Brown Kids in White Suburbs: Housing Mobility and the Many Faces of Social Capital

Housing Policy Debate

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 177-221

  de Souza Briggs, Xavier ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Mobility; Neighborhood; Programs

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000352724     PISSN: 10511482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1998.9521290     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Aber, Lawrence. 1993. The Effects of Poor Neighborhoods on Children, Youth, and Families: Theory, Research, and Policy Implications. Memorandum prepared for the Social Science Research Council Policy Conference on Persistent Neighborhood Poverty, November, Washington, DC.
2. Anderson, Elijah. 1991. Neighborhood Effects on Teenage Pregnancy. In The Urban Underclass, ed. Christopher Jencks and Paul Peterson, 375-98. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
3. Barrera, Michael. 1981. Social Support in the Adjustment of Pregnant Adolescents. In Social Networks and Social Support, ed. Barry H. Gottlied, 123-67. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
4. Boissevain, Jeremy. 1974. Friends of Friends. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
5. Braddock, Jo Mills Henry, and James M. McPartland. 1987. How Minorities Continue to Be Excluded from Equal Employment Opportunities: Research on Labor Market and Institutional Barriers. Journal of Social Issues 43:5-39.
6. Briggs, Xavier de Souza. 1997a. Moving Up versus Moving Out: Neighborhood Effects in Housing Mobility Programs. Housing Policy Debate 8(1):195-234.
7. Briggs, Xavier de Souza. 1997b. Social Capital and the Cities: Advice to Change Agents. National Civic Review 86(2):111-17.
8. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Joe T. Darden, and Angela A. Aidala. 1998. In the Wake of Desegregation: The Early Impacts of Scattered-Site Public Housing on Receiving Neighborhoods of Yonkers, New York. Journal of the American Planning Association, forthcoming.
9. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, and Robin Lenhardt. 1998. After the Gavel Falls: Race, Community Politics, and Suburban Housing. Paper presented at the Harvard Civil Rights Project's Race and the Suburbs Conference, March 30, Cambridge, MA.
10. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, and Elizabeth R. Mueller (with Mercer Sullivan). 1997. From Neighborhood to Community: Evidence on the Social Effects of Community Development. New York: Community Development Research Center, New School for Social Research.
11. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Gregory Duncan, Pamela Klebanov, and Naomi Sealand. 1993. Do Neighborhoods Influence Child and Adolescent Development? American Journal of Sociology 99:353-95.
12. Burby, Raymond, and William M. Rohe. 1989. Deconcentration of Public Housing: Effects on Residents' Satisfaction with Their Living Environments and Their Fear of Crime. Urban Affairs Quarterly 25:117-41.
13. Burt, Ronald. 1987. A Note on Strangers, Friends, and Happiness. Social Networks 9:311-21.
14. Burt, Ronald. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15. Campbell, Karen E., Peter V. Marsden, and Jeanne Hurlbert. 1986. Social Resources and Socioeconomic Status. Social Networks 8:97-117.
16. Chandler, Mittie Olion. 1991. The Effects of Public Housing Integration Efforts: The Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority Acquisition Housing Program. Unpublished paper. Cleveland State University, Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs.
17. Cleveland, William S. 1985. The Elements of Graphing Data. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth and Brooks.
18. Crain, Robert L., and Amy S. Wells. 1994. Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation. Review of Educational Research 64:531-53.
19. Crane, Jonathan. 1991. Effects of Neighborhoods on Dropping Out of School and Teenage Childbearing. In The Urban Underclass, ed. Christopher Jencks and Paul Peterson, 299-320. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
20. Danielson, Michael. 1976. The Politics of Exclusion. New York: Columbia University Press.
21. Dembo, Richard, Jay Schmeidler, Robert Taylor, and William Burgos. 1982. Supports for, and Consequences of, Early Drug Involvement among Inner City Junior High School Youth Living in Three Neighborhood Settings. Journal of Drug Education 12:191-209.
22. Dentzer, Bill. 1992. Little Has Changed 10 Years after Lawsuit. Gannett Suburban Newspapers, 31 (March 17), p. 3A.
23. Dickens, William T. 1996. Rebuilding Urban Labor Markets: What Community Development Can Accomplish. Paper presented at the First Research Conference of the National Community Development Policy Analysis Network, The Brookings Institution, November, Washington, DC.
