Stopping of ions heavier than helium

Journal of the ICRU

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2005, Pages

  Bimbot, R ^a   Geissel, H ^b   Paul, H ^c   Schinner, A ^c   Sigmund, P ^d   Wambersie, André ^e   DeLuca Jr , Paul M ^e   Seltzer, Stephen M ^e  

^a 91405 Orsay Campus   (France)

^b GSI HELMHOLTZZENTRUM FÜR SCHWERIONENFORSCHUNG GMBH   (Germany)

^c JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITY LINZ   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^e NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; ALUMINUM OXIDE; ARGON; BERYLLIUM; CARBON; COPPER; GERMANIUM; GOLD; HELIUM; HYDROGEN; ION; KRYPTON; LEAD; MOLYBDENUM; NEON; NICKEL; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; PLATINUM; SILICON; SILVER; TIN; TUNGSTEN; URANIUM; XENON;

ELASTICITY; ELECTRICITY; ELECTRON; ENERGY TRANSFER; NUCLEAR ENERGY; OSCILLATION; PARTICLE RADIATION; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; PREDICTION; RADIATION SCATTERING; REVIEW;

EID: 24044437469     PISSN: 14736691     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jicru/ndi001     Document Type: Review

References (524)

1. Abdesselam, M., Stoquert, J., Guillaume, G., Hageali, M., Grob, J. and Siffert, P. (1991) 'Stopping power of C and Al ions in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 61, 385-393.
2. Abdesselam, M., Stoquert, J., Guillaume, G., Hageali, M., Grob, J. and Siffert, P. (1992) 'Stopping power of O-16, Ti-48 and Ag-108 ions in C and Al between 0.5 and 3. MeV/u.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 72, 293-301.
3. Agostinelli, S., Allison, J., Amako, K., Apostolakis, J., Araujo, H., Arce, P., Asai, M., Axen, D., Banerjee, S., Barrand, G., Behner, F., Bellagamba, L., Boudreau, J., Broglia, L., Brunengo, A., Burkhardt, H., Chauvie, S., Chuma, J., Chytracek, R., Cooperman, G., Cosmo, G., Degtyarenko, P., Dell'Acqua, A., Depaola, G., Dietrich, D., Enami, R., Feliciello, A., Ferguson, C., Fesefeldt, H., Folger, G., Foppiano, F., Forti, A., Garelli, S., Giani, S., Giannitrapani, R., Gibin, D., Cadenas, J. J. G., Gonzalez, I., Abril, G. G., Greeniaus, G., Greiner, W., Grichine, V., Grossheim, A., Guatelli, S., Gumplinger, P., Hamatsu, R., Hashimoto, K., Hasui, H., Heikkinen, A., Howard, A., Ivanchenko, V., Johnson, A., Jones, F. W., Kallenbach, J., Kanaya, N., Kawabata, M., Kawabata, Y., Kawaguti, M., Kelner, S., Kent, P., Kimura, A., Kodama, T., Kokoulin, R., Kossov, M., Kurashige, H., Lamanna, E., Lampen, T., Lara, V., Lefebure, V., Lei, F., Liendl, M., Lockman, W., Longo, F., Magni, S., Maire, M., Medernach, E., Minamimoto, K., de Freitas, P. M., Morita, Y., Murakami, K., Nagamatu, M., Nartallo, R., Nieminen, P., Nishimura, T., Ohtsubo, K., Okamura, M., O'Neale, S., Oohata, Y., Paech, K., Perl, J., Pfeiffer, A., Pia, M. G., Ranjard, F., Rybin, A., Sadilov, S., Di Salvo, E., Santin, G., Sasaki, T., Savvas, N., Sawada, Y., Scherer, S., Seil, S., Sirotenko, V., Smith, D., Starkov, N., Stoecker, H., Sulkimo, J., Takahata, M., Tanaka, S., Tcherniaev, E., Tehrani, E. S., Tropeano, M., Truscott, P., Uno, H., Urban, L., Urban, P., Verderi, M., Walkden, A., Wander, W., Weber, H., Wellisch, J. P., Wenaus, T., Williams, D. C., Wright, D., Yamada, T., Yoshida, H. and Zschiesche, D. (2003) 'GEANT4 - a simulation toolkit.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 506, 250-303.
4. 7 stopping-power formula for fast heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. A 17, 1236-1239.
5. Ahlen, S. P. (1980) 'Theoretical and experimental aspects of the energy loss of relativistic heavily ionizing particles.' Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 121-173.
6. Ahlen, S. P. and Tarlé, G. (1983) 'Observation of large deviations from the Bethe-Bloch formula for relativistic uranium ions.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1110-1113.
7. Al-Bedri, M. B. and Harris, S. J. (1975) 'Energy straggling of fission fragments in gases and solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 124, 125-130.
8. Alanko, T., Hyvonen, J., Kyllonen, V., Laitinen, P., Matilainen, A., Räisänen, J. and Virtanen, A. (2001) 'Polycarbonate, Mylar and Havar stopping powers for 1.0-3.25 MeV/nucleon Ar-40-ions.' J. Phys. Condens. Matter 13, 10777-10784.
9. Alanko, T., Trzaska, W. H., Lyapin, V., Räisänen, J., Tiourine, G. and Virtanen, A. (2002) 'Simultaneous wide-range stopping power determination for several ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 190, 60-63.
10. Ali, S. P. and Gallaher, D. F. (1974) 'Electronic stopping power of channelled ions in a model incorporating Pauli principle.' J. Phys. C 7, 2434-2446.
11. Allison, S. K. (1958) 'Experimental results on charge-changing collisions of hydrogen and helium atoms and ions at kinetic energies above 0.2 keV.' Rev. Mod. Phys. 30, 1137-1168.
12. Allison, S. K., Cuevas, J. and Garcia-Munos, M. (1962) 'Partial atomic stopping power of gaseous hydrogen for hydrogen beams.' Phys. Rev. 127, 792-798.
13. Amsel, G., Battistig, G. and L'Hoir, A. (2003) 'Small angle multiple scattering of fast ions, physics, stochastic theory and numerical calculations.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 201, 325-388. Available on www.mfm.kfki.hu/ms.
14. Andersen, H. H. (1991) Accelerators and stopping power experiments. In: Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces, vol. B 271 of NATO ASI Series. Gras-Marti, A., Urbassek, H. M., Arista, N. R. and Flores, F., Eds. (New York: Plenum) p. 145.
15. Andersen, H. H. and Bøttiger, J. (1971) 'Multiple scattering of heavy ions of keV energies transmitted through thin carbon films.' Phys. Rev. B 4, 2105-2111.
16. Andersen, H. H. and Sigmund, P., Eds. (2002) 'Stopping of heavy ions - STOP 01.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195.
17. Andersen, H. H. and Ziegler, J. F. (1977) Hydrogen stopping powers and ranges in all elements. In: The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter, vol. 2, Ziegler, J. F., Ed. (New York: Pergamon) pp. 1-207.
18. Andersen, H. H., Garfinkel, A. F., Hanke, C. C. and Sørensen, H. (1966) 'Stopping power of aluminium for 5-12 MeV protons and deuterons.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 34, 1-24.
19. Andersen, H. H., Simonsen, H. and Sørensen, H. (1969) 'An experimental investigation of charge-dependent deviations from the Bethe stopping power formula.' Nucl. Phys. A 125, 171-175.
20. Andersen, H. H., Bøttiger, J. and Knudsen, H. (1972) 'Multiple scattering of heavy ions of keV energies transmitted through thin, polycrystalline gold foils.' Radiat. Eff. 13, 203-207.
21. Andersen, H. H., Bøttiger, J., Knudsen, H., Petersen, P. M. and Wohlenberg, T. (1974) 'Multiple scattering of heavy ions of keV energies transmitted through thin films.' Phys. Rev. A 10, 1568-1577.
22. 2, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 149, 121-127.
23. Andersen, H. H., Besenbacher, F. and Goddiksen, P. (1980) 'Stopping power and straggling of 80-500 keV Lithium ions in C, Al, Ni, Cu, Se, Ag, and Te.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 168, 75-80.
24. 3 contribution to the stopping power using MeV protons and antiprotons - the Barkas effect.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1731-1734.
