METCAM/MUC18 expression and cancer metastasis

Current Genomics

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 333-349

  Wu, Guang Jer ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; METASTASIS CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; MUCIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANGIOSARCOMA; BIOCHEMISTRY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL INTERACTION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE COURSE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HEMANGIOMA; HUMAN; LIVER METASTASIS; LUNG METASTASIS; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MELANOMA; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOUSE; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NASOPHARYNX CANCER; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 24144438244     PISSN: 13892029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389202054750211     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Lengauer, C.; Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature, 1998, 396: 643-649.
2. Ruddon, R. W. 1995, Chapter 11: Biology of tumor metastasis. in Cancer Biology, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, pp.402-427.
3. Bernstein, S. C. and Weinberg, R. A. Expression of the metastatic phenotype of cells transfected with human metastatic tumor DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1985, 82: 1726-1730.
4. Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R. A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell, 2000, 100: 57-70.
5. Umbas, R.; Schalken, J. A.; Aalders, T. W.; Carter, B. S.; Karthaus, H. F. M.; Schaafsma, H. E.; Debruyne, F. M. J. and Isaacs, W. B. Expression of the cellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is reduced or absent in high-grade prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 1992, 52: 5104-5109.
6. Zutter, M. M.; Santoro, S. A.; Staatz, W. D. and Tsung, Y. L. Re-expression of the α2β1 integrin abrogates the malignant phenotype of breast carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92: 7411-7415.
7. Zheng, D. Q.; Wooddard, A. S.; Fornaro, M.; Tallini, G. and Languino, L.R. Prostatic carcinoma cell migration via αVβ3 integrin is modulated by a focal adhesion kinase pathway. Cancer Res., 1999, 59: 1655-1664.
8. Gao, A. C.; Lou, W.; Dong, J. T. and Isaacs, J. T. CD44 is a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer located on human chromosome 11p13. Cancer Res., 1997, 57: 846-849.
9. Xie, S.; Luca, M.; Huang, S.; Gutman, M.; Reich, R.; Johnson, J. P. and Bar-Eli, M. Expression of MCAM/MCU18 by human melanoma cells leads to increased tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res., 1997, 57: 2295-2303.
10. Wu, G.-J.; Peng, Q.; Fu, P.; Wang, S.-W. C. and Wu, M.-W. H. Effect of MUC18 expression on in vitro invasiveness, and in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis of murine melanoma cell lines in a syngeneic mouse model. The proceedings of the 92nd Annual Meeting of American Association for the Cancer Research, 2001, 42: p.516, Abstract # 2776;
11. Wu, G.-J.; Peng, Q.; Fu, P.; Wang, S.-W. C.; Chiang, C.-F. and Wu, M.-W. H. 2005, MUC18 expression in two sublines of the mouse melanoma K1735 increases their in vitro motility and invasiveness and in vivo metastasis in a syngeneic mouse model. submitted,.
12. Velculescu, V. E.; Zhang, L.; Volgelstein, B. and Kinzler, K. W. Serial analysis of gene expression. Science, 1995, 270: 484-487.
13. Zhang, L.; Zhou, W.; Velculescu, V. E.; Kern, S. E.; Hruban, R.H.; Hamilton, S. R.; Volgelstein, B. and Kinzler, K. W. Gene expression profiles in normal and cancer cells. Science, 1997, 276: 1268-1272.
14. Clark, E.A.; Golub, T. R.; Lander, E. S. and Hynes, R. O. Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC. Nature, 2000, 406: 532-535.
15. Morin, P. J. Functional genomics approaches in cancer research. Current Genomics, 2002, 3: 425-436.
16. LaTulipope, E.; Satagopan, J.; Smith, A.; Scher, H.; Scardino, P.; Reuter, V. and Gerald, W. L. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of prostate cancer reveals distinct transcriptional programs associated with metastatic disease. Cancer Res., 2002, 62: 4499-4506.
17. Leung, Y. F. and Cavalieri, D. Fundamentals of cDNA microarray data analysis. Trends in Biotechnology, 2003, 19: 649-659.
18. Yates, III J. R. Mass Spectrometry from genomics to proteomics. Trend in Genetics, 2000, 16: 5-8.
19. Lee, K. H. Proteomics: a technology-driven and technology-limited discovery science. Trends in Biotechnology, 2001, 19: 217-222.
