Pathogenesis of primary systemic vasculitides (I): ANCA-positive vasculitides;Pathogénie des vascularites systémiques primitives (I): Vascularites ANCA-positives

Presse Medicale

Volumn 34, Issue 14, 2005, Pages 1013-1022

  Guilpain, P ^a   Chanseaud, Y ^a   Tamby, M C ^a   Mahr, A ^a   Servettaz, A ^a   Guillevin, L ^a   Mouthon, Luc ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^b Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris ^*  (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; CYTOKINE; MYELOBLASTIN; MYELOBLASTIN ANTIBODY; MYELOPEROXIDASE; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBODY TITER; CELL FUNCTION; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; EOSINOPHIL; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS; MONOCYTE; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

EID: 24044443582     PISSN: 07554982     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0755-4982(05)84104-1     Document Type: Short Survey

References (120)

1. Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gherardi R. The spectrum and treatment of virus-associated vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1997; 9:31-6.
2. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, Bacon PA, Churg J, Gross WL et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37:187-92.
3. van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S, Wiik A, Permin H, van Es LA et al. Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet 1985; 1:425-9.
4. Bligny D, Mahr A, Toumelin PL, Mouthon L, Guillevin L. Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener's granulomatosis: a survival analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51:83-91.
5. Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Jarrousse B, Casassus P. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78:26-37.
6. Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Callard P et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:421-30.
7. Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:911-20.
8. Watts RA, Lane SE, Scott DG, Koldingsnes W, Nossent H, Gonzalez-Gay MA et al. Epidemiology of vasculitis in Europe. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60:1156-7.
9. Mahr A, Guillevin L, Poissonnet M, Ayme S. Prevalences of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: a capture-recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51:92-9.
10. Nowack R, Lehmann H, Flores-Suarez LF, Nanhou A, van der Woude FJ. Familial occurrence of systemic vasculitis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34:364-73.
11. Manganelli P, Giacosa R, Fietta P, Zanetti A, Neri TM. Familial vasculitides: Churg-Strauss syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis in 2 first-degree relatives. J Rheumatol 2003; 30:618-21.
12. Moins-Teisserenc HT, Gadola SD, Cella M, Dunbar PR, Exley A, Blake N et al. Association of a syndrome resembling Wegener's granulomatosis with low surface expression of HLA class-I molecules. Lancet 1999; 354:1598-603.
13. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, Sluiter WJ, Manson WL, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG. Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120:12-17.
14. Gregorini G, Ferioli A, Donato F, Tira P, Morassi L, Tardanico R et al. Association between silica exposure and necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis with p-ANCA and anti-MPO antibodies: a hospital-based case-control study. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 336:435-40.
15. Watts RA, Scott DG, Lane SE. Epidemiology of Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69 Suppl 2:SII84-6.
16. Mouthon L, Khaled M, Cohen P, Guillevin L, Subra JF. Systemic small sized vessel vasculitis after massive antigen inhalation. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60:903-4.
17. Wechsler ME, Garpestad E, Flier SR, Kocher O, Weiland DA, Polito AJ et al. Pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, and cardiomyopathy following corticosteroid withdrawal in patients with asthma receiving zafirlukast. JAMA 1998; 279:455-7.
18. Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB. Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285:606.
19. Falk RJ, Jennette JC. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with specificity for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1651-7.
20. Goldschmeding R, van der Schoot CE, ten Bokkel Huinink D, Hack CE, van den Ende ME, Kallenberg CG et al. Wegener's granulomatosis autoantibodies identify a novel diisopropylfluorophosphate-binding protein in the lysosomes of normal human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1577-87.
21. Vizjak A, Nagode B, Rott T, Koselj M, Rozman B, Kaplan-Pavlovcic S et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies-antigen specificity and associated diseases. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000; 112:665-70.
22. Solans R, Bosch JA, Perez-Bocanegra C, Selva A, Huguet P, Alijotas J et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40:763-71.