25. Angulo, C., Delbar, T., Graulich, J.-S. and Leleux, P. (2000) 'Stopping powers of ions at 1 MeV per nucleon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 170, 21-27.
26. 100Mo) at intermediate energies (20-90 MeV/u).' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 34, 295-308.
27. Anthony, J. M. (1983) 'Heavy ion energy straggling.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 218, 803-809.
28. Anthony, J. M. and Lanford, W. A. (1982) 'Stopping power and effective charge of heavy ions in solids.' Phys. Rev. A 25, 1868-1879.
29. Antolak, A., Handy, B., Morse, D. and Pontau, A. (1991) 'Energy loss and straggling measurements of ions in solid absorbers.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 59, 13-17.
30. Araujo, L. L., Grande, P. L., Behar, M. and dos Santos, J. H. R. (2002) 'Random stopping power and energy straggling of O-16 ions into amorphous Si target.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 190, 79-83.
31. Arbó, D. G., Gravielle, M. S. and Miraglia, J. E. (2000) 'Second-order Born collisional stopping of ions in a free-electron gas.' Phys. Rev. A 62, 032901-1-7.
32. Arista, N. R. (2002) 'Energy loss of heavy ions in solids: non-linear calculations for slow and swift ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 91-105.
33. Arista, N. R. and Lifschitz, A. F. (1999) 'Nonlinear calculation of stopping powers for protons and antiprotons in solids: the Barkas effect.' Phys. Rev. A 59, 2719-2722.
34. Arista, N. R. and Lifschitz, A. F. (2002) 'Non-linear calculation of antiproton stopping powers at finite velocities using the extended Friedel sum rule.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193, 8-14.
35. Arnau, A. and Echenique, P. M. (1989) 'Stopping power of an electron gas for partially stripped ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 42, 165-170.
36. Arnau, A., Echenique, P. M. and Ritchie, R. H. (1988) 'Stopping power of slow ions in metals and insulators.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 33, 138-141.
37. Arnold, R. C. and Meyer-Ter-Vehn, J. (1987) 'Inertial confinement fusion driven by heavy-ion beams.' Repts. Prog. Phys. 50, 559-606.
38. Arstila, K. (2000) 'An experimental method for precise determination of electronic stopping powers for heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 168, 473-483.
39. Arstila, K., Keinonen, J. and Tikkanen, P. (1995) 'Stopping power for low-velocity heavy ions: (0.01-0.9) MeV/nucleon Si ions in 18 (Z = 13-79) metals.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 101, 321-326.
40. 3 effect in the stopping power of matter for charged particles.' Phys. Rev. B 5, 2393-2397.
41. Ashley, J. C., Ritchie, R. H., Echenique, P. M. and Nieminen, R. M. (1986) 'Nonlinear calculations of the energy loss of slow ions in an electron gas.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 15, 11-13.
42. Azevedo, G. M., Grande, P. L. and Schiwietz, G. (2000) 'Impact-parameter dependent energy loss of screened ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 164-165, 203-211.
43. Azevedo, G. M., Grande, P. L., Behar, M., Dias, J. F. and Schiwietz, G. (2001) 'Giant Barkas effect observed for light ion channeling in Si.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1482-1485.
44. Baklitsky, B. E., Parilis, E. S. and Ferleger, V. K. (1973) 'Dependence of inelastic energy loss on the atomic number of the ions.' Radiat. Eff. 19, 155-160.
45. Balashov, V. V., Bibikov, A. V. and Bodrenko, I. V. (1997) 'Effect of charge exchange on the energy distribution of fast multiply charged ions propagating through matter.' Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 2226-2236
46. [English translation: JETP 84, 1215-1220 (1997)].
47. --mass anomaly.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 26-28.
48. Baudin, K., Brunelle, A., Chabot, M., Della-Negra, S., Depauw, J., Gardès, D., kansson, P. H., LeBeyec, Y., Billebaud, A., Fallavier, M., Remillieux, J., Poizat, J. C. and Thomas, J. P. (1994) 'Energy loss by MeV carbon clusters and fullerene ions in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 94, 341-344.
49. Bauer, P. (1987) 'How to measure absolute stopping cross sections by backscattering and by transmission methods. Part I. Backscattering.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 27, 301-314.
50. Bauer, P., Kastner, F., Arnau, A., Salin, A., Fainstein, P. D., Ponce, V. H. and Echenique, P. M. (1992) 'Phase effect in the energy loss of H projectiles in Zn targets - experimental evidence and theoretical explanation.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1137-1139.
51. Bearden, J. A. and Burr, A. F. (1967) 'Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels.' Rev. Mod. Phys. 39, 125-142.
52. Ben-Hamu, D., Baer, A., Feldman, H., Levin, J., Heber, O., Amitay, Z., Vager, Z. and Zajfman, D. (1997) 'Energy loss of fast clusters through matter.' Phys. Rev. A 56, 4786-4794.
53. Bentini, G., Bianconi, M., Nipoti, R., Malaguti, F. and Verondini, E. (1991) 'Random and channeling stopping power of nitrogen in silicon in the 700-1500 keV range.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 53, 1-6.
54. Bentini, G., Bianconi, M. and Nipoti, R. (1993) 'Energy loss and equilibrium charge distribution of nitrogen ions transmitted through thin silicon crystals.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 80-81, 33-36.
55. Benton, E. V. and Henke, R. P. (1969) 'Heavy particle range-energy relations for dielectric nuclear track detectors.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 67, 87-92.
56. Berger, M. J. and Paul, H. (1995) Stopping Powers, Ranges, and Straggling; Atomic and Molecular Data for Radiotherapy and Radiation Research. IAEA-TECDOC-799, Chap. 7 (Vienna: IAEA), pp. 415-545.
57. Bergsmann, M., Hörlsberger, P., Kastner, F. and Bauer, P. (1998) 'Electronic stopping power of protons and He ions in a dilute electron gas of a metal.' Phys. Rev. B 58, 5139-5144.
58. Bergsmann, M., Raab, W., Schrenk, G., Kastner, F., No, R. D. M., Arnau, A., Salin, A., Bauer, P. and Echenique, P. M. (2000) 'Phase effect in stopping of H ions in Mg.' Phys. Rev. B 62, 3153-3159.
59. Berkowitz, J. (1979) Photoabsorption, Photoionization and Photoelectron Spectroscopy (New York: Academic Press).
60. Berkowitz, J. (2002) Atomic and Molecular Photoabsorption. Absolute Total Cross Sections (San Diego: Academic Press).
61. Bertulani, C. A. and Baur, G. (1988) 'Electromagnetic processes in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.' Phys. Rep. 163, 299-408.
62. Besenbacher, F., Heinemeier, J., Hvelplund, P. and Knudsen, H. (1978) 'Influence of spatial correlation between target atoms on the scattering of energetic ions: multiple scattering in molecular gases.' Phys. Rev. A 18, 2470-2481.
63. Besenbacher, F., Andersen, J. U. and Bonderup, E. (1980) 'Straggling in energy loss of energetic hydrogen and helium ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 168, 1-15.
64. Besenbacher, F., Bøttiger, J., Graversen, O. and Hansen, J. L. (1981) 'Stopping power of solid argon for helium ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 188, 657-667.
65. Bethe, H. (1930) 'Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie.' Ann. Physik 5, 324-400.
66. Bethe, H. (1932) 'Bremsformel für Elektronen relativistischer Geschwindigkeit.' Z. Phys. 76, 293-299.
67. Bethe, H. A. (1953) 'Moliere's theory of multiple scattering.' Phys. Rev. 89, 1256-1266.
68. Betz, H. D. (1972) 'Charge states and charge-changing cross sections of fast heavy ions penetrating through gaseous and solid media.' Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 465-539.
69. Betz, H. D. and Grodzins, L. (1970) 'Charge states and excitation of fast heavy ions passing through solids: a new model for the density effect.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 211-214.
70. Bhalla, C. P. and Bradford, J. N. (1968) Oscillating behavior of electron stopping power.' Phys. Lett. A 27, 318-319.
71. Bhalla, C. P., Bradford, J. N. and Reese, G. (1970) Critical examination of modified Firsov theory of inelastic energy loss in atomic collisions. In: Atomic Collisions in Solids, Palmer, D. W., Thompson, M. W. and Townsend, P. D., Eds. (Amsterdam: North Hollan) p. 361.