20. Martin, D. B.; Gifford, D. R.; Wright, M. E.; Keler, A.; Yi, E.; Goodlett, D. R.; Aebersold, R. and Nelson, P. S. Quantitative proteomic analysis of proteins released by neoplastic prostate epithelium. Cancer Res., 2004, 64: 347-355.
21. Weiss, L. Metastatic inefficiency. Adv. Cancer Res., 1990, 54: 159-211.
22. Chambers, A. F.; MacDonald, I. C.; Schmidt, E. E.; Koop, S.; Morris, V. L.; Khokha, R. and Groom, A. C. Step in tumor metastasis: new concepts from intravital videomicroscopy. Can. Metast. Rev., 1995, 14: 279-301.
23. Mohler, J. L. Cellular motility and prostate carcinoma metastases. Can. Metast. Rev., 1993, 12: 53-67.
24. Herlyn, M. 1993, Molecular and cellular biology of melanoma. pp. 1-97, R. G. Landes Co., Austin, TX.
25. Hsu, M.-Y.; Wheelock, M.J.; Johnson, K.R. and Herlyn, M. Shifts in cadherin profiles between human normal melanocytes and melanomas. J. Invest. Derm. Symp. Proceedings, 1996, 1: 188-194.
26. Omara-Opyene, A. L.; Qiu, J.; Shah, G. V. and Iczkowski, K. A. Prostate cancer invasion is influenced more by expression of a CD44 isoform including variant 9 than MUC18. Lab. Investigation, 2004, 84: 894-907.
27. Cheung, P. H.; Luo, W.; Qiu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Earley, K.; Millirons, P. and Lin, S. -H. Structure and function of C-CAM1: the first immunoglobulin domain is required for intercellular adhesion. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268: 24303-24301.
28. Kleinerman, D. I.; Zhang, W.; Lin, S.; Van, N. T.; von Eschenbach, A. C. and Hsieh, J. T. Application of a tumor suppressor C-CAM1, -expressing recombinant adenovirus in androgen-independent human prostate cancer therapy: a preclinical study. Cancer Res., 1995, 55: 2831-2836.
29. Edlund, M.; Miyamoto, T.; Sikes, R. A.; Ogle, R.; Laurie, G. W.; Farach-Carson, M.C.; Otey, C. A.; Zhau, H.E. and Chung, L.W. K. Integrin expression and usage by prostate cancer cell lines on laminin substrata. Cell Growth & Diff., 2001, 12: 99-107.
30. 1A integrin expression in prostate carcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279: 1692-1702.
31. Scivolino, P. J. and Abate-Shen, C. Molecular Biology of prostate development and prostate cancer. Ann. Med., 1998, 30, 357-368.
32. Demetriou, M. C. and Cress, A. E. Integrin clipping, a novel adhesion switch? J. Cell. Biochem., 2004, 91: 26-35.
33. Lehmann, J. M.; Reithmuller, G. and Johnson, J. P. MUC18, a marker of tumor progression in human melanoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86: 9891-9895.
34. Wu, G.-J.; Wu, M.-W.H.; Wang, S.-W.; Liu, Z.; Peng, Q.; Qu, P.; Yang, H.; Varma, V. A.; Sun, Q.; Petros, J. A.; Lim, S. and Amin, M. B. Isolation and characterization of the major form of human MUC18 cDNA gene and correlation of MUC18 over-expression in prostate cancer cells and tissues with malignant progression. Gene, 2001, 279: 17-31.
35. Wu, G.-J.; Varma, V. A.; Wu, M.-W.H.; Yang, H.; Wang, S.-W.C.; Liu, Z.; Petros, J. A.; Lim, S. and Amin, M., Expression of a human cell adhesion molecule, MUC18, in prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. The Prostate, 2001, 48: 305-315.
36. Sers, C.; Kirsch, K.; Rothbacher, U.; Riethmuller, G. and Johnson, J. P. Genomic organization of the melanoma-associated glycoprotein MUC18: implications for the evolution of the immunoglobulin domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90: 8514-8518.
37. Yang, H.; Wang, S. -W. C.; Liu Z.; Wu, M.-W. H.; McAlpine, B.; Ansel, J.; Armstrong, C. and Wu, G.-J. Isolation and characterization of marine MUC18 cDNA gene, and correlation of MUC18 expression in murine melanoma cell lines with metastatic ability. Gene, 2001, 265: 133-145.
38. Shih, I.-M.; Nesbit, M.; Herlyn, M. and Kurman, R. J. A new Mel-CAM CD146, -specific monoclonal antibody, MN-4, on paraffin-embedded tissue. Mod. Path., 1998, 11: 1098-1106.