24. Downs, Anthony. 1973. Opening Up the Suburbs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25. Falcon, Luis M., and Edwin Melendez. 1996. The Role of Social Networks in the Labor Market Outcomes of Latinos, Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites. Paper presented at the "Becoming American/America Becoming: International Migration to the United States" Conference, Social Science Research Council, January 20, Washington, DC.
26. Fava, Sylvia. 1958. Contrasts in Neighboring: New York City and a Suburban Community. In The Suburban Community, ed. William M. Dobriner, 78-94. New York: Putnam.
27. Fernandez, Roberto M., and David Harris. 1992. Social Isolation and the Underclass. In Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Opportunity, ed. Adele V. Harrell and George E. Peterson, 121-57. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
28. Fischer, Claude. 1977. Networks and Places: Social Relations in the Urban Setting. New York: Free Press.
29. Fischer, Claude. 1982. To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Fischer, Paul B. 1991. Is Housing Mobility an Effective Anti-Poverty Strategy? An Examination of the Cincinnati Experience. Cincinnati: Stephen H. Wilder Foundation.
31. Furstenberg, Frank F. 1993. How Families Manage Risk and Opportunity in Dangerous Neighborhoods. In Sociology and the Public Agenda, ed. William Julius Wilson, 57-89. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
32. Galaskiewicz, Joseph. 1979. Exchange Networks and Community Politics. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
33. Gallagher, Mary Lou. 1994. HUD's Geography of Opportunity. Planning, July, pp. 12-13.
34. Galster, George, and Heather Keeney. 1993. Subsidized Housing and Racial Change in Yonkers, New York. Journal of the American Planning Association 59(2):172-90.
35. Galster, George, and Sean P. Killen. 1995. The Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: A Reconnaissance and Conceptual Framework. Housing Policy Debate 6: 10-47.
36. Gans, Herbert. 1962. Urbanism and Suburbanism as Ways of Life: A Re-Evaluation of Definitions. In Human Behavior and Social Processes: An Interactionist Approach, ed. Albert Rose, 56-80. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
37. Gans, Herbert. 1967. The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. New York: Columbia University Press.
38. Garner, C. L., and S. Raudenbush. 1991. Neighborhood Effects on Education Attainment: A Multi-Level Analysis. Sociology of Education 64(October)25-62.
39. Goldman, Abigail. 1997. For Latinos, Contacts Key to Getting Jobs. San Francisco Examiner, November 30, p. A4.
40. Gordon, Larry. 1997. A Social Experiment in Pulling Up Stakes. Los Angeles Times, September 23.
41. Granovetter, Mark. 1973. The Strength of Weak Ties Hypothesis. American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.
42. Granovetter, Mark. 1974. Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Green, Gary P., Leann M. Tigges, and Irene Brown. 1995. Social Resources, Job Search, and Poverty in Atlanta. Research in Community Sociology 5:161-82.
44. Greenbaum, Susan, and Paul Greenbaum. 1985. The Ecology of Social Networks in Four Urban Neighborhoods. Social Networks 7:47-76.
45. Haar, Charles M. 1996. Suburbs under Siege: Race, Space, and Audacious Judges. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
46. Haar, Charles M. 1997. Judges as Agents of Social Change: Can the Courts Break the Affordable Housing Deadlock in Metropolitan Areas? Housing Policy Debate 8(3):633-50.
47. Hannerz, Ulf. 1969. Soulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. New York: Columbia University Press.
48. Hanratty, Maria, Sara McLanahan, and Becky Pettit. 1997. The Impact of the Los Angeles Moving to Opportunity Program on Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Early Child and Parent Outcomes. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
49. Harris, Richard. 1991. The Geography of Employment and Residence in New York since 1950. In Dual City: Restructuring New York, ed. John H. Mollenkopf and Manuel Castells, 151-78. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
50. Harrison, Bennett C., and Marcus Weiss. 1998. Workforce Development Networks: Community-Based Organizations and Regional Alliances. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
51. Hogan, James. 1996. Scattered-Site Housing: Characteristics and Consequences. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
52. Holzer, Harry. 1991. The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown? Urban Studies 28:105-22.
53. Hughes, Mark Alan. 1995. A Mobility Strategy for Improving Opportunity. Housing Policy Debate 6(1):271-97.
54. Jarrett, Robin. 1992. Family Management Strategies in Low-Income African-American Neighborhoods: Two Styles. Unpublished paper. Loyola University, Department of Sociology.