72. Bianchi, L., Fernandez, B., Gastebois, J., Gillibert, A., Mittig, W. and Barrette, J. (1989) 'SPEG - an energy-loss spectrometer for GANIL.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 276, 509-520.
73. Bichsel, H. (2002) 'Shell corrections in stopping powers.' Phys. Rev. A 65, 052709-1-11.
74. Bichsel, H., Hiraoka, T. and Omata, K. (2000) 'Aspects of fast-ion dosimetry.' Radiat. Res. 153, 208.
75. Bierman, D. J., Turkenburg, W. C. and Bhalla, C. P. (1972) 'Inelastic energy losses in small-angle scattering of energetic particles.' Physica 60, 357-374.
76. Bimbot, R. (1992) 'Compilation, measurements and tabulation of heavy ion stopping data.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 1-9.
77. Bimbot, R. (1999) Cyclotrons and their applications. In: From the Discovery of Radioactivity to the Production of Radioactive Beams, Baron, E. and Lieuvin, M., Eds. (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp. 5-12.
78. 84Kr in C, Al, Ni, Ag and Au.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 153, 161-169.
79. 238U in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 174, 231-236.
80. 40Ca ions at intermediate energies (20-80 MeV/u).' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 17, 1-10.
81. Bimbot, R., Cabot, C., Gardès, D., Gauvin, H., Hingmann, R., Orliange, I., De Reilhac, L. and Hubert, F. (1989a) 'Stopping power of gases for heavy ions: gas-solid effect I. 2-13 MeV/u Ne and Ar projectiles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 44, 1-18.
82. Bimbot, R., Cabot, C., Gardès, D., Gauvin, H., Orliange, I., DeReilhac, L., Subotic, K. and Hubert, F. (1989b) 'Stopping power of gases for heavy ions: gas-solid effect II. 2-6 MeV/u Cu, Kr and Ag projectiles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 44, 19-34.
83. Bimbot, R., Barbey, S., Benfoughal, T., Clapier, F., Mirea, M., Pauwels, N., Pierre, S., Rivet, M. F., Fares, G., Hachem, A., Anne, R., Georget, Y., Hue, R. and Tribouillard, C. (1996) 'Stopping powers of gases for very heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 107, 9-14.
84. Bimbot, R., Khoumri, A., Fahli, A., Barbey, S., Benfoughal, T., Mirea, M., Hachem, A., Fares, G., Anne, E., Delagrange, H., Tribouillard, C., Georget, Y. and Foy, J. C. (2000) 'Stopping powers of gases for 40 MeV/u tellurium ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 170, 329-335.
85. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S. (1989) Ion Beams for Material Analysis (New York: Academic Press).
86. Blazevic, A., Bohlen, H. G. and Oertzen, W. V. (2000) 'Charge-state changing processes for Ne ions passing through thin carbon foils.' Phys. Rev. A 61, 032901-1-6.
87. Blazevic, A., Bohlen, H. G. and von Oertzen, W. (2002) 'Stopping power of swift neon ions in dependence on the charge state in the non-equilibrium regime.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 190, 64-68.
88. Bloch, F. (1933a) 'Bremsvermögen von Atomen mit mehreren Elektronen.' Z. Phys. 81, 363-376.
89. Bloch, F. (1933b) 'Zur Bremsung rasch bewegter Teilchen beim Durchgang durch Materie.' Ann. Physik 16, 285-320.
90. Bohr, N. (1913) On the theory of the decrease of velocity of moving electrified particles on passing through matter.' Philos. Mag. 25, 10-31.
91. Bohr, N. (1915) On the decrease of velocity of swiftly moving electrified particles in passing through matter.' Philos. Mag. 30, 581-612.
92. Bohr, N. (1940) 'Scattering and stopping of fission fragments.' Phys. Rev. 58, 654-655.
93. Bohr, N. (1941) 'Velocity-range relation for fission fragments.' Phys. Rev. 59, 270-275.
94. Bohr, N. (1948) 'The penetration of atomic particles through matter.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 18(8), 1-144.
95. Bohr, N. and Lindhard, J. (1954) 'Electron capture and loss by heavy ions penetrating through matter.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 28(7), 1-31.
96. Bonderup, E. (1967) 'Stopping of swift protons evaluated from statistical atomic model.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 35(17), 1-20.
97. Bonderup, E. and Hvelplund, P. (1971) 'Stopping power and energy straggling for swift protons.' Phys. Rev. A 4, 562-589.
98. Booth, N. E., Cabrera, B. and Fiorini, E. (1996) 'Low-temperature particle detectors.' Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 46, 471-532.
99. Booth, W. and Grant, I. S. (1965) 'The energy loss of oxygen and chlorine ions in solids.' Nucl. Phys. 63, 481-495.
100. Bothe, W. (1921) 'Theorie der Zerstreuung der α-Strahlen über kleine Winkel.' Z. Phys. 4, 300.
101. Bøttiger, J. and Bason, F. (1969) 'Energy loss of heavy ions along low-index directions in gold single crystals.' Radiat. Eff. 2, 105.
102. Brandt, W. and Kitagawa, M. (1982) 'Effective stopping-power charges of swift ions in condensed matter.' Phys. Rev. B 25, 5631-5637.
103. Brandt, W., Ratkowski, A. and Ritchie, R. H. (1974) 'Energy loss of swift proton clusters in solids.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 1325-1328.
104. Brice, D. K. (1972) 'Three-parameter formula for the electronic stopping cross section at nonrelativistic velocities.' Phys. Rev. A 6, 1791-1805.
105. Bridwell, L. B., Cowern, N. E. B., Read, P. M. and Sofield, C. J. (1986) 'Measurement of polarization, Bloch and charge exchange contributions to the stopping power of C and O ions in carbon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 13, 123-126.
106. Brière, M. and Biersack, J. (1992) 'Energy loss straggling of MeV ions in thin solid films.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 64, 693-700.
107. Briggs, J. S. and Pathak, A. P. (1974) 'The stopping power of solids for low-velocity channelled heavy ions.' J. Phys. C 7, 1929-1936.
108. Broude, C., Engelstein, P., Popp, M. and Tandon, P. N. (1972) 'Dependence of the Doppler shift lifetime method on slowing environment.' Phys. Lett. B 39, 185-187.
109. Brunelle, A., Della-Negra, S., Depauw, J., Joret, H., LeBeyec, Y. and Wien, K. (1989) 'Equilibrium charge state of fast heavy ions in solids. Measurements of post-ionization effects.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 43, 484-489.
110. Brunelle, A., Della-Negra, S., Depauw, J., Jacquet, D., LeBeyec, Y. and Pautrat, M. (1997) MeV Cluster Interactions with Solids: Explosion, Charge States and Secondary Emission. Technical Report IPNO-DRE-97-35, Institut de Physique Nucleaire, Orsay.
111. Bryant, P. J. and Johnsen, K. (1993) The Principles of Circular Accelerators and Storage Rings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
112. Bulgakov, Y. V., Nikolaev, V. S. and Shulga, V. I. (1974) 'The experimental determination of the impact parameter dependence of inelastic energy loss of channeled ions.' Phys. Lett. A 46, 477-478.
113. Burenkov, A. F., Komarov, F. F. and Fedotov, S. A. (1992a) 'The ion charge fluctuation effect on impurity depth distributions for high-energy ion implantation - the backward transport equation-based simulation.' Phys. Stat. Sol. B 169, 33-49.
114. Burenkov, A. F., Komarov, F. F. and Fedotov, S. A. (1992b) 'The ion charge state fluctuation effect during high energy ion implantation: Monte-Carlo simulation.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 67, 35.
115. Burenkov, A. F., Komarov, F. F. and Fedotov, S. A. (1992c) 'The transport equation approach for the simulation of charge state fluctuation effects during ion implantation into solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 67, 30-34.
116. 14N ions in Si targets from optical reflectivity measurements on bevelled samples.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 15, 105-108.
117. Calera-Rubio, J., Gras-Marti, A. and Arista, N. R. (1994) 'Stopping power of low-velocity ions in solids - inhomogeneous electron-gas model.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 93, 137-141.
118. Chabot, M., Nectoux, M., Gardès, D., Maynard, G. and Deutsch, C. (1998) 'Charge state dependence of the stopping power for chlorine ions interacting with a cold gas and a plasma (1.5 MeV/u).' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 415, 571-575.