39. Shih, I.- M. The role of CD146 Mel-CAM, in biology and pathology. J. Path., 1999, 189: 4-11.
40. Schlagbauer-Wadl, H.; Jansen, B.; Muller, M.; Polterauer, P.; Wolff, K.; Eichler, H.-G.; Pehamberger, H.; Konak, E. and Johnson, J. P. Influence of MUC18/MCAM/CD146 expression on human melanoma growth and metastasis in SCID mice. International J. Cancer, 1999, 81: 951-955.
41. Meier, F.; Caroli, U.; Satyamoorthy, K.; Schittek, B.; Bauer, J. Berking, C.; Moller, H. Maczey, E.; Rassner, G.; Herlyn, M. and Garbe, C. Fibroblast growth factor-2 but not Mel-CAM an/or β3 integrin promotes progression of melanocytes to melanoma. Experiment. Dermatol., 2003, 12: 296-306.
42. Wu, G.-J.; Fu, P.; Chiang, C.-F.; Hess, W. J.; Greenberg, N. M. and Wu, M.-W. H. Increased expression of MUC18 correlates with the metastatic progression of mouse prostate adenocarcinoma in the TRAMP model. J. Urology, 2005, 173: 1778-1783.
43. Wu, G.-J.; Peng, Q.; Fu, P.; Wang, S.-W. C.; Chiang, C.-F. Frank; Dillehay, D. L. and Wu, M.-W. H. Ectopical expression of human MUC18 increases metastasis of human prostate cancer cells. Gene, 2004, 327: 201-213.
44. Wu, G.-J. The role of MUC18 in prostate carcinoma in Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of human carcinomas, Vol. 2. Molecular pathology lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma. ed. Hayat, M.A., Elsevier Science /academic Press, New York. 2004, Chapter 7: 347-358.
45. Putz, E.; Witter, K.; Offner, S.; Stosiek, P.; Zippeliux, A.; Johnson, J.; Zahn, R.; Riethmuller, G. and Pantel, K. Phenotypic characteristics of cell lines derived from disseminated cancer cells in bone marrow of patients with solid epithelial tumors: establishment of working models for human micrometastases. Cancer Res., 1999, 59: 241-248.
46. Greenberg, N. M.; DeMayo, F.; Finegold, M. J.; Medina, D.; Tilley, W. D.; Aspinall, J. O.; Cunha, G. R.; Donjacour, A. A.; Matusik, R. J. and Rosen, J. M. Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92: 3439-3443.
47. Garabedian, E. M.; Humphrey, P.A. and Gordon, J.I. A Transgenic mouse model of metastatic prostate cancer originating from neuroendocrine cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95: 15382-15387.
48. Foster, B. 2001, New paradigms for prostate cancer research-TRAMP bone metastasis cell lines, in The Proceeding of the AACR special conference: New discoveries in prostate cancer biology and treatment. The Registry Resort, Naples, FL, Dec 5-9, 2001.
49. Pretlow, T. G.; Delmoro, C. M.; Dilley, G. G.; Spadafora, C. G. and Pretlow, T. P. Transplantation of human prostatic carcinoma into nude mice in Matrigel. Cancer Res., 1991, 51: 3814-3817.
50. Passaniti, A.; Isaacs, J. T.; Haney, J. A.; Adler, S. W.; Cujdik, T. J.; Long, P. V. and Kleinman, H. K. Stimulation of human prostatic carcinoma tumor growth in athymic mice and control of migration in culture by extracellular matrix. Int. J. Cancer, 1992, 51: 318-324.
51. Wu, G. -J.; Lee, C. and Son, E. Mechanism of human MUC18-mediated tumorigenesis and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells. The proceedings of the 96th Annual Meeting of American Association for the Cancer Research, 2005, 46: Abstract # 334.
52. Bowen, M. A.; Patel, D. D.; Li, X; Modrell, B.; Malacko, A. R.; Wang, W.- C.; Marquardt, H.; Neubauer, M.; Pesando, J. M.; Francke, U.; Haynes, B. F. and Aruffo, A. Cloning, mapping, and characterization of ALCAM, a CD6 ligand. J. Exp. Med., 1995, 181: 2213-2220.
53. Skonier, J. E.; Bowen, M. A.; Emswiler, J.; Aruffo, A. and Bajorath, J. Mutational analysis of the CD6 binding site in ALCAM. Biochemistry 1996, 35: 14743-14748.
