Microglia in health and disease

Journal of Neuroscience Research

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 302-313

  Kim, Seung U ^a,b   De Vellis, Jean ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b Ajou University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Disease; Gene therapy; Immune effectors; Microglia; Neurogenesis; Phagocytosis

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; FLUOROURACIL; NEUROTROPIC AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE; PRODRUG; PROTEINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RECOMBINANT DNA; RETROVIRUS VECTOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ASTROCYTE; BRAIN TUMOR; CELL TYPE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MICROGLIA; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PARKINSON DISEASE; PHAGOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, SURFACE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; CHEMOKINES; CYTOKINES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; MICROGLIA; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; PHAGOCYTES;

EID: 25444495866     PISSN: 03604012     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20562     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Aarun J, Sandberg K, Haeberlein S, Persson MA. 2003. Migration and differentiation of neural precursor cells can be directed by microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15983-15988.
2. Aboody KS, Brown A, Rinov N, Bower K, Liu S, Yang W, Small J, Herrlinger U, Ourednik V, Black P, Breakfield X, Snyder EY. 2000. Neural stem cells display extensive tropism for pathology in adult brain: Evidence from intracranial gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 12846-12851.
3. Aghi M, Hochberg F, Breakefield XO. 2000. Prodrug activation enzymes in cancer gene therapy. J Gene Med 2:148-164.
4. Akiyama H, McGeer PL. 1990. Brain microglia constitutively express beta-2 integrins. J Neuroimmunol 30:81-93.
5. Akiyama H, Ikeda K, Katoh M, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. 1994. Expression of MRP14, 27E10, interferon-α and leukocyte common antigen by reactive microglia in postmortem human brain tissue. J Neuroimmunol 50:195-201.
6. Ashwell K. 1990. Microglia and cell death in the developing mouse cerebellum. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 55:219-230.
7. Azuma M, Ito D, Yagita H, Okumura K, Philips J, Lanier L, Somoza C. 1993. B7 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28. Nature 366:76-79.
8. Banati R, Rothe G, Valet G, Kreutzberg G. 1993. Detection of lysosomal cysteine proteinase in microglia: flow cytometric measurement and histochemical localization of cathepsin B and L. Glia 7:183-191.
9. Barron K. 1982. The microglial cell: a historical review. J Neurol Sci 134(Suppl):57-68.
10. Blasi E, Barluzzi R, Bocchni V, Mazzolla R, Bistoni F. 1990. Immortalization of murine microglial cells by a v-raf/v-myc carrying retrovirus. J Neuroimmunol 27:229-237.
11. Bo L, Monk S, Kong P, Nyland H, Pardo C, Trapp B. 1994. Detection of MHC class II antigens on macrophages and microglia, but not on astrocytes and endothelia in active multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol 51:135-146.
12. Boje KM, Arora PK. 1992. Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Res 587:250-256.
13. Brosnan CF, Battistini L, Raine CS, Dickson DW, Casadevall A, Lee SC. 1994. Reactive nitrogen intermediates in human neuropathology: an overview. Dev Neurosci 16:152-161.
14. Brown AB, Yang W, Schmidt NO, Carroll R, Leischear K, Rainov N, Black P, Breakfield XO, Aboody KS. 2003. Intravascular delivery of neural stem cell lines to target intracranial and extracranial tumors of neural and non-neural origin. Hum Gene Ther 14:1777-1785.
15. Carpenter AF, Carpenter PW, Markesbery WR. 1993. Morphometric analysis of microglia in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 52:601-608.
16. Chao CC, Hu S, Molitor T, Shaskman E, Peterson PK. 1992. Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism. J Immunol 149:2736-2741.