119. Cheshire, I. M. and Poate, J. M. (1970) Shell effects in low-energy atomic collisions. In: Atomic Collisions in Solids. Palmer, D. W., Thompson, M. W. and Townsend, P. D., Eds. (Amsterdam: North Holland) pp. 351-360.
120. 1-dependence of electronic stopping.' Phys. Lett. A 27, 304-305.
121. Chu, W. K. (1976) 'Calculation of energy straggling for protons and helium ions.' Phys. Rev. A 13, 2057-2060.
122. Chu, W. K. and Powers, D. (1972a) 'Calculations of mean excitation energy for all elements.' Phys. Lett. A 40, 23-24.
123. 2 dependence of stopping cross sections for low energy alpha particles.' Phys. Lett. A 38, 267-268.
124. Chu, W. K., Bourland, P. D., Wang, K. H. and Powers, D. (1968) 'Range and dE/dx of C, N, O, F, and Ne in Be and C from 500 keV to 2 MeV.' Phys. Rev. 175, 342-353.
125. Chukreev, F. E. (1992) Program 'POTAUS'. Available on www.nea.fr/html/dbprog.
126. Clementi, E. and Roetti, C. (1974) 'Roothaan-Hartree-Fock atomic wave functions.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14, 177.
127. Cowern, N. E. B., Sofield, C. J., Freeman, J. M. and Mason, J. P. (1979) 'Energy straggling of 3-36-MeV C ions in aluminum.' Phys. Rev. A 19, 111-115.
128. Cowern, N. E. B., Trehan, P. N., Sofield, C. J., Bridwell, L. B. and Ferguson, S. M. (1983a) 'Energy-straggling measurements with energetic C ions in Al and Ag.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 206, 595-598.
129. Cowern, N. E. B., Woods, C. J. and Sofield, C. J. (1983b) 'The gas-solid density effect for MeV/u ions: charge changing cross sections and the effective charge.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 216, 287-292.
130. Cowern, N. E. B., Read, P. M., Sofield, C. J., Bridwell, L. B., Huxtable, G. and Miller, M. (1984a) 'Charge state dependence of dE/dx for ions in very thin targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 2, 112-115.
131. 1 dependence, and pre-equilibrium behavior in the stopping power for energetic ions in solids.' Phys. Rev. A 30, 1682-1691.
132. Craseman, B., Karim, K. R. and Chen, M. H. (1987) 'Resource note: theoretical atomic-electron binding energies.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 36, 355-374.
133. Cruz, S. A., Vargas, C. and Brice, D. K. (1979) 'Critical analysis of the modified Firsov model. Sensitivity to the choice of atomic wavefunctions.' Radiat. Eff. Lett. 43, 79-84.
134. Cuevas, J., Garcia-Munos, M., Torres, P. and Allison, S. K. (1964) 'Partial atomic and ionic stopping powers of gaseous hydrogen for helium and hydrogen beams.' Phys. Rev. A 135, 335-345.
135. Datz, S., Krause, H. F., Vane, C. R., Knudsen, H., Grafström, P. and Schuch, R. H. (1996) 'Effect of nuclear size on the stopping power of ultrarelativistic heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2925-2928.
136. Datz, S., Martin, F. W., Moak, C. D., Appleton, B. R. and Bridwell, L. B. (1972) 'Charge-changing collisions of channeled oxygen ions in gold.' Radiat. Eff. 12, 163-169.
137. 1 effects and effects of screening by bound K electrons on the electronic stopping of channeled ions.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1145-1148.
138. Daw, M. S. and Baskes, M. I. (1984) 'Embedded-atom method - derivation and application to impurities, surfaces, and other defects in metals.' Phys. Rev. B 29, 6443-6453.
139. de Ferrariis, L. and Arista, N. R. (1984) 'Classical and quantum-mechanical treatments of the energy loss of charged particles in dilute plasmas.' Phys. Rev. A 29, 2145-2159.
140. Dedkov, G. V. (1995) 'The interatomic interaction potentials in radiation physics.' Phys. Stat. Sol. A 149, 453-514.
141. Dehmer, J. L., Inokuti, M. and Saxon, R. P. (1975) 'Systematics of dipole oscillator-strength distributions for atoms of the first and second row.' Phys. Rev. A 12, 102-121.
142. + emission at the exit surface.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 17-20.
143. Deutsch, C., Maynard, G. and Minoo, H. (1983) 'Ions stopping in dense and hot matter.' J. Phys. 44, (C8), 67-92.
144. Deutsch, C., Maynard, G., Bimbot, R., Gardes, D., Dellanegra, S., Dumail, M., Kubica, B., Richard, A., Rivet, M. F., Servajean, A., Fleurier, C., Sanba, A., Hoffmann, D. H. H., Weyrich, K. and Wahl, H. (1989) 'Ion beam-plasma interaction - a standard model approach.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 278, 38-43.
145. Diwan, P. K., Kumar, S., Singh, G. and Singh, L. (2001a) 'Energy loss of heavy ions in gases: a comparative study.' Radiat. Meas. 33, 193-202.
146. Diwan, P. K., Sharma, A. and Kumar, S. (2001b) 'Stopping power for heavy ions (3 < Z < 35) in solids at energies ∼0.5-2.5 MeV/n.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 174, 267-273.
147. Echenique, P. M., Nieminen, R. M. and Ritchie, R. H. (1981) 'Density functional calculation of stopping power of an electron gas for slow ions.' Solid State Commun. 37, 779-781.
148. Echenique, P. M., Nieminen, R. M., Ashley, J. C. and Ritchie, R. H. (1986) 'Nonlinear stopping power of an electron gas for slow ions.' Phys. Rev. A 33, 897-904.
149. Echenique, P. M., Arnau, A., Peñalba, M. and Nagy, I. (1991) 'Stopping power of low velocity ions in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 56-57, 345-347.
150. Eckardt, J. C., Lantschner, G. H., Jakas, M. M. and Ponce, V. H. (1984) 'The correlation between inelastic energy-loss and scattering angle in transmission experiments.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 230, 168-172.
151. Eckstein, W. (1991) Computer Simulation of Ion-Solid Interactions (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
152. Efken, B., Hahn, D., Hilscher, D. and Wüstefeld, G. (1975) 'Energy loss and energy loss straggling of N, Ne, and Ar ions in thin targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 129, 219-225.
153. Egelhof, P. (1999) 'High resolution calorimetric low-temperature detectors for application in atomic and nuclear physics.' Adv. Solid State Phys. 39, 61.
154. Eichler, J. (1985) 'Relativistic Eikonal theory of electron capture.' Phys. Rev. A 32, 112-121.
155. Eichler, J. and Meyerhof, W. E. (1995) Relativistic Atomic Collisions (San Diego: Academic Press).
156. Eisen, F. H. (1968) 'Channeling of medium-mass ions through silicon.' Can. J. Phys. 46, 561-572.
157. El-Hoshi, A. H. and Gibbons, J. F. (1968) 'Periodic dependence of the electronic stopping cross section for energetic heavy ions in solids.' Phys. Rev. 173, 454-460.
158. Eppacher, C., Muiño, R. D., Semrad, D. and Arnau, A. (1995) 'Stopping power of lithium for hydrogen projectiles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 96, 639-642.
159. Eriksson, L., Davies, J. A. and Jespersgaard, P. (1967) 'Range measurements in oriented tungsten single crystals (0.1-1.0 MeV). I. Electronic and nuclear stopping powers.' Phys. Rev. 161, 219-234.
160. Esbensen, H. (1976) Contributions to detailed perturbation theory for slowing-down of charged particles, Ph.D. thesis, Aarhus University.
161. Esbensen, H. and Sigmund, P. (1990) 'Barkas effect in a dense medium: stopping power and wake field.' Ann. Physics 201, 152-192.
162. Eyeberger, L. (1999) 'SWIMS, Sigmund and Winterbon multiple scattering of ion beams'. Available on www. nea.fr/abs/htmyests0682.html.
163. Falcone, G., Gras-Marti, A., Sigmund, P., Smend, F., Ahlert, J., Schumacher, M., Rullhusen, P. and Ziegeler, L. (1981) 'Stopping of slow recoil atoms in gases.' Z. Physik A 301, 101-107.
164. Fano, U. (1963) 'Penetration of protons, alpha particles, and mesons.' Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 13, 1-66.