54. Van Kempen, L. C. L. T.; Nelissen, J. M.D. T.; Degen, W. G. J.; Torensma, R.; Weidle, U. H.; Bloemers, H. P. J.; Figdor, C. G. and Swart, G. W. M. Molecular basis for the homophilic activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule ALCAM, -ALCAM interaction. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276: 25783-25790.
55. Ozawa, M. p120-independent modulation of E-cadherin adhesion activity by the membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278: 45014-46020.
56. Morgan, M. R.; Thomas, G. J.; Russell, A.; Hart, I. R. and Marshall, J. F. The integrin cytoplasmic-tail motif EKQKVDLSTDC is sufficient to promote tumor cell invasion mediated by matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 or MMP-9. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279: 26533-26539.
57. Heiz, M.; Grunberg, J.; Schubiger, P. A. and Novak-Hofer, I. Hepatocyte growth factor-induced ectodomain shedding of cell adhesion molecule L1- role of the cytoplasmic domain. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279: 31149-31156.
58. Geiser, M.; Cebe, R.; Drewello, D. and Schmitz, R. Integration of PCR fragments at any specific site within cloning vectors without the use of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. BioTechniques, 2001, 31: 88-92.
59. Parodi, A. Protein glycosylation and its role in protein folding. Ann Rev. Biochem., 2000, 69: 69-93.
60. Varki, A 1999, Glycosylation changes in tumor cells. Essentials of glycobiology, edited by Varki, A., Cumming, R., Esko, J., Freeze, H., Hart, G., and Marth, J., pp. 537-549, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY.
61. Fukuda, M. Possible roles of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Cancer Res., 1996, 56: 2237-2244.
62. Hakomori, S. Tumor malignancy defined by aberrant glycosylation and sphingoglyco, lipid metabolism. Cancer Res., 1996, 56: 5309-5318.
63. Yamamoto, H.; Oviedo, A.; Sweeley, C.; Saito, T. and Moskal, J. R. α 2, 6-sialylation of cell-surface N-glycans inhibits glioma formation in vivo. Cancer Res., 2001, 61: 6822-6829.
64. Lehmann, J. M.; Holzmann, B.; Breitbart, E. W.; Schmiegelow, P.; Riethmuller, G. and Johnson, J. P. Discrimination between benign and malignant cells of melanocytic lineage by two novel antigens, a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 113, 000 and a protein with a molecular weight of 76, 000. Cancer Res., 1987, 47: 841-845.
65. Lanier, L. L.; Le, A. M.; Phillips, J. H.; Warner, N. L. and Babcock, G. F. Subpopulations of human NK cells defined by expression of the leu-7 HNK-1, and Leu-11 NK-15, antigens. J. Immunol., 1983, 131: 1789-1796.
66. Chou, D. K. H.; Ilyas, A. A.; Evans, J.E.; Costello, C.; Quarles, R. H. and Jungalwala, F.B. Structure of sulfated glucuronyl glycolipids in the nervous systems reacting with HNK-1 antibody and some IgM paraproteins in neuropathy. J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261: 11717-11725.
67. Bezouska, K.; Yuen, C.- T.; O'Brien, J.; Childs, R. A.; Chai, W.; Lawson, A. M.; Drbal, K.; Fiserova, A.; Pospissil, M. and Feizi, T. Oligosaccharide ligands for NKR-P1 protein activate NK cells and cytotoxicity. Nature, 1994, 372: 150-157.
68. Shih, I.- M.; Schnaar, R.L.; Gearhart, J. D. and Kurman, R. J. Distribution of cells bearing the HNK-1 epitope in the human placenta. Placenta, 1997, 18: 667-674.
69. Ong, E.; Suzuki, M.; Belot, F.; Yeh, J.; Franceschi, I.; Angata, K.; Hindsgaul, O. and Fukuda, M. Biosynthesis of HNK-1 glycans on O-linked oligosaccharides attached to the NCAM. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277: 18182-18190.
70. Liu, X.-H.; Yoshiki, T.; Kokuho, M.; Okada, Y. and Tomoyoshi, T. The prognostic value of the HNK-1 leu-7, antigen in prostatic cancer. Acta Urol., 1993, 39: 439-444.
71. Dubuisson, J.; Duvet, S.; Meunier, J-C.; Op De Beeck, A.; Cacan, R.; Wychowski, C. and Cocquerel, L. Glycosylation of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E1 is dependent on the presence of a downstream sequence on the viral polyprotein. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275: 30605-30609.