23. Rao NV, Wehner NG, Marshall BC, Gray WR, Gray BH, Hoidal JR. Characterization of proteinase-3 (PR-3), a neutrophil serine proteinase. Structural and functional properties. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:9540-8.
24. Witko-Sarsat V, Cramer EM, Hieblot C, Guichard J, Nusbaum P, Lopez S et al. Presence of proteinase 3 in secretory vesicles: evidence of a novel, highly mobilizable intracellular pool distinct from azurophil granules. Blood 1999; 94:2487-96.
25. Gabay JE, Almeida RP. Antibiotic peptides and serine protease homologs in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: defensins and azurocidin. Curr Opin Immunol 1993; 5:97-102.
26. Coeshott C, Ohnemus C, Pilyavskaya A, Ross S, Wieczorek M, Kroona H et al. Converting enzyme-independent release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta from a stimulated human monocytic cell line in the presence of activated neutrophils or purified proteinase 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:6261-6.
27. Padrines M, Wolf M, Walz A, Baggiolini M. Interleukin-8 processing by neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase-3. FEBS Lett 1994; 352:231-5.
28. Berger SP, Seelen MA, Hiemstra PS, Gerritsma JS, Heemskerk E, van der Woude FJ et al. Proteinase 3, the major autoantigen of Wegener's granulomatosis, enhances IL-8 production by endothelial cells in vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7:694-701.
29. Csernok E, Ernst M, Schmitt W, Bainton DF, Gross WL. Activated neutrophils express proteinase 3 on their plasma membrane in vitro and in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 95:244-50.
30. Csernok E, Szymkowiak CH, Mistry N, Daha MR, Gross WL, Kekow J. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) expression and interaction with proteinase 3 (PR3) in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 105:104-11.
31. Kekow J, Csernok E, Szymkowiak C, Gross WL. Interaction of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) with proteinase 3. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 421:307-13.
32. Koeffler HP, Ranyard J, Pertcheck M. Myeloperoxidase: its structure and expression during myeloid differentiation. Blood 1985; 65:484-91.
33. Andrews PC, Krinsky NI. The reductive cleavage of myeloperoxidase in half, producing enzymically active hemi-myeloperoxidase. J Biol Chem 1981; 256:4211-18.
34. Savage CO, Gaskin G, Pusey CD, Pearson JD. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies can recognize vascular endothelial cell-bound anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated autoantigens. Exp Nephrol 1993; 1:190-5.
35. Eiserich JP, Hristova M, Cross CE, Jones AD, Freeman BA, Halliwell B et al. Formation of nitric oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature 1998; 391:393-7.
36. Johnson RJ, Couser WG, Chi EY, Adler S, Klebanoff SJ. New mechanism for glomerular injury. Myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. J Clin Invest 1987; 79:1379-87.
37. Schreiber A, Busjahn A, Luft FC, Kettritz R. Membrane expression of proteinase 3 is genetically determined. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:68-75.
38. Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Bessou G, Lesavre P, Lopez S, Witko-Sarsat V. Bimodal distribution of proteinase 3 (PR3) surface expression reflects a constitutive heterogeneity in the polymorphonuclear neutrophil pool. FEBS Lett 1995; 374:29-33.
39. Witko-Sarsat V, Lesavre P, Lopez S, Bessou G, Hieblot C, Prum B et al. A large subset of neutrophils expressing membrane proteinase 3 is a risk factor for vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:1224-33.
40. Rarok AA, Stegeman CA, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG. Neutrophil membrane expression of proteinase 3 (PR3) is related to relapse in PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2232-8.
41. Muller Kobold AC, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW. Leucocyte membrane expression of proteinase 3 correlates with disease activity in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37:901-7.
42. Schreiber A, Luft FC, Kettritz R. Membrane proteinase 3 expression and ANCA-induced neutrophil activation. Kidney Int 2004; 65:2172-83.
43. Yang JJ, Pendergraft WF, Alcorta DA, Nachman PH, Hogan SL, Thomas RP et al. Circumvention of normal constraints on granule protein gene expression in peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:2103-14.
