Routine and quantitative EEG in mild traumatic brain injury

Clinical Neurophysiology

Volumn 116, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 2001-2025

  Nuwer, Marc R ^a,b   Hovda, David A ^a   Schrader, Lara M ^a,b   Vespa, Paul M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain injury; Concussion; EEG; Head trauma; QEEG; Quantitative EEG

Indexed keywords

AXONAL INJURY; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONVALESCENCE; CYTOTOXICITY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXCITOTOXICITY; FORCE; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE DIAGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SLOW BRAIN WAVE; SPORT INJURY; SYMPTOM; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THETA RHYTHM; UNCONSCIOUSNESS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN INJURIES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS;

EID: 24344453404     PISSN: 13882457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.05.008     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. M.P. Alexander Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management Neurology 45 1995 1253 1260
2. H. Ahn, L. Prichep, E.R. John, H. Baird, M. Trepetin, and H. Kaye Developmental equations reflect brain dysfunction Science 210 1980 1259 1262
3. American Electroencephalographic Society Guidelines for recording clinical EEG on digital media J Clin Neurophysiol 11 1994 114 115
4. American Electroencephalographic Society Minimum technical requirements for performing clinical electroencephalography J Clin Neurophysiol 11 1994 2 5
5. American Electroencephalographic Society Minimum technical standards for pediatric electroencephalography J Clin Neurophysiol 11 1994 6 9
6. American Electroencephalographic Society Standards for practice in clinical electroencephalography J Clin Neurophysiol 11 1994 14 15
7. B.J. Andersen, and A. Marmarou Post-traumatic selective stimulation of glycolysis Brain Res 585 1992 184 189
8. G. Arfel Introduction to clinical and EEG studies in coma A. Remond R. Harner R. Naquet Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology Clinical EEG, II vol. 12 1972 Elsevier Amsterdam 5 23
9. J.E. Arruda, M.D. Weiler, D. Valentino, W.G. Willis, J.S. Rossi, R.A. Stern, S.M. Gold, and L. Costa A guide for applying principal-components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to quantitative electroencephalogram data Int J Psychophysiol 23 1996 63 81
10. M. Bergsneider, D.A. Hovda, E. Shalmon, D.F. Kelly, P.M. Vespa, N.A. Martin, M.E. Phelps, D.L. McArthur, M.J. Caron, J.F. Kraus, and D.P. Becker Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe human traumatic brain injury in humans: a positron emission tomography study J Neurosurg 86 1997 241 251
11. M. Bergsneider, D.A. Hovda, S.M. Lee, D.F. Kelly, D.L. McArthur, P.M. Vespa, J.H. Lee, S.C. Huang, N.A. Martin, M.E. Phelps, and D.P. Becker Dissociation of cerebral glucose metabolism and level of consciousness during the period of metabolic depression following human traumatic brain injury J Neurotrauma 17 2000 389 401
12. R.G. Bickford, and D.W. Klass Acute and chronic EEG findings after head injury W.F. Caveness A.E. Walker Head injury 1966 Lippincott Philadelphia 63 68
13. R.P. Brenner, R.F. Ulrich, D.G. Spiker, R.J. Sclabassi, C.F. Reynolds, R.S. Marin, and F. Boller Computerized EEG spectral analysis in elderly normal, demented and depressed subjects Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 64 1986 483 492
14. A. Bricolo, and G. Turella Electroencephalographic patterns of acute traumatic coma: diagnostic and prognostic vcalue J Neurosurg Sci 17 1973 278 285
15. A. Burgess, and J. Gruzelier Individual reliability of amplitude distribution in topographical mapping of EEG Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 86 1993 219 223
16. W.F. Caveness Posttraumatic sequellae W.F. Caveness A.E. Walker Head injury 1966 Lippincott Philadelphia 209 219
17. G.E. Chatrian, J.R. White, and P. Daly Electroencephalographic patterns resembling those of sleep in certain comatose states after injuries to the head Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 15 1963 272 280