165. +-Ar collisions at 50 keV.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 627-629.
166. 1 < 20.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 35(10), 1-28.
167. Fermi, E. and Amaldi, E. (1934) 'Le orbite degli elementi.' Mem. Accad. Italia 6, 119-149.
168. Fermi, E. and Teller, E. (1947) 'The capture of negative mesotrons in matter.' Phys. Rev. 72, 399-408.
169. Finnemann, J. (1968) En redegørelse for resultaterne af beregninger over spredning af elektroner med lav energi på afsksermede Coulombfelter, Master's thesis, Aarhus University.
170. Firsov, O. B. (1957) 'Interaction energy of atoms for small nuclear separations.' Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1464-1469
171. [English translation: Sov. Phys. JETP 5, 1192-1196 (1957)].
172. Firsov, O. B. (1959) 'A qualitative interpretation of the mean electron excitation energy in atomic cousions.' Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36, 1517-1523
173. [English translation: Sov. Phys. JETP 9, 1076-1080 (1959)].
174. Flamm, L. and Schumann, R. (1916) 'Die Geschwindigkeitsabnahme der α-Strahlen in Materie.' Ann. Physik 50, 655.
175. Fleurier, C., Mathias, J., Damax, B., Pellicer, J., Bonnet, A., Gardès, D. and Kubica, B. (1991) 'Fast valve for ion beam-plasma interaction.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 61, 236-238.
176. Folger, H., Ed. (1989) Heavy Ion Targets and Related Phenomena, vol. 282 of Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A (Nucl. Instrum. Methods B).
177. Folger, H. (1999) 'Aspects of the historical development of targetry for heavy ions of 0.05-2000 A-MeV at GSI.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 438, 131-151.
178. 35Cl at energies 0.2 to 3.5 MeV/nucleon in Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ag and Au.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 136, 349-359.
179. Franzke, B. (1987) 'The heavy-ion storage and cooler ring project ESR at GSI.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 24/25, 18-25.
180. 58Ni ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 107, 31-35.
181. Fuggle, J. C. and Mårtensson, N. (1980) 'Core-level binding energies in metals.' J. Elect. Spect. Rel. Phenomena 21, 275-281.
182. Gardès, D., Servajean, A., Kubica, B., Fleurier, C., Hong, D., Deutsch, C. and Maynard, G. (1992) 'Stopping of multicharged ions in dense and fully ionized hydrogen.' Phys. Rev. A 46, 5101-5111.
183. Gardès, D., Chabot, M., Nectoux, M., Maynard, G., Deutsch, C. and Roudskoi, I. (1998) 'Experimental study of stopping power for high Z ion in hydrogen.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 415, 698-702.
184. Gardès, D., Chabot, M., Nectoux, M., Maynard, G., Deutsch, C. and Belyaev, G. (2001) 'Experimental analysis of the stopping cross sections and of the charge changing processes for C1q+ projectiles at the maximum of the stopping power.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 464, 253-256.
185. 16O ions at intermediate energies (20-95 MeV/u).' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 28, 191-194.
186. 129,132Xe ions at intermediate energies (20-45 MeV/u) and the charge state distributions at equilibrium.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 47, 339-350.
187. Geissel, H. (1982) 'Untersuchungen zur Abbremsung von Schwerionen in Materie im Energiebereich von (0,5-10) MeV/U.' GSI-Report 82-12, 21-29.
188. Geissel, H. (1997) 'Relativistische exotische Kerne als Projektilstrahlen - Neue Perspektiven zum Studium der Kerneigenschaften.' GSI Report 97-03, 1, habilitation thesis.
189. Geissel, H. and Scheidenberger, C. (1998) 'Slowing down of relativistic heavy ions and new applications.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 136-138, 114-124.
190. Geissel, H., Güttner, K., Hofmann, S. and Münzenberg, G. (1977)
191. Geissel, H., Armbruster, P., Kitahara, T., Kraft, G., Spieler, H. and Güttner, K. (1980) 'Energy loss and energy straggling of heavy particles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 170, 217-219.
192. Geissel, H., Laichter, Y., Schneider, W. F. W. and Armbruster, P. (1982) 'Energy loss and energy loss straggling of fast heavy ions in matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 194, 21-29.
193. Geissel, H., Laichter, Y., Albrecht, R., Kitahara, T., Klabunde, J., Strehl, P. and Armbruster, P. (1983a) 'A time-of-flight method for stopping power measurements of bunched ion beams.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 206, 609-612.
194. Geissel, H., Laichter, Y., Schneider, W. F. W. and Armbruster, P. (1983b) 'Energy loss straggling of 1.4-10 MeV/u heavy ions in gases.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 215, 329-335.
195. 209Bi ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 12, 38-42.
196. Geissel, H., Lennard, W. N., Andrews, H. R., Ward, D. and Phillips, D. (1984) 'Problems of interpreting energy loss data for non-zero emergent angles.' Phys. Lett. A 106, 371-373.
197. Geissel, H., Armbruster, P., Behr, K. H., Brunle, A., Burkard, K., Chen, M., Folger, H., Franczak, B., Keller, H., Klepper, O., Langenbeck, B., Nickel, F., Pfeng, E., Pfützner, M., Roeckl, E., Rykaczewski, K., Schall, I., Schardt, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schmidt, K. H., Schröter, A., Schwab, T., Sümmerer, K., Weber, M. and Münzenberg, G. (1992a) 'The GSI projectile fragment Separator (FRS) - a versatile magnetic system for relativistic heavy-ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 70, 286-297.
198. Geissel, H., Beckert, K., Bosch, F., Eickhoff, H., Franczak, B., Franzke, B., Jung, M., Klepper, O., Moshammer, R., Münzenberg, G., Nickel, F., Nolden, F., Schaaf, U., Scheidenberger, C., Spätke, P., Steck, M., Sümmerer, K. and Magel, A. (1992b) 'First storage and colling of secondary heavy-ion beams at relativistic energies.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3412-3415.
199. Geissel, H., Münzenberg, G. and Riisager, K. (1995) 'Secondary exotic nuclear beams.' Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 45, 163-203.
200. Geissel, H., Weick, H., Scheidenberger, C., Bimbot, R. and Gardès, D. (2002) 'Experimental studies of heavy-ion slowing down in matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 3-54.
201. Gemmell, D. S. (1974) 'Channeling and related effects in motion of charged particles through crystals.' Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 129-227.
202. Glazov, L. and Sigmund, P. (1997) 'Energy-loss spectra of charged particles in the presence of charge exchange.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 125, 110-115.
203. 6Li spectra.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 170, 39-44.
204. Glazov, L. G. (2000) 'Energy-loss spectra of swift ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 161, 1-8.
205. Glazov, L. G. (2002a) 'Frozen-charge stopping of ions in the Bethe regime.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 118-132.
206. Glazov, L. G. (2002b) 'Multiple-peak structures in energy-loss spectra of swift ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193, 56-65.
207. Glazov, L. G. and Sigmund, P. (2003) 'Nuclear stopping in transmission measurements.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 207, 240-256.
208. Glazov, L. G., Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2002) 'Statistics of heavy-ion stopping.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 183-187.
209. Golovchenko, J. A., Goland, A. N., Rosner, J. S., Thorn, C. E., Wegner, H. E., Knudsen, H. and Moak, C. D. (1981) 'Charge state dependence of channeled ion energy loss.' Phys. Rev. B 23, 957-966.
210. Gombas, P. (1956) Statistische Behandlung des Atoms. In: Handbuch der Physik, vol. 36, Flügge, S., Ed. (Berlin: Springer) pp. 109-231.
211. Goppelt-Langer, P., Yamamoto, S., Aoki, Y., Takeshita, H. and Naramoto, H. (1996) 'Stopping-powers and straggling of N-15 ions for nuclear reaction analysis at 6.385 MeV.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 118, 7-10.
212. Goudsmit, S. and Saunderson, J. L. (1940) 'Multiple scattering of electrons.' Phys. Rev. 57, 24-29.
213. Grahmann, H. and Kalbitzer, S. (1976) 'Nuclear and electronic stopping powers of low energy ions with Z ≤ 10 in silicon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 132, 119.
214. Grande, P. L. and Schiwietz, G. (1991) 'Impact-parameter dependence of electronic energy loss and straggling of incident bare ions on H and He atoms by using the coupled-channel method.' Phys. Rev. A 44, 2984-2992.