17. Cobb MH, Goldsmith EJ. 1995. How MAP kinases are regulated. J Biol Chem 270:14843-14846.
18. Colton CA, Gilbert DL. 1987. Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia. FEBS Lett 223:284-288.
19. Combs CK, Karlo JC, Kao S, Landreth GE. 2001. Beta-amyloid stimulation of microglia and monocytes results in TNF-alpha-dependent expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci 21:1179-1188.
20. Cunningham TJ. 1982. Naturally occurring neuron death and its regulation by developing neural pathways. Int Rev Cytol 74:163-186.
21. del Rio Hortega P, Penfield W. 1927. Cerebral cicatrix. The reaction of neuroglia and microglia to brain wounds. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 41:278-282.
22. del Rio Hortega P. 1932. Microglia. In: Penfield W, editor. Cytology and cellular pathology of the nervous system. Vol 2. New York: Hoeber. p 481-534.
23. DeSimone R, Giampaolo A, Giometto B, Gallo P, Levi G, Peshcle C, Aloisi F. 1995. The costimulatory molecule B7 is expressed on human microglia in culture and in multiple sclerosis acute lesions. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 54:175-187.
24. Dickson D, Mattiace L, Kure K, Huchins K, Lyman W, Brosnan C. 1991. Microglia in human disease, with an emphasis on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Lab Invest 64:135-156.
25. Ding L, Linsley P, Huang L, Germain R, Shevach E. 1993. IL-10 inhibits macrophage costimulatory activity by selectively inhibiting the up-regulation of B7 expression. J Immunol 151:1224-1234.
26. Ding AH, Nathan CF, Stuehr DJ. 1988. Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production. J Immunol 141:2407-2412.
27. Doms RW, Peiper SC. 1997. Unwelcomed guest with master keys: how HIV uses cytokine receptors for cellular entry. Virology 235:179-190.
28. Dranoff G, Mulligan RC. 1995. Gene transfer as cancer therapy. Adv Immunol 58:417-454.
29. Ekdahl CT, Claasen JH, Bonde S, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. 2003. Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13632-13635.
30. Elkabes S, DiCiocco-Boom E, Black IB. 1996. Brain microglia/macrophages express neurotrophins that selectively regulate microglial proliferation and function. J Neurosci 16:2508-2521.
31. Elkabes S, Peng L, Black IB. 1998. Lipopolysaccharide differentially regulates microglial trk receptor and neurotrophin expression. J Neurosci Res 54:117-122.
32. Fontana A, Fierz W, Wekerle H. 1984. Astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T-cell line. Nature 307:273-276.
33. Frei K, Siepl C, Groscurth P, Bodmer S, Fontana A. 1987. Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon-γ-treated microglial cells. Eur J Immunol 17:1271-1278.
34. Gelman BB. 1993. Diffuse microgliosis associated with cerebral atrophy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 34:65-70.
35. Giulian D, Baker TJ. 1985. Peptides released by amoeboid microglia regulate astroglial proliferation. J Cell Biol 101:2411-2415.
36. Giulian D, Haverkamp L, Li J, Karshin W, Yu J, Tom D, Li X, Kirkpatrick J. 1995. Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int 27:119-137.
37. Glees P. 1955. Neuroglia. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
38. Gonzalez-Scarano F, Baltuch G. 1999. Microglia as mediators of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:219-240.
39. Hamanoue M, Takemoto N, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Nakajima K, Kohsaka S. 1996. Neurotrophic effect of hepatocyte growth factor on CNS neurons in vitro. J Neurosci Res 43:554-564.
40. Hanisch UK. 2002. Microglia as a source and target of cytokines. Glia 40:140-155.
41. Hickey WF, Kimura H. 1988. Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vitro. Science 239: 290-292.
42. Hosaka Y, Kitamoto A, Shimojo M. 1992. Generation of microglia cell lines by transfection with simian virus 40 large T gene. Neurosci Lett 141:139-142.
43. Hyman BT, Marzloff K, Wenniger JJ, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Snyder SH. 1992. Relative sparing of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 32: 818-820.