18. C. Claes La valeur medico-legale de l'électroencé phalographie dans les sequelles des traumatismes cerebraux fermes Acta Neurol Belg 61 1961 426 445
19. M. Corsi-Cabrera, S. Solis-Ortiz, and M.A. Guevara Stability of EEG inter-and intrahemispheric correlation in women Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 102 1997 248 255
20. J. Courjon La place de l'électroencéphalographie en traumatologie crânienne Cah Méd Lyon 38 1962 315 317
21. J. Courjon, and E. Scherzer Traumatic disorders A. Remond O. Magnus J. Courjon Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology Clinical EEG, IV, Traumatic disorders vol. 14B 1972 Elsevier Amsterdam 1 104
22. P. Coutin-Churchman, Y. Añez, M. Uzcátegui, L. Alvarez, F. Vergara, L. Mendez, and R. Fleitas Quantitativee spectral analysis of EEG in psychiatry revisited: drawing signs out of numbers in a clinical setting Clin Neurophysiol 114 2003 2294 2306
23. M. Critchley Medical aspects of boxing, particularly from a neurological standpoint Br Med J 1 1957 357 362
24. R.E. Dawson, J.E. Webster, and E.S. Gurdjian Serial electroencephalography in acute head injuries J Neurosurg 8 1951 613 630
25. J.R. de Kruijk, P. Leffers, P.P.C.A. Menheere, S. Meerhoff, J. Rutten, and A. Twijnstra Prediction of post-traumatic complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: early symptoms and biochemical markers J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 2002 727 732
26. D. Denny-Brown, and W.R. Russell Experimental cerebral concussion Brain 64 1941 93 164
27. A.A. DeSalles, H.A. Kontos, D.P. Becker, M.S. Yang, J.D. Ward, R. Moulton, H.D. Gruemer, H. Lutz, A.L. Maset, L. Jenkins, A. Marmarou, and P. Muizelaar Prognostic significance of ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in severe head injury J Neurosurg 65 1986 615 624
28. C.E. Dixon, B.G. Lyeth, J.T. Povlishock, R.L. Findling, R.J. Hamm, A. Marmarou, H.F. Young, and R.L. Hayes A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat J Neurosurg 67 1987 110 119
29. C. Dolisi, G. Suisse, and E. Delpont Quantitative EEG abnormalities and asymmetries in patients with intracranial tumors Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 76 1990 13 18
30. R.S. Dow, G. Ulett, and J. Raaf Electroencephalographic studies immediately following head injury Am J Psychiatry 101 1944 174 183
31. R.S. Dow, G. Ulett, and A. Tunturi Electroencephalographic changes following head injury in dogs J Neurophysiol 8 1945 161 172
32. J. Duff The usefulness of quantitative EEG (QEEG) and neurotherapy in the assessment and treatment of post-concussion syndrome Clin Electroencephalogr 35 2004 198 209
33. F.H. Duffy, J.R. Hughes, F. Miranda, P. Bernad, and P. Cook Status of quantitative EEG (QEEG) in clinical practice Clin Electroencephalogr 25 1994 vi xxii
34. T.M. Ettlin, U. Kischka, S. Reichmann, E.W. Radii, S. Heim, D. Wengen, and D.F. Benson Cerebral symptoms after whiplash injury of the neck: a prospective clinical and neuropsychological study of whiplash injury J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 1992 943 948
35. A.I. Faden, P. Demediuk, S.S. Panter, and R. Vink The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury Science 244 1989 798 800
36. G. Fenton The postconcussional syndrome reappraised Clin Electroencephalogr 27 1996 174 182
37. G. Fenton, R. McClelland, A. Montgomery, G. MacFlynn, and W. Rutherford The postconcussional syndrome: social antecedents and psychological sequelae Br J Psychiatry 162 1993 493 497
38. T. Fernández, T. Harmony, M. Rodríguez, A. Reyes, E. Marosi, and J. Bernal Test-retest reliability of EEG spectral parameters during cognitive tasks: I, absolute and relative power Int J Neurosci 68 1993 255 261
39. 45Ca autoradiographic study Brain Res 624 1993 94 102
40. E.L. Foltz, F.L. Jenker, and A.A. Ward Experimental cerebral concussion J Neurosurg 10 1953 342 352
41. J.B. Forster, R. Leiguarda, and P.J.B. Tilley Brain damage in national hunt jockeys Lancet 1 1976 981 987
42. M. Gaetz The neurophysiology of brain injury Clin Neurophysiol 115 2004 4 18
43. T. Gasser, P. Bacher, and H. Steinberg Test-retest reliability of spectral parameters of the EEG Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 60 1985 312 319