55. Jeffers, Camille. 1967. Living Poor: A Participant Observer Study of Choices and Priorities. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Publishers.
56. Jencks, Christopher, and Susan E. Mayer. 1990. The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood. In Inner-City Poverty in the United States, ed. Lawrence E. Lynn and Michael G. H. McGeary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
57. Johnson, James H. 1995. Bridging Social Networks and Female Labor Force Parti-cipation in a Multi-Ethnic Metropolis. Unpublished paper. University of North Carolina.
58. Kadushin, Charles, and Delmos Jones. 1992. Social Networks and Urban Neighborhoods in New York City. City and Society 6:58-75.
59. Kain, John. 1968. Housing Desegregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization. Quarterly Journal of Economics 32(2):175-97.
60. Kasarda, John D. 1992. The Severely Distressed in Economically Transforming Cities. In Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Opportunity, ed. Adele V. Harrell and George E. Peterson, 123-57. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
61. Kasinitz, Philip, and Jan Rosenberg. 1996. Missing the Connection: Social Isolation and Employment on the Brooklyn Waterfront. Social Forces 43:180-95.
62. Katz, Lawrence, Jeffrey Kling, and Jeffrey Liebman. 1997. Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Impacts of a Housing Mobility Program. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
63. Keyes, Langley, Alex Schwartz, Avis Vidal, and Rachel Bratt. 1996. Networks and Nonprofits: Opportunities and Challenges in an Era of Federal Devolution. Housing Policy Debate 7(2):201-29.
64. Ladd, Helen, and Jens Ludwig. 1997. The Effects of MTO on Educational Opportunities in Baltimore: Early Evidence. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
65. Lee, Barrett, Karen Campbell, and Oscar Miller. 1991. Racial Differences in Urban Neighboring. Sociological Forum 6:525-50.
66. Leventhal, Tama, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 1997. What Are the Important Questions to Ask about Neighborhood Effects on Children and Youth? Implications for MTO. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
67. Li, Chun-Hao, Joshua Bagakas, and Joe T. Darden. 1995. A Comparison of the U.S. Census Summary Tape Files 1A and 3A in Measuring Residential Segregation. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 1:145-55.
68. Liebow, Eliott. 1967. Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Boston: Little Brown.
69. Lin, Nan, William Ensel, and James C. Vaughn. 1981. Social Resources and the Strength of Ties: Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment. American Sociological Review 46:393-405.
70. Marsden, Peter. 1988. Social Resources and Mobility Outcomes: A Replication and Extension. Social Forces 66:1038-59.
71. Matulef, Mark (with Manuel Pastor). 1997. Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program: Interim Outcomes of Housing Search and Counseling Strategies, Los Angeles Site, Early Lessons of Experimental Design and Implemen-tation. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
72. McFadden, Robert D. 1988. In Its Final Days of Defiance, Yonkers Had to Pick Its Fate. New York Times, September 12, pp. A1, B2-B3.
73. Merry, Sally Engle. 1981. Urban Danger: Life in a Neighborhood of Strangers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
74. Mizruchi, Mark S., and Joseph Galaskiewicz. 1994. Networks of Interorganizational Relations. In Advances in Social Network Analysis, ed. Stanley Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz, 230-53. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
75. Morris, Martina. 1994. Epidemiology and Social Networks: Modeling Structured Diffusion. In Advances in Social Network Analysis, ed. Stanley Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz, 26-52. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
76. Moynihan, Daniel P. 1971. Toward a National Urban Policy. In Urban Studies: An Introductory Reader, ed. Louis K. Lowenstein, 127-45. New York: Free Press.
77. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Otto Kerner, Chairman. New York: New York Times Company.