44. June CH, Bluestone JA, Nadler LM, Thompson CB. 1994. The B7 and CD28 receptor families. Immunol Today 15:321-331.
45. Kempermann G, Neumann H. 2003. Microglia: the enemy within? Science 302:1689-1690.
46. Kershman J. 1939. Genesis of microglia in the human brain. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 41:24-50.
47. Kitamura T, Miyake T, Fujita S. 1984. Genesis of resting microglia in the grey matter of mouse hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 226:421-433.
48. Kozarsky F, Wilson JM. 1993. Gene therapy: adenovirus vectors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 3:499-503.
49. Kreutzberg G. 1996. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 19:312-318.
50. Kyriakis JM, Banerjee P, Nikolakaki E, Dai T, Rubie E, Ahmed M, Avruch J, Woodgett JR. 1994. The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-Jun kinases. Nature 369:156-160.
51. Lawson LJ, Perry VH, Dri S, Gordon S. 1990. Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 39:151-170.
52. Lawson LJ, Perry VH, Gordon S. 1992. Turnover of resident microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 56:929-938.
53. Lee SC, Liu W, Brosnan CF, Dickson DW. 1994. GM-CSF promotes proliferation of human fetal and adult microglia in primary cultures. Glia 12:309-318.
54. Lee YB, Nagai A, Kim SU. 2002. Cytokine, chemokines and cytokine receptors in human microglia. J Neurosci Res 69:94-103.
55. Lee YB, Satoh J, Walker DG, Kim SU. 1996. Interleukin-15 gene expression in human astrocytes and microglia in culture. Neuroreport 7:1062-1066.
56. Lee YB, Schrader J, Kim SU. 2000. p38 MAP kinase regulates TNF-α production in human astrocytes and microglia by multiple mechanisms. Cytokine 12:874-880.
57. Lee SC, Wei L, Dickson D, Brosnan C, Berman J. 1993. Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. J Immunol 150:2659-2667.
58. Lees GJ. 1993. The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischemia. J Neurol Sci 114:119-122.
59. Ling EA, Penney D, Leblond CP. 1980. Use of carbon labeling to demonstrate the role of blood monocytes as precursors of the "amoeboid cells" present in the corpus callosum of postnatal rats. J Comp Neurol 193:631-657.
60. Locati M, Murphy PM. 1999. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: biology and clinical relevance in inflammation and AIDS. Annu Rev Med 50:425-440.
61. Masliah E, Mallory M, Hansen L, Alford M, Albright T, Terry R, Shapiro P, Sundsmo M, Saitoh T. 1991. Immunoreactivity of CD45, a protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase, in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 83:12-20.
62. Matsumoto Y, Fujiwara M. 1986. In situ detection of class I and class II MHC antigens in the rat CNS during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. An immunohistochemical studies. J Neuroimmunol 12:265-277.
63. McDonald DR, Bamberger ME, Combs CK, Landreth GE. 1998. beta-Amyloid fibrils activate parallel mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in microglia and THP1 monocytes. J Neurosci 18:4451-4460.
64. McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Boyse B, McGeer EG. 1988. Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurology 38:1285-1291.
65. McGeer PL, Kwamata T, Walker DG, Akiyama H, Tooyama I, McGeer EG. 1993. Microglia in degenerative neurological disease. Glia 7:84-92.
66. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. 1995. The inflammatory response system of brain: implication for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 21:195-218.
67. McLaurin J, Almazan G, Williams K, Antel JP. 1995. Immortalization and characterization of rat microglial cells. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 21:302-311.
68. Merrill JE, Ignarro LJ, Sherman MP, Melinek J, Lane TE. 1993. Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide. J Immunol 151:2132-2141.
69. Miwa T, Furukawa S, Nakajima K, Furukawa Y, Kohsaka S. 1997. Lipopolysaccharide enhances synthesis of BDNF in cultured rat microglia. J Neurosci Res 50:1023-1029.