44. Gennarelli TA. Mechanisms of brain injury. J Emerg Med 1993; 11 Suppl 1:5-11.
45. Gennarelli TA. Animate models of human head injury. J Neurotrauma 1994;11:357-368.
46. T.A. Gennarelli The spectrum of traumatic injury Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 22 1996 509 513
47. T.A. Gennarelli, and D.I. Graham Neuropathology of head injuries Semin Clin Neuropsychiat 3 1998 160 175
48. M.D. Ginsberg, W. Zhao, O.F. Alonso, J.Y. Loor-Estades, W.D. Dietrich, and R. Busto Uncoupling of local cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow after acute fluid-percussion injury in rats Am J Physiol 272 1997 H2859 H2868
49. C.C. Giza, and D.A. Hovda The neurometabolic cascade of concussion J Athletic Training 36 2001 228 235
50. T.C. Glenn, D.F. Kelly, W.J. Boscardin, D.L. McArthur, P. Vespa, M. Oertel, D.A. Hovda, M. Bergsneider, L. Hillered, and N.A. Martin Energy dysfunction as a predictor of outcome after moderate or severe head injury: indices of oxygen, glucose, and lactate metabolism J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23 2003 1239 1250
51. D.M.A. Gronwall, and P. Wrightson Cumulative effects of concussion Lancet 2 1975 995 997
52. Y. Haglund, and H.E. Persson Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 3. A retrospective clinical neurophysiological study Acta Neurol Scand 82 1990 353 360
53. E.D. Hall Lipid antioxidants in acute central nervous system injury Ann Emerg Med 22 1993 1022 1027
54. M.A. Hamilton-Bruce, K.L. Boundy, and G.H. Purdie Interoperator variability in quantitative electroencephalography Clin Exp Neurol 28 1991 219 224
55. T. Harmony, T. Fernández, M. Rodríguez, A. Reyes, E. Marosi, and J. Bernal Test-retest reliability of EEG spectral parameters during cognitive tasks: II, coherence Int J Neursci 68 1993 263 271
56. R.L. Hayes, Y. Katayama, H.F. Young, and J.G. Dunbar Coma associated with flaccidity produced by fluid-percussion in the cat. Part 1: is it due to depression of activity within the brainstem reticular formation? Brain Inj 2 1988 31 49
57. A.H.S. Holbourn Mechanisms of head injury Lancet 2 1943 438 441
58. D.A. Hoffman, S. Stockdale, L.L. Hicks, and J.E. Schwaninger Diagnosis and treatment of head injury J Neurotherapy 1 1995 14 21
59. D.A. Hoffman, S. Stockdale, L. Van Egeren, D. Franklin, J. Schwaninger, A. Bermea, K. Graap, and F. Coolidge Symptom changes in the treatment of mild traumatic brain injury using EEG neurofeedback Clin Electroencephalogr 27 1996 164
60. D.A. Hoffman, S. Stockdale, L. Van Egeren, D. Franklin, J. Schwaninger, A. Bermea, and K. Graap EEG neurofeedback and the treatment of mild traumatic brain injury Clin Electroencephalogr 27 1996 105
61. D.A. Hoffman, J.F. Lubar, R.W. Thatcher, M.B. Sterman, P.J. Rosenfeld, S. Striefel, D. Trudeau, and S. Stockdale Limitation of the American Academy of Neurology and American Clinical Neurophysiology Society paper on QEEG J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 11 1999 401 407
62. P.A.M. Hofman, S.Z. Stapert, M.J.P.G. van Kroonenburgh, J. Jolles, J. de Kruijk, and J.T. Wilmink MR imaging, single-photon emission CT, and neurocognitive performance after mild traumatic brain injury Am J Neuroradiol 22 2001 441 449
63. J.R. Hughes, and E.R. John Conventional and quantitative electroencephalography in psychiatry J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 11 1999 190 208
64. J. Hume Adams, D. Doyle, I. Ford, T.A. Gennareli, D.I. Graham, and D.R. McLellan Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading Histopathology 15 1989 49 59