44. Ohlsson S, Wieslander J, Segelmark M. Increased circulating levels of proteinase 3 in patients with anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies- associated systemic vasculitis in remission. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:528-35.
45. Esnault VL, Testa A, Audrain M, Roge C, Hamidou M, Barrier JH et al. Alpha 1-antitrypsin genetic polymorphism in ANCA-positive systemic vasculitis. Kidney Int 1993; 43:1329-32.
46. Audrain MA, Sesboue R, Baranger TA, Elliott J, Testa A, Martin JP et al. Analysis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA): frequency and specificity in a sample of 191 homozygous (PiZZ) alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient subjects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:39-44.
47. Gencik M, Meller S, Borgmann S, Fricke H. Proteinase 3 gene polymorphisms and Wegener's granulomatosis. Kidney Int 2000; 58:2473-7.
48. Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:4115-19.
49. Porges AJ, Redecha PB, Kimberly WT, Csernok E, Gross WL, Kimberly RP. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies engage and activate human neutrophils via Fc gamma RIIa. J Immunol 1994; 153:1271-80.
50. Ben-Smith A, Dove SK, Martin A, Wakelam MJ, Savage CO. Antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies from patients with systemic vasculitis activate neutrophils through distinct signaling cascades: comparison with conventional Fcgamma receptor ligation. Blood 2001; 98:1448-55.
51. Reumaux D, Vossebeld PJ, Roos D, Verhoeven AJ. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-induced integrin activation on Fc gamma receptor II-mediated signal transduction: relevance for activation of neutrophils by anti-proteinase 3 or anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. Blood 1995; 86:3189-95.
52. Williams JM, Ben-Smith A, Hewins P, Dove SK, Hughes P, McEwan R et al. Activation of the G(i) heterotrimeric G protein by ANCA IgG F(ab′)2 fragments is necessary but not sufficient to stimulate the recruitment of those downstream mediators used by intact ANCA IgG. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14:661-9.
53. Harper L, Radford D, Plant T, Drayson M, Adu D, Savage CO. IgG from myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive patients stimulates greater activation of primed neutrophils than IgG from proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytosplasmic antibody-positive patients. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:921-30.
54. Grimminger F, Hattar K, Papavassilis C, Temmesfeld B, Csernok E, Gross WL et al. Neutrophil activation by anti-proteinase 3 antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis: role of exogenous arachidonic acid and leukotriene B4 generation. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1567-72.
55. Kannan S. Neutrophil chemotaxis: potential role of chemokine receptors in extracellular nucleotide induced Mac-1 expression. Med Hypotheses 2003; 61:577-9.
56. Harper L, Cockwell P, Adu D, Savage CO. Neutrophil priming and apoptosis in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 2001; 59:1729-38.
57. Moosig F, Csernok E, Kumanovics G, Gross WL. Opsonization of apoptotic neutrophils by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) leads to enhanced uptake by macrophages and increased release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 122:499-503.
58. Esnault VL, Mathieson PW, Thiru S, Oliveira DB, Martin-Lockwood C. Autoantibodies to myeloperoxidase in brown Norway rats treated with mercuric chloride. Lab Invest 1992; 67:114-20.
59. Kinjoh K, Kyogoku M, Good RA. Genetic selection for crescent formation yields mouse strain with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and small vessel vasculitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:3413-17.
60. Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Tervaert JW, Weening JJ, Kallenberg CG. Animal models of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 1998; 53:253-63.
61. Pendergraft WF, 3rd, Preston GA, Shah RR, Tropsha A, Carter CW, Jr., Jennette JC et al. Autoimmunity is triggered by cPR-3(105-201), a protein complementary to human autoantigen proteinase-3. Nat Med 2004; 10:72-9.
62. Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, Liu Z, Zhao M, Aratani Y et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:955-63.
63. Radford DJ, Savage CO, Nash GB. Treatment of rolling neutrophils with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies causes conversion to firm integrin-mediated adhesion. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:1337-45.