70. Miyamoto Y, Kim SU. 1999. Cytokine-induced production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) in cultured human astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 55:245-251.
71. Moncada S, Higgs EA. 1991. Endogenous nitric oxide: physiology, pathology and clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Invest 21:361-374.
72. Monje ML, Toda H, Palmer TD. 2003. Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Science 302:1760-1765.
73. Mrak RE, Sheng JG, Griffin WS. 1995. Glial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: review and pathogenic implications. Hum Pathol 26:816-823
74. Mulligan RC. 1993. The basic science of gene therapy. Science 260: 926-932.
75. Murphy PM. 2001. Chemokines and the molecular basis of cancer metastasis. N Eng J Med 345:833-835.
76. Murphy S, Simmons ML, Agullo L, Garcia A, Feinstein DL, Galea E, Reis DJ, Golomb D, Schwartz JP. 1993. Synthesis of nitric oxide in CNS glial cells. Trends Neurosci 16:323-328.
77. Nagai A, Mishima S, Ishida Y, Ishikura H, Harada T, Kobayashi S, Kim SU. 2005. Immortalized human microglial cell line: phenotypic expression. J Neurosci Res 81:342-348.
78. Nagai A, Nakagawa E, Hatori K, Choi HB, McLarnon JG, Lee MA, Kim SU. 2001. Generation and characterization of immortalized human microglial cell lines: Expression of cytokines and chemokines. Neurobiol Dis 8:1057-1068.
79. Nakajima K, Honda S, Tohyama Y, Imai Y, Nagata K, Kohsaka S, Kurihara T. 2001. Neurotrophin secretion from cultured microglia. J Neurosci Res 65:322-331.
80. Nakajima K, Kohsaka S. 1993. Functional roles of microglia in the brain. Neurosci Res 17:187-203.
81. Nakajima K, Nagata K, Hamanoue M, Takemoto N, Kohsaka S. 1993. Microglia-derived esterase produces a low-molecular weight plasminogen that enhances neurite outgrowth in rat neocortical expiant cultures. J Neurochem 61:2155-2163.
82. Nissl F. 1899. Ueber einige Beziehungen zwishcen Nerven zellerkrankungen und glioesen Erscheinungen bei verschiedenen Psychosen. Arch Psychiat 32:1-21.
83. Oppenheim RW, Prevette D, Tytell M, Homma S. 1990. Naturally occurring and induced neuronal death in the chick embryo in vivo requires protein and DNA synthesis: evidence for the role of cell death gene. Dev Biol 138:104-113.
84. Pearson HE, Payne BR, Cunningham TJ. 1993. Microglia invasion and activation in response to naturally occurring neuronal degeneration in the ganglion cell layer of the postnatal cat retina. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 76:249-255.
85. Penfield W. 1932. Cytology and cellular pathology of the nervous system. Hafner, New York, NY.
86. Peress NS, Fleit HB, Perillo E, Kuljis R, Pezzullo C. 1993. Identification of Fc gamma RI, II, and III on normal human brain ramified microglia and on senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 48:71-79.
87. Permutter LS, Scott SA, Barron E, Chui HC. 1992. MHC class II-positive microglia in human brain: association with Alzheimer lesions. J Neurosci Res 33:549-558.
88. Perry VH, Gordon S. 1988. Macrophages and microglia in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 11:273-277.
89. Perry VH, Hume DA, Gordon S. 1985. Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience 15:313-326.
90. Peters A, Palay SL, Webster H. 1991. The fine structure of the nervous system: neurons and their supporting cells. New York: Oxford University Press, p 304-311.
91. Pyo H, Jou I, Jung S, Hong S, Joe EH. 1998. Mitogen-activated protein kinases activated by lipopolysaccharide and beta-amyloid in cultured rat microglia. Neuroreport 9:871-874.
92. Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers J, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch R, Davis RJ. 1995. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 MAP kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J Biol Chem 270:7420-7426.