65. T. Ingebrigtsen, K. Waterloo, S. Marup-Jensen, E. Attner, and B. Romner Quantification of post-concussion symptoms 3 months after minor head injury in 100 consecutive patients J Neurol 245 1998 609 612
66. B. Jabbari, M.I. Vengrow, A.M. Salazar, M.G. Harper, M.A. Smutok, and D. Amin Clinical and radiological correlates of EEG in the late phase of head injury: a study of 515 Vietnam veterans Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 64 1986 285 293
67. R.R. Jacobson The post-concussional syndrome: physiogenesis, psychogenesis and malingering, an integrative model J Psychosom Res 39 1995 675 693
68. J. Johnson The EEG in the traumatic encephalopathy of boxers Psychiatr Clin 2 1969 204 211
69. B.D. Jordan, and R.D. Zimmerman Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging comparisons in boxers J Am Med Assoc 263 1990 1670 1674
70. R. Jung Die praktische Anwendung des Elektroencephalogramms in Neurologie und Psychiatrie: Ein Überblick über 12 Jahre EEG und Klinik Med Klin 9 1950 257 266 and 10:289-295
71. R. Jung Neurophysiologische Untersuchungsmethoden G. Bergmann W. Frey K. Schwieg Handbuch der Inneren Medizin V vol. 1 1953 Springer Berlin 1286 1293
72. N.M. Kane, T.H. Moss, S.H. Curry, and S.R. Butler Quantitative electroecephalograhic evaluation of non-fatal and fatal traumatic coma Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 106 1998 244 250
73. R. Kant, L. Smith-Seemiller, G. Isaac, and J. Duffy Tc-HMPAO SPECT in persistent post-concussion syndrome after mild head injury: comparison with MRI/CT Brain Inj 11 1997 115 124
74. Y. Katayama, D.P. Becker, T. Tamura, and D.A. Hovda Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury J Neurosurg 73 1990 889 900
75. H. Kaye, E.R. John, H. Ahn, and L. Prichep Neurometric evaluation of learning disabled children Int J Neurosci 13 1981 15 23
76. H.A. Kaplan, and J. Browder Observations on the clinical and brain wave patterns of professional boxers J Am Med Assoc 156 1954 1138 1144
77. T. Kawamata, Y. Katayama, D.A. Hovda, A. Yoshino, and D.P. Becker Administration of excitatory amino acid antagonists via microdialysis attenuates the increase in glucose utilization seen following concussive brain injury J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12 1992 12 24
78. T. Kawamata, Y. Katayama, D.A. Hovda, A. Yoshino, and D.P. Becker Lactate accumulation following concussive brain injury: the role of ionic fluxes induced by excitatory amino acids Brain Res 674 1995 196 204
79. J.P. Kelly, and J.H. Rosenberg Diagnosis and management of concussion in sports Neurology 48 1997 575 580
80. A. Korn, H. Golan, I. Melamed, R. Pascual-Marqui, and A. Friedman Focal cortical dysfunction and blood-brain barrier disruption in patients with post-concussion syndrome J Clin Neurophysiol 22 2005 1 9
81. H. Koufen, and J. Dichgans Häufigkeit und Ablauf von traumatischen EEG-Veränderungen und ihre klinischen Korrelationen: systematische verlaufsuntersuchungen bei 344 Erwachsenen Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 46 1978 165 177
82. H. Koufen, and K.H. Hagel Systematic EEG follow-up study of traumatic psychosis Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 237 1987 2 7
83. J. Kugler Elektroenzephalographie in Klinik und Praxis vol. 2 1966 Thieme Aufl. Stuttgart p. 203
84. J.A. Langlois, W. Rutland-Brown, and K.E. Thomas Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths 2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Atlanta
85. L.E. Larsson, K.A. Melin, B.O. Nordström-Öhrberg, B.P. Silfverskiold, and K. Öhrberg Acute head injuries in boxers Acta Psychiatr Scand 95 1954 1 42
86. K.E. LeBlanc Concussion in sport: diagnosis, management, return to competition Comp Ther 25 1999 39 44