64. Radford DJ, Luu NT, Hewins P, Nash GB, Savage CO. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies stabilize adhesion and promote migration of flowing neutrophils on endothelial cells. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2851-61.
65. de Bandt M, Ollivier V, Meyer O, Babin-Chevaye C, Khechai F, de Prost D et al. Induction of interleukin-1 and subsequent tissue factor expression by anti-proteinase 3 antibodies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:2030-8.
66. Muller Kobold AC, van Wijk RT, Franssen CF, Molema G, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW. In vitro up-regulation of E-selectin and induction of interleukin-6 in endothelial cells by autoantibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999; 17:433-40.
67. Mayet W, Schwarting A, Barreiros AP, Schlaak J, Neurath M. Anti-PR-3 antibodies induce endothelial IL-8 release. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:973-9.
68. Mayet WJ, Csernok E, Szymkowiak C, Gross WL, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Human endothelial cells express proteinase 3, the target antigen of anticytoplasmic antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis. Blood 1993; 82:1221-9.
69. Mayet WJ, Schwarting A, Orth T, Duchmann R, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Antibodies to proteinase 3 mediate expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 103:259-67.
70. De Bandt M, Meyer O, Hakim J, Pasquier C. Antibodies to proteinase-3 mediate expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD 54). Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36:839-46.
71. Filer AD, Gardner-Medwin JM, Thambyrajah J, Raza K, Carruthers DM, Stevens RJ et al. Diffuse endothelial dysfunction is common to ANCA associated systemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62:162-7.
72. Boehme MW, Schmitt WH, Youinou P, Stremmel WR, Gross WL. Clinical relevance of elevated serum thrombomodulin and soluble E-selectin in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and other systemic vasculitides. Am J Med 1996; 101:387-94.
73. Boehme MW, Galle P, Stremmel W. Kinetics of thrombomodulin release and endothelial cell injury by neutrophil-derived proteases and oxygen radicals. Immunology 2002; 107:340-9.
74. Woywodt A, Streiber F, de Groot K, Regelsberger H, Haller H, Haubitz M. Circulating endothelial cells as markers for ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Lancet 2003; 361:206-10.
75. Taekema-Roelvink ME, Van Kooten C, Heemskerk E, Schroeijers W, Daha MR. Proteinase 3 interacts with a 111-kD membrane molecule of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:640-8.
76. Ballieux BE, Hiemstra PS, Klar-Mohamad N, Hagen EC, van Es LA, van der Woude FJ et al. Detachment and cytolysis of human endothelial cells by proteinase 3. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:3211-15.
77. Yang JJ, Kettritz R, Falk RJ, Jennette JC, Gaido ML. Apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by the neutrophil serine proteases proteinase 3 and elastase. Am J Pathol 1996; 149:1617-26.
78. Yang JJ, Preston GA, Pendergraft WF, Segelmark M, Heeringa P, Hogan SL et al. Internalization of proteinase 3 is concomitant with endothelial cell apoptosis and internalization of myeloperoxidase with generation of intracellular oxidants. Am J Pathol 2001; 158:581-92.
79. Preston GA, Zarella CS, Pendergraft WF, 3rd, Rudolph EH, Yang JJ, Sekura SB et al. Novel effects of neutrophil-derived proteinase 3 and elastase on the vascular endothelium involve in vivo cleavage of NF-kappaB and proapoptotic changes in JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2840-9.
80. Taekema-Roelvink ME, Kooten C, Kooij SV, Heemskerk E, Daha MR. Proteinase 3 enhances endothelial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production and induces increased adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells by upregulating intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:932-40.
81. Tam FW, Sanders JS, George A, Hammad T, Miller C, Dougan T et al. Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a marker of active renal vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:2761-8.
82. Haubitz M, Gerlach M, Kruse HJ, Brunkhorst R. Endothelial tissue factor stimulation by proteinase 3 and elastase. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:584-8.