72. Wu, G.; Lai, H.; Lin, Y.; Chu, Y. and Chern, Y. N-glycosylation and residues Asn905 and Asn890 are involved in the functional properties of type V1 adenyl cyclase. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276: 35450-35457.
73. Railey, J.F. and Wu, G.-J. Organization of multiple regulatory elements in the control region of the adenovirus type 2 VARNA1 gene: fine mapping with linker-scanning mutants, Mol. Cell Biol., 1988, 8: 1147-1159.
74. Shih, I.-M.; Speicher, D.; Hsu, M.-Y.; Levine, E. and Herlyn, M. Melanoma cell-ell interactions are mediated through heterophilic Mel-/CAM ligand adhesion. Cancer Res., 1997, 57: 3835-3840.
75. Johnson, J.P.; Bar-Eli, M.; Jansen, B. and Markhop, E. Melanoma progression-associated glycoprotein MUC18/MCAM mediates homotypic cell adhesion through interaction with a heterophilic ligand. Int. J. Cancer, 1997, 73: 769-774.
76. The manually annotated Biomax Human Genome Database Version 4.0, Biomax Informatics; AG, www.biomax.com, the Biomax Solutions Inc., Falmouth, MA, USA.
77. Taira, E.; Takaha, N.; Taiura, H.; Kim, C.-H. and Miki, N. Molecular cloning and functional expression of gicerin, a novel cell adhesion molecule that binds to neurite outgrowth factor. Neuron, 1994, 12: 861-872.
78. Sampath, R.; Gallagher, P. J. and Pavalko, F. M. Cytoskeletal interactions with the leukocyte integrin β2 cytoplasmic tail. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273: 33588-33594.
79. Flanagan, J. G. and Leder, P. The kit ligand: a cell surface molecule altered in steel mutant fibroblasts. Cell, 1990, 63: 185-194.
80. Jiang, P., Lagenaur, C. F., Narayanan, V. Integrin-associated protein is a ligand for the P84 neural adhesion molecule. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274: 559-562.
81. Yeh, R. -H.; Lee, T. R. and Lawrence, D. S. From consensus sequence peptide to high affinity ligand, a library scan strategy. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276: 12235-12240.
82. Barbas III, C. F.; Burton, D. R.; Scott, J. K. and Silverman, G. J. 2001, Phage display-a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
83. Sastry, S. K. and Horwitz, A. F. Integrin cytoplasmic domains: mediators of cytoskeletal linkages and extra- and intracellular initiated transmembrane signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 1993, 5: 819-831.
84. Schoenwaelder, S. M. and Burridge, K. Bidirectional signaling between the cytoskeleton and integrins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 1999, 11: 274-286.
85. FAK. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273: 26852-26858.
86. Anfosso, F.; Bardin, N.; Vivier, E.; Sabatier, F.; Sampol, J. and Dignat-George, F. Outside-in signaling pathway linked to CD146 engagement in human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276: 1564-1569.
87. Giannone, G.; Ronde, P.; Gaire, M.; Beaudouin, J.; Haiech, J.; Ellenberg, J. and Takeda, K. Calcium rises locally trigger focal adhesion disassembly and enhance residency of focal adhesion kinase at focal adhesions. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279: 28715-28723.
88. Rahn, J. J.; Shen, Q.; Mah, B. K. and Hugh, J. C. MUC1 initiates a calcium signal after ligation by intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279: 29386-29390.
89. Berridge, M. J.; Lipp, P. and Bootman, M. D. The versatility and universality of calcium signaling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2000, 1: 11-21.
90. Li, G.; Kalabis, J.; Xu, X.; Meier, F.; Oka, M.: Bogenrieder, T. and Herlyn M. Reciprocal regulation of MelCAM and AKT in human melanoma. Oncogene, 2003, 22: 6891-6899.
91. Brazil, D. P.; Yang, Z. Z. and Hemmings, B. A. Advances in protein kinase B signaling: AKTion on multiple fronts. Trends Biochem. Sci., 2004, 29: 233-242.
92. Litchfield, D. W. Protein kinase CK2: structure, regulation and role in cellular decisions of life and death. Biochem. J., 2003, 369: 1-15.
93. Mellor, H. and Parker, P. J. The extended protein kinase C superfamily. Biochem. J., 1998, 332: 281-292.
94. Jaken, S. and Parker, P. J. Protein kinase C binding partners. BioEssays, 2000, 22: 245-254.
95. Hofmann, J. Protein kinase C isozymes as potential targets for anticancer therapy. 2004, Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 2004, 4: 125-146.