87. H.S. Levin, R.G. Grossman, J.E. Rose, and G. Teasdale Long-term neuropsychological outcome of closed-head injury Cortex 12 1979 175 182
88. K.W. Lindsay, G. McLatchie, and R. Jennett Serious head injury in sport Br Med J 281 1980 789 791
89. W.A. Lishman Physiogenesis and psychogenesis in the postconcussional syndrome Br J Psychiat 153 1988 460 469
90. C.H. Lücking, E. Müllner, K. Pateisky, and F. Gerstenbrand Electroencephalographic findings in the apallic syndrome G. Dalle Ore F. Gerstenbrand C.H. Lücking G. Peters U.H. Peters The Apallic syndrome 1977 Springer Berlin 144 154
91. T.R. Lund, S.R. Sponheim, W.G. Iacono, and B.A. Clementz Internal consistency reliability of resting EEG power spectra in schizophrenic and normal subjects Psychophysiology 32 1995 66 71
92. A. Marmarou, M.A. Adb-Elfattah Foda, W.V.D. Brink, J. Campbell, and K. Demetriadou A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I. Pathophysiology and biomechanics J Neurosurg 80 1994 291 300
93. H.S. Martland Punch drunk J Am Med Assoc 91 1928 1103 1107
94. F. Mas, L.S. Prichep, and K. Alper Treatment resistant depression in a case of minor head injury: an electrophysiological hypothesis Clin Electroencephalogr 24 1993 118 122
95. C. Mawdsley, and F.R. Ferguson Neurological disease in boxers Lancet 2 1963 795 801
96. W.L. Maxwell, J.T. Povlishock, and D.L. Graham A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: a review J Neurotrauma 14 1997 419 440
97. W.L. Maxwell, A. Domleo, G. McColl, S.S. Jafari, and D.I. Graham Post-acute alterations in the axonal cytoskeleton after traumatic axonal injury J Neurotrauma 20 2003 151 168
98. R.J. McClelland, G.W. Fenton, and W. Rutherford The post-concussional syndrome revisited J R Soc Med 87 1994 508 510
99. J.S. Meyer, A. Kondo, F. Nomura, K. Sakamoto, and T. Teraura Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism following experimental head injury J Neurosurg 32 1970 304 319
100. J.S. Meyer, and D. Denny-Brown Studies of cerebral circulation in brain injury, II: cerebral concussion Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 7 1955 529 544
101. R.W. Meyer-Mickeleit Das Electroencephalogramm nach gedeckten Kopfverletzungen Dtsch Med Wschr 1 1953 480 484
102. G. Mies, G. Hoppe, and K.A. Hossmann Limitations of EEG frequency analysis in the diagnosis of intracerebral diseases G. Pfurtscheller E.J. Jonkman F.H. Lopes da Silva Progress in brain research Brain ischemia: quantitative EEG and imaging techniques vol. 62 1984 Elsevier Amsterdam 85 103
103. P. Mifka, and E. Scherzer Uber die Wertigkeit des EEG in Spatstadium der Gehirnverletzung Wien Klin Wschr 74 1962 573 576
104. E.A. Montgomery, G.W. Fenton, R.J. McClelland, G. MacFlynn, and W.H. Rutherford The psychobiology of minor head injury Psychol Med 21 1991 375 384
105. E. Mueller Die hirnelektrische Untersuchung beim Kopftrauma Elektromedizin 2 1957 38 42
106. R. Muller Correlations electroencephalographiques et cliniques dans les anciens traumatismes craniocerebraux fermes avec foyer de contusion corticale en EEG Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 7 1955 75 84
107. P. Nilsson, E. Ronne-Engstrom, R. Flink, U. Ungerstedt, H. Carlson, and L. Hillered Epileptic seizure activity in the acute phase following cortical impact trauma Brain Res 637 1994 227 232
108. M.R. Nuwer The centrifugal effect and other spatial artifacts of topographic EEG mapping J Clin Neurophysiol 4 1987 321 326
109. M.R. Nuwer Quantitative EEG: I. Techniques and problems of frequency analysis and topographic mapping J Clin Neurophysiol 5 1988 1 43
110. M.R. Nuwer On the controversies about clinical use of EEG brain mapping Brain Topogr 3 1990 103 111