215. Grande, P. L. and Schiwietz, G. (1998) 'Impact-parameter dependence of the electronic energy loss of fast ions.' Phys. Rev. A 58, 3796-3801.
216. Grande, P. L. and Schiwietz, G. (2000) 'CasP version 1.1.' Available on www.hmi.de/people/schiwietz/casp.html 451.
217. Grande, P. L. and Schiwietz, G. (2001) 'CasP version 1.2.' Available on www.hmi.de/people/schiwietz/casp.html 451.
218. Grande, P. L. and Schiwietz, G. (2002) 'The unitary convolution approximation for heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 55-63.
219. Grande, P. L., Araujo, L. L., DeAzevedo, G. M., Behar, M., Dias, J. F., DosSantos, J. H. R. and Schiwietz, G. (2002) 'Energy loss under channeling conditions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 172-177.
220. Gras-Marti, A. (1985) 'Increased energy losses in off-beam directions for MeV protons traversing thin films.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 9, 1-5.
221. Green, D. W., Cooper, J. N. and Harris, J. C. (1955) 'Stopping cross sections of metals for protons of energies from 400 to 1000 keV.' Phys. Rev. 98, 466-470.
222. Groeneveld, K. O., Meckbach, W. and Sellin, I. A., eds. (1984) Forward Electron Ejection in Ion Collisions, vol. 213 Lecture Notes in Physics (Berlin: Springer).
223. Habs, D., Kester, O., Rudolph, K., Thirolf, P., Hinderer, G., Nolte, E., Bollen, G., Raimbault-Hartmann, H., Ravn, H., Ames, F., Liljeby, L., Rensfelt, K. G., Schwalm, D., Hahn, R. V., Repnow, R., Schempp, A., Ratzinger, U., Duppen, P. V., Huyse, M. and Walter, G. (1996) 'The REX-ISOLDE project.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 126, 218-223.
224. 84Kr ions in Ni, Aland Ti.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 180, 581-588.
225. Hahn, Y. (1987) 'Resonant transfer and excitation, dielectronic recombination and related processes: a unified approach.' Comm. At. Mol. Phys. 19, 99.
226. Harikumar, V., Pathak, A. P., Sharma, S. K., Kumar, S., Nath, N., Kabiraj, D. and Avasthi, D. K. (1996) 'Energy loss of MeV heavy ions in carbon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 108, 223-226.
227. Harikumar, V., Pathak, A. P., Nath, N., Kumar, S., Sharma, S. K., Hui, S. K. and Avasthi, D. K. (1997) 'Stopping Power of Carbon for Si, Fe, Ni and Cu Ions Using the ERDA Technique.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 129, 143-146.
228. Henke, B. L., Gullikson, E. M. and Davies, J. C. (1993) 'X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E = 50-30,000 eV, Z = 1-92.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54, 181-342.
229. Herault, J., Bimbot, R., Gauvin, H., Kubica, B., Anne, R., Bastin, G. and Hubert, F. (1991) 'Stopping powers of gases for heavy ions (O, Ar, Kr, Xe) at intermediate energy (20-100 MeV/u). Vanishing of the gas-solid effect.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 61, 156-166.
230. Hill, K. W. and Merzbacher, E. (1974) 'Polarization in distant Coulomb collisions of charged particles with atoms.' Phys. Rev. A 9, 156-165.
231. Hiraoka, T. and Bichsel, H. (2000) 'Stopping power and range tables for carbon, nitrogen, neon, silicon and argon ions in various dosimetric materials.' Medical Standard Dose, Chiba, Japan 5 (Suppl. 1), 1.
232. 1-dependence of electronic energy straggling of light ions.' Radiat. Eff. 31, 57.
233. Hohenberg, P. and Kohn, W. (1964) 'Inhomogeneous electron gas.' Phys. Rev. 136, B864-B871.
234. Hooton, B. W., Freeman, J. M. and Kane, P. P. (1975) 'Small angle multiple scattering of 12-40 MeV heavy ions from thin foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 124, 29-39.
235. Hubert, F., Fleury, A., Bimbot, R. and Gardès, D. (1980) 'Range and stopping power tables for 2.5-100 MeV/nucleon heavy ions in solids.' Ann. Physique. 5 S, 3-213.
236. Hubert, F., Bimbot, R. and Gauvin, H. (1989) 'Semi-empirical formulae for heavy ion stopping powers in solids in the intermediate energy range.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 36, 357-363.
237. Hubert, F., Bimbot, R. and Gauvin, H. (1990) 'Range and stopping-power tables for 2.5-500 MeV nucleon heavy ions in solids.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 46, 1-213.
238. Hvelplund, P. (1968) Besvarelse af Aarhus Universitets prisopgave i fysik for aaret 1968 (Aarhus: Institute of Physics).
239. 1 ≤ 12 in various gases.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 38(4), 1-25.
240. 2.' Phys. Rev. A 11, 1921-1927.
241. 1 ≤ 39.' Phys. Rev. 165, 408-414.
242. 2.' Phys. Scr. 45, 231-237.
243. Ichihara, A., Shirai, T. and Eichler, J. (1993) 'Cross sections for electron capture in relativistic atomic collisions.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 55, 63-79.
244. ICRU. (1984) Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons. ICRU Report 37 (Bethesda, MD: ICRU).
245. ICRU. (1993) Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles. ICRU Report 49 (Bethesda, MD: ICRU).
246. Inokuti, M., Dehmer, J. L., Baer, T. and Hanson, J. D. (1981) Oscillator-strength moments, stopping powers, and total inelastic-scattering cross sections of all atoms through strontium.' Phys. Rev. A 23, 95-109.
247. Itoh, A., Tsuchida, H., Majima, T., Yogo, A. and Ogawa, A. (1999) 'Equilibrium charge distributions of lithium ions emerging from a carbon foil.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 159, 22-27.
248. IUPAP. (1987) Symbols, Units, Nomenclature and Fundamental Constants in Physics (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics).
249. Ivanchenko, V. N., Giani, S., Pia, M. G., Urban, L., Nieminen, P. and Mancinelly, G. CERN (1999) 'Geant4 simulation of energy losses of ions.' Technical Report. Available on www.ge.infn.it/geant4/papers/CERN-99-300.ps.
250. Jackson, D. P. (1980) 'Comparison of ion backscattering models.' J. Nucl. Mater. 93/94, 507-511.
251. 3 corrections to energy loss and range.' Phys. Rev. B 6, 4131-4141.
252. Jacobsen, K. W., Nørskov, J. K. and Puska, M. J. (1987) 'Interatomic interactions in the effective-medium theory.' Phys. Rev. B 35, 7423-7442.
253. Janni, J. F. (1982) 'Proton range-energy tables, 1 keV-10 GeV, part 2. elements.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 27, 341-529.
254. Jensen, J. and Sigmund, P. (2000) 'Electronic stopping of swift pastially stripped molecules and clusters.' Phys. Rev. A 61, 032903-1-14.
255. Jiang, W., Grötzschel, R., Pilz, W., Schmidt, B. and Möller, W. (1999) 'Random and channeling stopping powers and charge-state distributions in silicon for 0.2-1.2 MeV/u positive heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. B 59, 226-234.
256. Jokinen, J. (1997) 'Stopping powers of C, Al and Cu for use in ERDA analyses withprobing MeV energy Au-197 ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 124, 447-452.
257. Kabachnik, N. M. (1993) 'Screening and antiscreening in the semiclassical description of ionization in fast ion-atom collisions.' J. Phys. B 26, 3803-3814.
258. Kalbitzer, S., Oetzmann, H., Grahmann, H. and Feuerstein, A. (1976) 'Simple universal fit formula to experimental nuclear stopping power data.' Z. Phys. A.-Hadrons Nuclei 278, 223-224.
259. Kaneko, T. (1988) 'Energy loss and straggling accompanied by charge exchange.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 33, 151-154.
260. Kaneko, T. (1990) 'Energy loss and straggling of heavy ions in matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 48, 83-86.
261. Kaneko, T. (1999) 'Energy-loss of swift boron and carbon clusters in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 153, 15-20.
262. 16O in silicon.' Phys. Rev. B 8, 103-106.