96. Rummel, M. M.; Sers, C. and Johnson, J. P. Phorbol ester and cyclic AMP-mediated regulation of the melanoma-associated cell adhesion molecule MUC18/MCAM. Cancer Res., 1996, 56: 2218-2223.
97. Jean, D.; Gershenwald, J. E.; Huang, S.; Luca, M.; Hudson, M. J.; Tainsky, M. A. and Bar-Eli, M. Loss of AP-2 results in up-regulation of CAM/MUC18 and an increase in tumor growth and metastasis of human melanoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273: 16501-16508.
98. Ruiz, M.; Pettaway, C.; Song, R.; Stoeltzing, O.; Ellis, L. and Bar-Eli, M. Activator protein 2a inhibits tumorigenicity and represses vascular endothelial growth factor transcription in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res., 2004, 64: 631-638.
99. Ness, S. A. The Myb oncoprotein: regulating a regulator. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1996, 1299: F123-F139.
100. Thomson, J. A. F.; Murphy, K.; Baker, E.; Sutherland, G. R.; Parsons, P. G. and Sturm, R. A. The brn-2 gene regulates the melanocytic phenotype and tumorigenic potential of human melanoma cells. Oncogene, 1995, 11: 691-700.
101. Yordy, J. S.; Li. R.; Sementchenko, V. I.; Pei, H.; Muise-Helmericks, R. C. and Watson, D. K. S100 expression modulates ETS1 transcriptional activity and inhibits cell invasion. Oncogene, 2004, 23: 6654-6665.
102. L'honore, A.; Lamb, N. J.; Vandromme, M.; Turowski, P.; Carnac, G. and Fernandez, A. MyoD distal regulatory region contains an SF binding CArG element required for MyoD expression in skeletal myoblasts and during muscle regeneration. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2003, 14: 2151-2162.
103. Baron, V.; Duss, S.; Rhim, J. and Mercola, D. Antisense to the early growth response-1 gene Egr-1, inhibits prostate tumor development in TRAMP mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2003, 1002: 197-216.
104. O'Brien, R. M.; Streeper, R. S.; Ayala, J. E.; Stadelmaier, B. T. and Hornbuckle, L. A. Insulin-regulated gene expression. Biochem. Soc. Transact., 2001, 29: 552-558.
105. Johnson, J. P.; Rummel, M. M.; Rothbacher, U. and Sers, C. MUC18: a cell adhesion molecule with a potential role in tumor growth and tumor cell dissemination. Curr. Topics Microbiol. and Immunol., 1997, 213: 95-106.
106. LaMontagne Jr., K. R.; Moses, M. A.; Wiederschain, D.; Mahajan, S.; Holden, J.; Ghazizadeh, H.; Frank, D. A. and Arbiser, J. L Inhibition of MAP kinase kinase causes morphological reversion and dissociation between soft agar growth and in vivo tumorigenesis in angiosarcoma cells. Am. J. Path., 2000, 157: 1937-45.
107. Shih, I.-M.; Hsu, M. -Y.; Palazzo, J. P. and Herlyn, M. The cell-cell adhesion receptor Mel-CAM acts as a tumor suppressor in breast carcinoma. Am. J. Path., 1997, 151: 745-751.
108. Li, Q.; Yu, Y.; Bischoff, J.; Milliken, J. B. and Olsen, B. R. Differential expression of CD146 in tissues and endothelial cells derived from infantile haemangioma and normal human skin. J. Path., 2003, 201: 296-302.
109. Chiang, C.-F. and Wu, G.-J. Oral treatment of the TRAMP mice with doxazosin suppresses prostate tumor growth and metastasis. Prostate, 2005, 64: 408-418.
110. Mills, L.; Tellez, C.; Huang, S.; Baker, C.; McCarty, M.; Green, L.; Gudas, J. M.; Feng, X. and Bar-Eli, M. Fully human antibodies to MCAM/MUC18 inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of human melanoma. Cancer Res., 2002, 62: 5106-5114.
111. Yan, X.; Lin, Y.; Yang, D.; Shen, Y.; Yuan, M.; Zhang, Z.; Li, P.; Xia, H.; Li, L.; Luo, D.; Liu, Q.; Mann, K. and Bader, B. A novel anti-CD146 monoclonal antibody, AA98, inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Blood, 2003, 102: 184-191.