111. M.R. Nuwer On the process for evaluating proposed new diagnostic EEG tests Brain Topogr 4 1992 243 247
112. M.R. Nuwer Electroencephalograms and evoked potentials: monitoring cerebral function in the neurosurgical intensive care unit N.A. Martin Neurosurg Clin Neurosurg Intensive Care 5 1994 647 659
113. M.R. Nuwer Quantitative analysis in clinical settings Brain Topogr 8 1996 201 208
114. M.R. Nuwer Assessing digital and quantitative EEG in clinical settings J Clin Neurophysiol 15 1998 458 463
115. M.R. Nuwer, and H.H. Hauser Erroneous diagnosis using EEG discriminant analysis Neurology 44 1994 1998 2000
116. 45calcium accumulation following lateral fluid percussion: acute and delayed patterns J Neurotrauma 18 2001 141 162
117. 45calcium accumulation following lateral fluid percussion Neurosci 128 2004 305 322
118. E. Pampus, and W. Grote Electroencephalographische und klinische Befunde bei Boxern und ihre Bedeutung fur die Pathophysioloogie der traumattischern Hirnschädigung Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 194 1956 152 178
119. V.E. Pollock, L.S. Schneider, and S.A. Lyness Reliability of topographic quantitative EEG amplitude in healthy late-middle-aged and elderly subjects Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 79 1991 20 26
120. J.T. Povlishock, and C.W. Christman The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: a review of current thoughts J Neurotrauma 12 1995 555 564
121. J.T. Povlishock, and L.W. Jenkins Are the pathological changes evoked by traumatic brain injury immediate and irreversible? Brain Pathol 5 1995 415 426
122. J.T. Povlishock, D.P. Becker, C.L. Cheng, and G.W. Vaughan Axonal change in minor head injury J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42 1983 225 242
123. J. Radermecker La valeur medico-légale de l'é lectroencéphalographie dans les séquelles sujectives des traumas crânio-cérébraux fermés, synthése et conclusions Acta Neurol Belg 61 1961 468 476
124. J. Radermecker Das EEG bei gedeckten Hirnschaden und seine Beziehungen zu den subjektiven Beschwerden Munch Med Wschr 106 1964 1315 1322
125. A.H. Roberts Brain damage in boxers 1969 Pitman London
126. M.B. Ruijs, F.J. Gabreels, and H.M. Thijssen The utility of electroencephalography and cerebral computed tomography in children with mild and moderately severe closed head injuries Neuropediatrics 25 1994 73 77
127. E. Rumpl Elektro-neurologische Korrelationen in den frühen Phasen des posttraumatischen Komas, I: Das EEG in den verschiedenen Phasen des akuten traumatischen sekundären, Mittelhirnund Bulbrhirnsyndroms Z EEG EMG 10 1979 148 157
128. E. Rumpl Craniocerebral trauma E. Niedermeyer F. Lopes da Silva Electroencephalography 5th ed 2005 Lippincott Williams Wilkins Philadelphia 415 438
129. E. Rumpl, M. Prugger, G. Bauer, F. Gerstenbrand, J.M. Hackl, and A. Pallua Incidence and prognostic value of spindles in posttraumatic coma Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 56 1983 420 429
130. M.C. Salinsky, B.S. Oken, and L. Morehead Test-retest reliability in EEG frequency analysis Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 79 1991 382 392
131. J. Santamaria, K.H. Chiappa, and E.E.G. The The EEG of drowsiness 1987 Demos New York
132. P. Satz, M.S. Alfano, R. Light, H. Morgenstern, K. Zaucha, R.F. Asarnow, and S. Newton Persistent post-concussive syndrome: a proposed methodology and literature review to determine the effects, if any, of mild head and other bodily injury J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 21 1999 620 628