263. Kessel'man, V. S. (1971a) 'Oscillatory dependence on the atomic number of the projectile atom for the stopping power due to inelastic collisions.' Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 42, 1161.
264. Kessel'man, V. S. (1971b) 'Stopping power of crystals for inelastic collisions with oscillatory dependence on ion charge.' Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 42, 1161
265. [English translation: Sov. Phys. Techn. Phys. 16, 1346 (1972)].
266. Kienlin, A. V., Azgui, F., Böhmer, W., Djotni, K., Egelhof, P., Henning, W., Kraus, G., Meier, J. and Shepard, K. W. (1996) 'High resolution detection of energetic heavy ions with a calorimetric low temperature detector.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 368, 815-818.
267. Kim, Y. K. and Cheng, K. T. (1980) 'Stopping power for partially stripped ions.' Phys. Rev. A 22, 61-67.
268. Kimura, K., Hasegawa, M. and Mannami, M. (1987) 'Energy loss of MeV light ions specularly reflected from a SnTe(001) surface.' Phys. Rev. B 36, 7-12.
269. Kishinevskii, L. M. (1962) 'Cross sections for inelastic atomic collisions.' Izv. Akad. NAUK SSSR 26, 1410
270. [English translation: Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Ser. 20, 1433-1438 (1963)].
271. Knipp, J. and Teller, E. (1941) On the energy loss of heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. 59, 659-669.
272. Knudsen, H. and Andersen, H. H. (1976) 'Multiple scattering of MeV gold and carbon-ions in carbon and gold targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 136, 199-201.
273. Knudson, A. R., Burghalter, P. G. and Nagel, D. J. (1974) 'Vacancy configurations of argon projectile ions in solids.' Phys. Rev. A 10, 2118-2122.
274. Kohn, W. and Sham, L. J. (1965) 'Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects.' Phys. Rev. 140, A1133-A1138.
275. Komarov, F. F. (1979) 'Comment on "Critical analysis of the modified Firsov model. Sensitivity to the choice of atomic wave functions" by S. A. Cruz, C. Vargas and D. K. Brice.' Radiat. Eff. Lett. 43, 139.
276. Komarov, F. F. and Kumakhov, M. A. (1973) 'Electronic energy loss of ions in the modified Firsov theory.' Phys. Stat. Sol. B 58, 389-400.
277. Konac, G., Kalbitzer, S., Klatt, C., Niemann, D. and Stoll, R. (1998a) 'Energy loss and straggling of H and He ions of keV energies in Si and C.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 138, 159-165.
278. Konac, G., Klatt, C. and Kalbitzer, S. (1998b) 'Universal fit formula for electronic stopping of all ions in carbon and silicon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 146, 106-113.
279. Krist, T., Mertens, P. and Biersack, J. P. (1984) 'Nuclear stopping power for particles transmitted through thin foils in the beam direction.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 2, 177-181.
280. Kumar, S., Sharma, S. K., Nath, N., Harikumar, V., Pathak, A. P., Kabiraj, D. and Avasthi, D. K. (1996) 'Stopping power of carbon for heavy ions up to copper.' Radiat. Eff. Def. Solids 139, 197-206.
281. 1-oscillations in the stopping powers of silicon and tungsten for low-velocity channelled heavy-ions.' J. Phys. Condens. Matter 5, 3163-3168.
282. Lamb, W. E. (1940) 'Passage of uranium fission fragments through matter.' Phys. Rev. 58, 696-702.
283. Land, D. J. and Brennan, J. G. (1976) 'Sensitivity of the electronic stopping power to the shell structure of the target material.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 132, 89.
284. Land, D. J., Brennan, J. G., Simons, D. G. and Brown, M. D. (1977) 'Comparison of theoretical models for the electronic stopping power of low-velocity heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. A 16, 492-499.
285. Land, D. J., Simons, D. G., Brennan, J. G. and Glass, G. A. (1985) 'Range distributions and electronic stopping power of nitrogen ions in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 10/11, 234-236.
286. Landau, L. (1944) On the energy loss of fast particles by ionization.' J. Phys. USSR 8, 201.
287. Lantschner, G. H., Eckardt, J. C., Jakas, M. M., Capuj, N. E. and Ascolani, H. (1987) 'Variation of peak energy for energy loss with angle of observation.' Phys. Rev. A 36, 4667.
288. Lassen, N. O. (1951a) 'Total charges of fission fragments as functions of the pressure in the stopping gas.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 26(12), 1-19.
289. Lassen, N. O. (1951b) 'The total charges of fission fragments in gaseous and solid stopping media.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 26(5), 1-28.
290. Latta, B. M. and Scanlon, P. J. (1976) 'Average electronic energy loss in the modified Firsov theory.' Phys. Stat. Sol. B 74, 711-719.
291. LBL (2002) 'Atomic scattering factors.' Available on www-cxro.lbl.gov/ optical_constants/asf.html.
292. Lennard, W. N. and Geissel, H. (1987) 'Energy loss and energy loss straggling for heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 27, 338-343.
293. Lennard, W. N., Jackman, T. E. and Phillips, D. (1980) 'The charge state equilibration distance for phosphorous ions in carbon.' Phys. Lett. A 79, 309-310.
294. Lennard, W. N., Andrews, H. R., Freeman, M., Mitchell, I. V., Phillips, P., Walker, D. A. S. and Ward, D. (1982) 'Time-of-flight system for slow heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 203, 565-570.
295. 1 ≤ 92) in carbon targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 13, 127-132.
296. Lennard, W. N., Geissel, H., Phillips, D. and Jackson, D. P. (1986b) 'Heavy-ion straggling: possible evidence for inner-shell excitation.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 318-320.
297. Lifschitz, A. F. and Arista, N. (1998) 'Velocity-dependent screening in metals.' Phys. Rev. A 57, 200-207.
298. Lindhard, J. (1954) On the properties of a gas of charged particles.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 28(8), 1-57.
299. Lindhard, J. (1965) 'Influence of crystal lattice on motion of energetic charged particles.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 34(14), 1-64.
300. 4-corrections to stopping of swift charged particles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 132, 1-5.
301. Lindhard, J. (1985) On the theory of energy loss distributions for swift charged particles.' Phys. Scr. 32, 72-80.
302. Lindhard, J. and Scharff, M. (1953) 'Energy loss in matter by fast particles of low charge.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 27(15), 1-31.
303. Lindhard, J. and Scharff, M. (1961) 'Energy dissipation by ions in the keV region.' Phys. Rev. 124, 128-130.
304. Lindhard, J. and Sørensen, A. H. (1996) On the relativistic theory of stopping of heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. A 53, 2443-2456.
305. Lindhard, J. and Winther, A. (1964) 'Stopping power of electron gas and equipartition rule.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 34(4), 1-22.
306. Lindhard, J., Nielsen, V., Scharff, M. and Thomsen, P. V. (1963a) 'Integral equations governing radiation effects.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 33(10), 1.
307. Lindhard, J., Scharff, M. and Schiøtt, H. E. (1963b) 'Range concepts and heavy ion ranges.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 33(14), 1.
308. Lindhard, J., Nielsen, V. and Scharff, M. (1968) 'Approximation method in classical scattering by screened coulomb fields.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 36(10), 1-32.
309. Livingston, M. S. and Bethe, H. A. (1937) 'Nuclear physics. C. Nuclear dynamics, experimental.' Rev. Mod. Phys. 9, 245-390.
310. Lo, H. H. and Fite, W. L. (1969) 'Electron-capture and loss cross sections for fast heavy particles passing through gases.' At. Data 1, 305-328.
311. 19F ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 168, 287-293.
312. Mabong, S., Maynard, G. and Katsonis, K. (1996) 'Parametric potential for modelling of highly charged heavy ions.' Laser Particle Beams 14, 575-586.
313. Maier-Komor, P., Dollinger, G. and Körner, H. J. (1999) 'Reproducibility and simplification of the preparation procedure for carbon stripper foils by laser plasma ablation deposition.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 438, 73-78.
314. Mann, R., Hagmann, S. and Weitzel, L. (1988) 'Cusp-electrons used for velocity measurements of heavy ion projectiles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 34, 403-406.
315. Martin, F. W. and Northcliffe, L. C. (1962) 'Energy loss and effective charge of He, C, and Ar ions below 10 MeV/amu in gases.' Phys. Rev. 128, 1166-1174.