83. Carvalho D, Savage CO, Isenberg D, Pearson JD. IgG anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or systemic vasculitis stimulate the release of two endothelial cell-derived mediators, which enhance adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte adhesion in an autocrine manner. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:631-40.
84. Chanseaud Y, Pena-Lefebvre PG, Guilpain P, Mahr A, Tamby MC, Uzan M et al. IgM and IgG autoantibodies from microscopic polyangiitis patients but not those with other small- and medium-sized vessel vasculitides recognize multiple endothelial cell antigens. Clin Immunol 2003; 109:165-78.
85. Chanseaud Y, Tamby M, Guilpain P, Kambouchner M, Guillevin L, Boissier MC et al. Analysis of autoantibody repertoires in small and medium sized vessels vasculitis : evidence for disease specific perturbations in classic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), Micropolyangiitis (MPA), Churg Strauss Syndrome (SCS), and Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG). J Autoimmunity 2005:(sous presse).
86. De Bandt M, Meyer O, Dacosta L, Elbim C, Pasquier C. Anti-proteinase-3 (PR3) antibodies (C-ANCA) recognize various targets on the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) membrane. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115:362-8.
87. Zhou Z, Dionne A, Richard C, Menard HA. On the origin of surface proteinase 3 of nonmyeloid cells: evidence favoring an exogenous source. Clin Immunol 2000; 97:171-81.
88. King WJ, Adu D, Daha MR, Brooks O, Radford DJ, Pall AA et al. Endothelial cells and renal epithelial cells do not express the Wegener's autoantigen, proteinase 3. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:98-105.
89. Pendergraft WF, Alcorta DA, Segelmark M, Yang JJ, Turtle R, Jennette JC et al. ANCA antigens, proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase, are not expressed in endothelial cells. Kidney Int 2000; 57:1981-90.
90. Mayet WJ, Schwarting A, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Cytotoxic effects of antibodies to proteinase 3 (C-ANCA) on human endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97:458-65.
91. Taekema-Roelvink ME, van Kooten C, Janssens MC, Heemskerk E, Daha MR. Effect of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies on proteinase 3-induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:37-43.
92. Weidner S, Carl M, Riess R, Rupprecht HD. Histologic analysis of renal leukocyte infiltration in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: importance of monocyte and neutrophil infiltration in tissue damage. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:3651-7.
93. Ralston DR, Marsh CB, Lowe MP, Wewers MD. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies induce monocyte IL-8 release. Role of surface proteinase-3, alpha1-antitrypsin, and Fcgamma receptors. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1416-24.
94. Casselman BL, Kilgore KS, Miller BF, Warren JS. Antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion from human monocytes. J. Lab Clin Med 1995; 126:495-502.
95. Nowack R, Schwalbe K, Flores-Suarez LF, Yard B, van der Woude FJ. Upregulation of CD14 and CD18 on monocytes in vitro by antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:1639-46.
96. Wikman A, Fagergren A, Forslid J, Jacobson SH, Johansson SG, Lundahl J. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies induce decreased CD62L expression and enhanced metabolic activity in monocytes. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:179-84.
97. Weidner S, Neupert W, Goppelt-Struebe M, Rupprecht HD. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies induce human monocytes to produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:1698-706.
98. Hattar K, Bickenbach A, Csernok E, Rosseau S, Grandel U, Seeger W et al. Wegener's granulomatosis: antiproteinase 3 antibodies induce monocyte cytokine and prostanoid release-role of autocrine cell activation. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71:996-1004.
99. Lamprecht P, Kumanovics G, Mueller A, Csernok E, Komocsi A, Trabandt A et al. Elevated monocytic IL-12 and TNF-alpha production in Wegener's granulomatosis is normalized by cyclophosphamide and corticosteroid therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:181-6.
100. Brouwer E, Stegeman CA, Huitema MG, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG. T cell reactivity to proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98:448-53.
101. Griffith ME, Coulthart A, Pusey CD. T cell responses to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) in patients with systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 103:253-8.