133. R.L. Saunders, and R.E. Harbaugh The second impact in catastrophic contact-sports head trauma J Am Med Assoc 252 1984 538 539
134. E. Scherzer Wert der Electroenzephalographie beim Schädeltrauma Wien Klin Wschr 77 1965 543 547
135. E. Scherzer Das flache EEG als bioelektrischer Ausdruck der Erwartungsspannung (psychogene Alphareduktion) Psychiat et Neurol (Basel) 152 1966 207 212
136. E. Schneider, and H. Hubach Das EEG der traumatischen Psychosen Dtsch Z Nervenheilk 183 1962 600 627
137. N.A. Shaw The neurophysiology of concussion Prog Neurobiol 67 2002 281 344
138. D. Silverman Retrospective study of EEG in coma Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 15 1963 486 503
139. D.H. Smith, J.A. Wolf, T.A. Lusardi, V.M-Y. Lee, and D.F. Meaney High tolerance and delayed elastic response of cultured axons to dynamic stretch injury J Neurosci 19 1999 4263 4269
140. D.M. Sosin, J.E. Sniezek, and D.J. Thurman Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991 Brain Inj 10 1996 47 54
141. J.L. Stone, R.F. Ghaly, and J.R. Hughes Electroencephalography in acute head injury J Clin Neurophysiol 5 1988 125 133
142. S. Strich Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 19 1956 163 185
143. S. Strich Shearing of nerve fibers as a cause of brain damage due to head injury Lancet 2 1961 443 448
144. P. Strnad, and V. Strnadová Long-term follow-up EEG studies in patients with traumatic apallic syndrome Eur Neurol 26 1987 84 89
145. A.J. Strong, M. Fabricius, M.G. Boutelle, S.J. Hibbins, S.E. Hopwood, R. Jones, M.C. Parkin, and M. Lauritzen Spreading and synchronous depressions of cortical activity in acutely injured human brain Stroke 33 2002 2738 2743
146. T.E. Sullivan, B.K. Schefft, J.S. Warm, and W.N. Dember Closed head injury assessment and research methodology J Neurosci Nurs 26 1994 24 29
147. V.M. Synek Revised EEG coma scale in diffuse acute head injuries in adults Clin Exp Neurol 27 1990 99 111
148. M.T. Tebano, M. Cameroni, G. Gallozzi, A. Loizzo, G. Palazzino, G. Pezzini, and G.F. Ricci EEG spectral analysis after minor head injury in man Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 70 1988 185 189
149. R.W. Thatcher, R.A. Walker, I. Gerson, and F.H. Geisler EEG discriminant analyses of mild head trauma Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 73 1989 94 106
150. R.W. Thatcher, C. Biver, R. McAlaster, M. Camacho, and A. Salazar Biophysical linkage between MRI and EEG amplitude in closed head injury NeuroImage 7 1998 352 367
151. R.W. Thatcher, C. Biver, R. McAlaster, and A. Salazar Biophysical linkage between MRI and EEG coherence in closed head injury NeuroImage 8 1998 307 326
152. R.W. Thatcher, N. Moore, E.R. John, F. Duffy, J. Hughes, and M. Krieger QEEG and traumatic brain injury: rebuttal of the American Academy of Neurology 1997 Report by the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society Clin Electroencephalogr 30 1999 94 98
153. R.W. Thatcher, C.L. Biver, J.F. Gomez, D. North, R. Curtin, R.A. Walker, and S. Salazar Estimation of the EEG power spectrum by MRI T2 relaxation time in traumatic brain injury Clin Neurophysiol 112 2001 1729 1745
154. R.W. Thatcher, D.M. North, R.T. Curtin, R.A. Walker, C.J. Biver, J.F. Gomez, and A.M. Salazar An EEG severity index of traumatic brain injury J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 13 2001 77 87
155. R.W. Thatcher, R.A. Walker, C.J. Biver, D.N. North, and R. Curtin Quantitative EEG normative databases: validation and clinical correlation J Neurotherapy 7 2003 87 121
156. R.W. Thatcher, C.J. Biver, and D.M. North Quantitative EEG and the Frye and Daubert standards of admissibility Clin Electroencephalogr 34 2003 39 53
