rosenbaum, Emily, and Laura E. Harris. 2001. Low-Income Families in Their New Neighborhoods: The Short-Term Effects of Moving from Chicago's Public Housing. Journal of Family Issues 22(3):183-210.
93. Rosenbaum, James E. 1994. Housing Mobility Strategies for Changing the Geography of Opportunity. Working paper. Northwestern University, Institute for Policy Research.
94. Rosenbaum, James E. 1995. Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program. Housing Policy Debate 6(1):231-69.
95. Rosenbaum, James E., and Susan J. Popkin. 1990. Economic and Social Impacts of Housing Integration. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research.
96. Saegert, Susan C., Susan Klitzman, Nicholas Freudenberg, Jana Cooperman-Mroczek, and Salwa Nassar. 2003. Healthy Housing: A Structured Review of Published Evaluations of U.S. Interventions to Improve Health by Modifying Housing in the United States, 1990-2001. American Journal of Public Health 93(9):1471-77.
97. Saelens, Brian E., James F. Sallis, Jennifer B. Black, and Diana Chen. 2003. Neighborhood-Based Differences in Physical Activity: An Environment Scale Evaluation. American Journal of Public Health 93(9):1552-58.
98. Sard, Barbara. 2000. Housing Vouchers Should Be a Major Component of Future Housing Policy for the Lowest-Income Families. Housing Policy in the New Millennium: Proceedings, ed. Susan M. Wachter and R. Leo Penne, 291-318. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. World Wide Web page 〈http://www. huduser.org/publications/polleg/hpcproceedings.html〉 (accessed February 17, 2003).
99. Shroder, Mark. 2000. Social Experiments in Housing. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5(1):237-59.
100. Shroder, Mark. 2002. Locational Constraint, Housing Counseling, and Successful Lease-Up in a Randomized Housing Voucher Experiment. Journal of Urban Economics 51(2):315-38.
101. Srinivasan, Shobha, Liam R. O'Fallon, and Allen Dearry. 2003. Creating Healthy Communities, Healthy Homes, Healthy People: Initiating a Research Agenda on the Built Environment and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health 93(9):1446-50.
102. Subramanian, S. V., Kelvyn Jones, and Craig Duncan. 2003. Multilevel Methods for Public Health Research. In Neighborhoods and Health, ed. Ichiro Kawachi and Lisa F. Berkman, 65-111. New York: Oxford University Press.
103. Syme, S. Leonard. 1987. Social Determinants of Disease. Annals of Clinical Research 19(2):44-52.
104. Syme, S. Leonard, and Lisa F. Berkman. 1976. Social Class, Susceptibility, and Sickness. American Journal of Epidemiology 104(1):1-8.
105. Thiele, Bret. 2002. The Human Right to Adequate Housing: A Tool for Promoting and Protecting Individual and Community Health. American Journal of Public Health 92(5):712-15.
106. Thomson, Hilary, Mark Petticrew, and David Morrison. 2001. Health Effects of Housing Improvement: Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. British Medical Journal 323(7306):187-90.
107. Turner, Margery Austin. 1998. Moving Out of Poverty: Expanding Mobility and Choice through Tenant-Based Housing Assistance. Housing Policy Debate 9(2):373-94.
108. Turner, Margery Austin, Susan Popkin, and Mary Cunningham. 2000. Section 8 Mobility and Neighborhood Health: Emerging Issues and Policy Challenges. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
109. U.S. Bureau of the Census and Economics and Statistics Administration. 2001. Net Worth of Nation's Households Unchanged, Census Bureau Reports. Press release. World Wide Web page 〈http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/cb01-33.html〉 (accessed May 2002).
110. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 1995. Homeownership and Its Benefits. Urban Policy Brief. Washington, DC.
111. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2002. Fiscal Year 2003 Budget Summary. Washington, DC.
112. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. 2000. Rental Housing Assistance-The Worsening Crisis. A Report to Congress on Worst-Case Housing Needs. Washington, DC.
113. Wachter, Susan M. 2000. Introduction. Housing Policy in the New Millennium: Proceedings, ed. Susan M. Wachter and R. Leo Penne, 1-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. World Wide Web page 〈http://www.huduser.org/ publications/polleg/hpcproceedings.html〉 (accessed February 17, 2003).
114. Wadsworth, Michael E. J., Scott M. Montgomery, and Mel J. Bartley. 1999. The Persisting Effect of Unemployment on Health and Social Well-Being in Men Early in Working Life. Social Science and Medicine 48(10):1491-99.
115. Whitehead, Christine. 2000. Editorial. Housing Studies 15(3):339-40.
116. Williams, David R. 1996. Racism and Health: A Research Agenda. Ethnicity & Disease 6(1-2):1-8.
117. Williams, David R. 1997. Race and Health: Basic Questions, Emerging Directions. Annals of Epidemiology 7:322-33.
118. Williams, David R. 2001. Racial Variations in Adult Health Status: Patterns, Paradoxes, and Prospects. In America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences. Vol. II, ed. Neil J. Smelser, William Julius Wilson, Faith Mitchell, and the National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
119. Williams, David R., and Chiquita Collins. 2001. Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health. Public Health Reports 116(5):404-16.
120. Williams, David R., and Michelle Harris-Reid. 1999. Race and Mental Health: Emerging Patterns and Promising Approaches. In A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Context, Theories, and Systems, ed. Allan V Horwitz and Teresa L. Scheid, 295-314. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
121. Williams, David R., and Harold Neighbors. 2001. Racism, Discrimination, and Hypertension: Evidence and Needed Research. Ethnicity & Disease 11(4):800-16.
122. Williams, David R., Harold W. Neighbors, and James S. Jackson. 2003. Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings from Community Studies. American Journal of Public Health 93(2):200-08.
123. Williams, David R., Yan Yu, James S. Jackson, and Norman B. Anderson. 1997. Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socioeconomic Status, Stress, and Discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology 2(3):335-51.
124. Yinger, John. 1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.