102. King WJ, Brooks CJ, Holder R, Hughes P, Adu D, Savage CO. T lymphocyte responses to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) antigens are present in patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis and persist during disease remission. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112:539-46.
103. Csernok E, Trabandt A, Muller A, Wang GC, Moosig F, Paulsen J et al. Cytokine profiles in Wegener's granulomatosis: predominance of type 1 (TM) in the granulomatous inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:742-50.
104. Ludviksson BR, Sneller MC, Chua KS, Talar-Williams C, Langford CA, Ehrhardt RO et al. Active Wegener's granulomatosis is associated with HLA-DR+ CD4+ T cells exhibiting an unbalanced Th1-type T cell cytokine pattern: reversal with IL-10. J Immunol 1998; 160:3602-9.
105. Balding CE, Howie AJ, Drake-Lee AB, Savage CO. Th2 dominance in nasal mucosa in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2001, 125:332-9.
106. Popa ER, Franssen CF, Limburg PC, Huitema MG, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW. In vitro cytokine production and proliferation of T cells from patients with anti-proteinase 3- and antimyeloperoxidase-associated vasculitis, in response to proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:1894-904.
107. Kiene M, Csernok E, Muller A, Metzler C, Trabandt A, Gross WL. Elevated interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 production by T cell lines from patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:469-73.
108. Giscombe R, Nityanand S, Lewin N, Grunewald J, Lefvert AK. Expanded T cell populations in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: characteristics and correlates with disease activity. J Clin Immunol 1998; 18:404-13.
109. Lamprecht P, Moosig F, Csernok E, Seitzer U, Schnabel A, Mueller A et al. CD28 negative T cells are enriched in granulomatous lesions of the respiratory tract in Wegener's granulomatosis. Thorax 2001; 56:751-7.
110. Komocsi A, Lamprecht P, Csernok E, Mueller A, Holl-Ulrich K, Seitzer U et al. Peripheral blood and granuloma CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells are a major source of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:1717-24.
111. Steiner K, Moosig F, Csernok E, Selleng K, Gross WL, Fleischer B et al. Increased expression of CTLA-4 (CD152) by T and B lymphocytes in Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:143-50.
112. Huang D, Giscombe R, Zhou Y, Lefvert AK. Polymorphisms in CTLA-4 but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin 1beta genes are associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:397-401.
113. Schonermarck U, Csernok E, Trabandt A, Hansen H, Gross WL. Circulating cytokines and soluble CD23, CD26 and CD30 in ANCA-associated vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000; 18:457-63.
114. Tsukadaira A, Okubo Y, Kitano K, Horie S, Momose T, Takashi S et al. Eosinophil active cytokines and surface analysis of eosinophils in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Allergy Asthma Proc 1999; 20:39-44.
115. Schmitt WH, Csernok E, Kobayashi S, Klinkenborg A, Reinhold-Keller E, Gross WL. Churg-Strauss syndrome: serum markers of lymphocyte activation and endothelial damage. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:445-52.
116. Cottin V, Tardy F, Gindre D, Vernet G, Deviller P, Cordier JF. Urinary eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96:261-4.
117. Manger BJ, Krapf FE, Gramatzki M, Nusslein HG, Burmester GR, Krauledat PB et al. IgE-containing circulating immune complexes in Churg-Strauss vasculitis. Scand J Immunol 1985; 21:369-73.
118. Tai PC, Holt ME, Denny P, Gibbs AR, Williams BD, Spry U. Deposition of eosinophil cationic protein in granulomas in allergic granulomatosis and vasculitis: the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289:400-2.
119. Peen E, Hahn P, Lauwers G, Williams RC, Jr., Gleich G, Kephart GM. Churg-Strauss syndrome: localization of eosinophil major basic protein in damaged tissues. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:1897-900.
120. Schnabel A, Csernok E, Braun J, Gross WL. Inflammatory cells and cellular activation in the lower respiratory tract in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Thorax 1999; 54:771-8.