157. K.E. Thornton Exploratory investigation into mild brain injury and discriminant analysis with high frequency bands (32-64 Hz) Brain Inj 13 1999 477 488
158. K.E. Thornton The electrophysiological effects of a brain injury on auditory memory functioning: the QEEG correlates of impaired memory Arch Clin Neuropsychol 18 2003 363 378
159. F. Torres, and S.K. Shapiro Electroencephalograms in whiplash injury Arch Neurol 5 1961 28 35
160. D.L. Trudeau, J. Anderson, L.M. Hansen, D.N. Shagalov, D.N. Schmoller, S. Nugent, and S. Barton Findings of mild traumatic brain injury in combat veterans with PTSD and a history of blast concussion J Neuropsychiat Clin Neurosci 10 1998 308 313
161. A.T. Tysvaer, O.V. Storli, and N.I. Bachen Soccer injuries to the brain. A neurologic and electroencephalographic study of former players Acta Neurol Scand 80 1989 151 156
162. P.M. Vespa, W.J. Boscardin, D.A. Hovda, D.L. McArthur, M.R. Nuwer, N.A. Martin, V. Nenov, T.C. Glenn, M. Bergsneider, D.F. Kelly, and D.P. Becker Early and persistent impaired percent alpha variability on continuous electroencephalography monitoring as a predictive of poor outcome after traumatic brain injury J Neurosurg 97 2002 84 92
163. P.M. Vespa, D.L. McArthur, K. O'Phelan, T.C. Glenn, M. Etchepare, D. Kelly, M. Bergsneider, N.A. Martin, and D.A. Hovda Persistently low extracellular glucose correlates with poor outcome 6 months after human traumatic brain injury despite a lack of increased lactate: a microdialysis study J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab 23 2003 865 877
164. F. Vogel Genetische Aspecke des Electroenzephalogramms Dtschj Med Wschr 88 1963 1748 1759
165. A. von Bierbrauer, K. Weissenborn, H. Hinrichs, M. Scholz, and H. Künkel Die automatische (computergestützte) EEG-Analyse im Vergleich zur visuellen EEG - Analyse bei Patienten nach leichtem Schädelhirntrauma (verlaufsuntersuchung) EEG EMG Z 23 1992 151 157
166. A.E. Walker, J.J. Kollros, and T.J. Case The physiological basis of concussion J Neurosurg 1 1944 103 116
167. W.G. Walter, D. Hill, and D. Williams Discussion of the electroencephalogram in organic cerebral disease Proc Soc Med Lond 41 1948 237 250
168. A.A. Ward, and S.L. Clark The electroencephalogram in experimental concussion and related conditions J Neurosurg 11 1948 59 74
169. M.R. Watson, G.W. Fenton, R.J. McClelland, J. Lumsden, M. Headley, and W.H. Rutherford The post-concussional state: neurophysiological aspects Br J Psychiat 167 1995 514 521
170. A. Wirsén, G. Stenberg, I. Rosén, and D.H. Ingvar Quantified EEG and cortical evoked responses in patients with chronic traumatic frontal lesions Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 84 1992 127 138
171. D. Williams The electro-encephalogram in acute head injuries J Neurol Psychiatr 4 1941 107 130
172. D. Williams The electro-encephalogram in chronic post-traumatic states J Neurol Psychiat 4 1941 131 146
173. D. Williams, and D. Denny-Brown Cerebral electrical changes in experimental concussion Brain 64 1941 223 238
174. C.D. Yingling, D. Galin, G. Fein, D. Peltzman, and L. Davenport Neurometrics does not detect pure dyslexics Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 63 1986 426 430
175. A. Yoshino, D.A. Hovda, T. Kawamata, Y. Katayama, and D.P. Becker Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral concussion in rats: evidence of a hyper- and subsequent hypometabolic state Brain Res 561 1991 106 119
176. A. Yoshino, D.A. Hovda, Y. Katayama, T. Kawamata, and D.P. Becker Hippocampal CA3 lesion prevents postconcussive metabolic dysfunction in CA1 J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12 1992 996 1006