78. Newman, Katherine S., and Chauncy Lennon. 1995. Finding Work in the Inner City: How Hard Is It Now? How Hard Will It Be for AFDC Recipients? Working Paper No. 76. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
79. Newman, Oscar. 1996. Creating Defensible Space. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
80. Newman, Sandra, Joseph Harkness, and Wei-Jun J. Yeung. 1997. Neighborhood Poverty, Assisted Housing, and the Educational Attainment of Children. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
81. Norris, Donald, and Jim Bembry. 1997. Moving to Opportunity in Baltimore: Neighborhood Choices and Neighborhood Satisfaction. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
82. Ogbu, John. 1978. Minority and Caste in Education. New York: Academic Press.
83. Oliver, Melvin L. 1988. The Urban Black Community as Network: Toward a Social Network Perspective. Sociological Quarterly 29:623-45.
84. Pastor, Manuel, and Ara R. Adams. 1995. Keeping Down with the Joneses: Neighbors, Networks, and Wages. Unpublished paper. Occidental College, Los Angeles.
85. Polikoff, Alexander, ed. 1995. Housing Mobility: Promise or Illusion? Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
86. Portes, Alejandro, and Robert Sensenbrenner. 1993. Embeddeness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology 98:1320-50.
87. Putnam, Robert D. 1995. Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy 6:65-78.
88. Rosenbaum, Emily, Nancy Denton, and Laura Harris. 1997. New Places, New Faces: An Analysis of Neighborhoods and Social Ties among MTO Movers in Chicago. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
89. Rosenbaum, James E. 1995. Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program. Housing Policy Debate 6(1):231-69.
90. Rosenbaum, James E., and Susan Popkin. 1991. Employment and Earnings of Low-Income Blacks Who Move to Middle-Income Suburbs. In The Urban Underclass, ed. Christopher Jencks and Paul Peterson, 342-56. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
91. Rossi, Peter H., and Howard E. Freeman. 1993. Evaluation: A Systematic Approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
92. Sampson, Robert J., Stephen W. Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 1997. Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multi-Level Study of Collective Efficacy. Science 277:918-24.
93. Smith, Sandra S. 1995. Poverty Concentration and Social Networks: Implications for Joblessness. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 15, Washington, DC.
94. Stacey, William A., Dennis Wayne Brown, and Kay Coder. 1988. An Evaluation of the Satisfaction Level of Residents Relocated from West Dallas Housing Project to the Private Rental Sector. Report prepared for the Dallas Housing Authority, February, Dallas.
95. Stack, Carol B. 1974. All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper and Row.
96. Stern, Jennifer. 1991. Yonkers Gives In. Planning, December, pp. 8-11.
97. Sullivan, Mercer. 1989. Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
98. Tienda Marta. 1991. Poor People and Poor Places: Deciphering Neighborhood Effects on Poverty Outcomes. In Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology, ed. Joan Huber, 244-62. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
99. Turner Margery Austin, and Ingrid Gould Ellen. 1997. The Effects of Neighborhoods on Families and Children: What We Can Learn from MTO. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference, November 20, Washington, DC.
100. Turner Margery Austin, and Kale Williams. 1998. Housing Mobility: Realizing the Promise, Report from the Second National Conference on Assisted Housing Mobility. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
101. United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. 1996. Moving to Opportunity: First Biennial Report to Congress. Washington, DC.
102. United States v. City of Yonkers et al. 1985. Civil Action 80CIV 6761 LBS.
103. Wacquant Löic, and William Julius Wilson. 1993. The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City. In The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives, ed. William Julius Wilson, 25-42. Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
104. Waldinger, Roger. 1996. Still the Promised City? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
105. Weir Margaret 1996. Community Development and the Paradox of Decentralization 'Paper presented at the First Research Conference of the National Community Development Policy Analysis Network, The Brookings Institution, November 20, Washington, DC.
106. Wellman Barry and M. Gulia. 1993. Which Types of Networks Provide What Kind of Support? Paper presented at the International Sunbelt Network Conference, February 7, Tampa, FL.
107. White, Harrison C. 1970. Chains of Opportunity: System Models of Mobility in Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
108. Willis, Paul. 1977. Learning to Labor: How Working-Class Kids Get Working-Class Jobs. Aldershot, England: Gower.
109. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
110. Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf.
111. Yonkers Family and Community Project. 1997. Yonkers Revisited: Early Impacts of Scattered-Site Public Housing on Families and Neighborhoods. A Report to the Ford Foundation, ed. Xavier de Souza Briggs. Teachers College, Columbia University.