93. Rieske E, Graeber M, Tetzlaf FW, Czlonkowska A, Streit W, Kreutzberg G. 1989. Microglia and microglia-derived brain macrophages in culture: generation from axotomized rat facial nuclei, identification and characterization in vitro. Brain Res 492:1-14.
94. Righi M, Mori L, DeLibero G. 1989. Monokine production by microglial cell clones. Eur J Immunol 19:1443-1448.
95. Rogers J, Cooper N, Webster S, Schultz J, McGeer PL, Styren S, Civin W, Brachova L, Bradt B, Ward P, Lieberburg I. 1992. Complement activation by β-amyloid in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10016-10020.
96. Sasaki A, Hirato J, Nakazato Y. 1993. Immunocytochemical study of microglia in the Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseased brain. Acta Neuropathol 86: 337-344.
97. Satoh JI, Kim SU. 1994. HSP72 induction by heat stress in human neurons and glial cells in culture. Brain Res 653:243-250.
98. Satoh JI, Kim SU. 1995. Differential expression of heat shock protein HSP27 in human neurons and glial cells in culture. J Neurosci Res 41: 805-818.
99. Satoh JI, Lee YB, Kim SU. 1995. T cell costimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) are expressed in human microglia but not in astrocytes in culture. Brain Res 704:92-96.
100. Sawada M, Itoh Y, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T. 1993. Expression of cytokine receptors in cultured neuronal and glial cells. Neurosci Lett 160:131-134.
101. Sawada M, Suzumura A, Hosoya H, Marunouchi T, Nagatsu T. 1999. IL-10 inhibits both production of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors in microglia. J Neurochem 72:1466-1471.
102. 125[I]-iododeoxyuridine injected before injury. J Comp Neurol 194:829-844.
103. Shimojo M, Nakajima K, Takei N, Hamanoue M, Kohsaka S. 1991. Production of basic fibroblast growth factor in cultured rat brain microglia. Neurosci Lett 123:229-231.
104. Streit WJ, Graeber M, Kreutzberg G. 1988. Functional plasticity of microglia: a review. Glia 1:301-307.
105. Streit WJ, Graeber M, Kreutzberg G. 1989. Expression of Ia antigens on perivascular and microglial cells after sublethal and lethal injury. Exp Neurol 105:115-126.
106. Suzumura A, Sawada M, Yamamoto H, Marunouchi T. 1990. Effects of colony stimulating factors on isolated microglia in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 30:111-120.
107. Szczepanik AM, Funes S, Petko W, Ringheim GE. 2001. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 modulate Aβ (1-42)-induced cytokines and chemokine production in primary murine microglia and a human monocyte cell line. J Neuroimmunol 113:49-62.
108. Thomas WE. 1992. Brain microphages: evaluation of microglia and their functions. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 17:61-74.
109. Thomas CE, Ehrhardt A, Kay MA. 2003. Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy. Nat Rev Genet 4:346-358.
110. Tooyama I, Kimura H, Akiyama H, McGeer PL. 1992. Reactive microglia express class I and class II MHC antigens in Alzheimer disease. Brain Res 523:273-280.
111. Walker DG, Kim SU, McGeer PL. 1995. Complement and cytokine gene expression in cultured microglia derived from postmortem human brains. J Neurosci Res 40:478-493.
112. Williams K, Bar-Or A, Ulvestad E, Olivier A, Antel JP, Yong V. 1992. Biology of adult human microglia in culture: comparisons with peripheral blood monocytes and astrocytes. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 51:538-549.
113. Woodroofe M, Sarna G, Wadha M, Hayes G, Loghlin A, Tinker A, Cuzner M. 1991. Detection of IL-1 and IL-6 in adult rat brain, following mechanical injury, by in vivo microdialysis: evidence of a role for microglia in cytokine production. J Neuroimmunol 33:227-236.