316. Marwick, A. D. and Sigmund, P. (1975) 'Small-angle multiple scattering of ions in the screened Coulomb region. 2. Lateral spread.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 126, 317-323.
317. Mayer, J. W., Eriksson, L. and Davies, J. A. (1970) Ion Implantation in Semiconductors. Silicon and Germanium (New York: Academic Press).
318. Maynard, G., Katsonis, K. and Mabong, S. (1996) 'Average atom model for swift heavy ions in dense matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 107, 51-55.
319. Maynard, G., Gardès, D., Chabot, M., Nectoux, M. and Deutsch, C. (1998a) 'Effective stopping-power charges of swift heavy ions in gases.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 146, 88-94.
320. Maynard, G., Katsonis, K., Zwicknagel, G., Mabong, S., Chabot, M., Gardès, D. and Kurilenkov, Y. K. (1998b) 'Nonlinear effects in stopping of partially ionized swift heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 415, 687-692.
321. Maynard, G., Chabot, M. and Gardès, D. (2000) 'Density effect and charge dependent stopping theories for heavy ions in the intermediate velocity regime.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 164-165, 139-146.
322. Maynard, G., Katsonis, K., Deutsch, C., Zwicknagel, G., Chabot, M. and Gardès, D. (2001a) 'Modeling of swift heavy ions interaction with dense matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 464, 86-92.
323. Maynard, G., Zwicknagel, G., Deutsch, C. and Katsonis, K. (2001b) 'Diffusion-transport cross section and stopping power of swift heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. A 63, 052903-1-14.
324. Maynard, G., Deutsch, C., Dimitriou, K., Katsonis, K. and Sarrazin, M. (2002a) 'Evaluation of the energy deposition profile for swift heavy ions in dense plasmas.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 188-215.
325. Maynard, G., Sarrazin, M., Katsonis, K. and Dimitriou, K. (2002b) 'Quantum and classical stopping cross-sections of swift heavy ions derived from the evolution with time of the Wigner function.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193, 20-25.
326. McGuire, E. J. (1983) 'Extraction of shell corrections from Born-approximation stopping-power calculations in Al.' Phys. Rev. A 28, 49-52.
327. Medenwaldt, R., Møller, S. P., Uggerhøj, E., Worm, T., Hvelplund, P., Knudsen, H., Elsener, K. and Morenzoni, E. (1991) 'Measurement of the stopping power of silicon for antiprotons between 0.2 and 3 MeV.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 58, 1-5.
328. Mertens, P. (1978) 'Energy loss of light 300 keV ions in thin metal foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 149, 149-153.
329. Mertens, P. (1987) 'How to measure absolute stopping cross sections by backscattering and by transmission methods. Part II. Transmission.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 27, 315-322.
330. + in 150- to 800-Å Carbon Foils.' Phys. Rev. B 25, 5591-5597.
331. Meyer, L. (1971) 'Plural and multiple scattering of low-energy heavy particles in solids.' Phys. Stat. Sol. B 44, 253-268.
332. Mikkelsen, H. H. and Flyvbjerg, H. (1992) 'Exact stopping cross section of the quantum harmonic oscillator for a penetrating point charge of arbitrary strength.' Phys. Rev. A 45, 3025-3031.
333. Mikkelsen, H. H. and Sigmund, P. (1989) 'Barkas effect in electronic stopping power: rigorous evaluation for the harmonic oscillator.' Phys. Rev. A 40, 101-116.
334. Molière, G. (1947) 'Theorie der Streuung schneller geladener Teilchen I. Einzelstreuung am abgeschirmten Coulomb-Feld.' Z. Naturforsch. 2a, 133-145.
335. Molière, G. (1948) 'Theorie der Streuung schneller geladener Teilchen. II. Mehrfach- und Vielfachstreuung.' Z. Naturforsch. 3a, 78-97.
336. Møller, S. P. (1998) Experimental investigations of stopping power and straggling for very low and very high energy particles of positive and negative charge, Ph.D. thesis, University of Aarhus.
337. Møller, S. P., Uggerhøj, E., Bluhme, H., Knudsen, H., Mikkelsen, U., Paludan, K. and Morenzoni, E. (1997) 'Direct measurement of the stopping power for antiprotons of light and heavy targets.' Phys. Rev. A 56, 2930-2939.
338. Møller, S. P., Csete, A., Ichioka, T., Knudsen, H., Uggerhoj, U. I. and Andersen, H. H. (2002) 'Antiproton stopping at low energies: confirmation of velocity-proportional stopping power.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 193201-1-4.
339. Mukherji, S. and Nayak, A. (1979) 'Calculation of heavy ion ranges in complex media.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 159, 421-431.
340. Närmann, A. and Sigmund, P. (1994) 'Statistics of energy loss and charge exchange of penetrating particles: Higher moments and transients.' Phys. Rev. A 49, 4709-4715.
341. Nath, N., Dahinval, O. P., Bhagwat, A., Avasthi, D. K., Harikumar, V. and Pathak, A. P. (1994) 'Electronic stopping power measurements using secondary beams.' Surf. Coat. Technol. 66, 231-234.
342. Neuwirth, W. and Both, G. (1985) 'Aggregates of atoms and their stopping cross sections.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 12, 67-72.
343. Neuwirth, W., Hauser, U. and Kühn, E. (1969) 'Energy loss of charged particles in matter. I. Experimental method and velocity dependence of the energy loss of lithium ions.' Z. Phys. 220, 241-264.
344. 14N in Si in the energy range of 0.02-1 MeV/amu.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 118, 11-18.
345. Nikolaev, V. S. and Dmitriev, I. S. (1968) On the equilibrium charge distributions of heavy elemental ion beams.' Phys. Lett. A 28, 277-278.
346. NIST. (2001) 'Fundamental physical constants.' Technical Report, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Available on http://physics.nist.gov/ cuu/Constants/.
347. Northcliffe, L. C. (1960) 'Energy loss and effective charge of heavy ions in aluminum.' Phys. Rev. 120, 1744-1757.
348. Northcliffe, L. C. (1963) 'Passage of heavy ions through matter.' Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 13, 67-102.
349. Northcliffe, L. C. and Schilling, R. F. (1970) 'Range and stopping power tables for heavy ions.' Nucl. Data Tables A7, 233-463.
350. Oddershede, J. and Sabin, J. R. (1984) Orbital and whole-atom proton stopping power and shell corrections for atoms with Z < 36.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 31, 275-297.
351. 2-structure and gas-solid difference in low-velocity stopping power of light ions.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1332-1335.
352. 3+ in a charge-state nonequilibrium region.' Phys. Rev. B 43, 11370-11376.
353. Ogawa, H., Katayama, I., Sugai, I., Haruyama, Y., Aoki, A., Tosaki, M., Fukuzawa, F., Yoshida, K. and Ikegami, H. (1992a) 'Charge state dependent energy loss of light ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 108-112.
354. Ogawa, H., Katayama, I., Sugai, I., Haruyama, Y., Tosaki, M., Aoki, A., Yoshida, K. and Ikegami, H. (1992b) 'Charge state dependent energy loss of high velocity carbon ions in the charge state non-equilibrium region.' Phys. Lett. A 167, 487-492.
355. Ogawa, H., Katayama, I., Sugai, I., Haruyama, Y., Saito, M., Yoshida, K., Tosaki, M. and Ikegami, H. (1993) 'Charge state dependent energy loss of high velocity oxygen ions in the charge state non-equilibrium region.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 82, 80-84.
356. 2 + ions in carbon foils in charge state non-equilibrium region.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 115, 66-69.
357. Ogawa, H., Sakamoto, N., Katayama, I., Haruyama, Y., Saito, M., Yoshida, K., Tosaki, M., Susuki, Y. and Kimura, K. (1996b) 'Measurement of energy losses of 10-MeV neutral hydrogen atoms in carbon foils.' Phys. Rev. A 54, 5027-5030.
358. Ogawa, H., Sakamoto, N., Katayama, I., Haruyama, Y., Saito, M., Yoshida, K., Tosaki, M., Susuki, Y. and Kimura, K. (1997) 'Energy loss of 10 MeV/amu atomic helium in carbon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 132, 36-40.
359. Ormrod, J. H. (1968) 'Low-energy electronic stopping cross sections in nitrogen and argon.' Can. J. Phys. 46, 497-502.
360. Ormrod, J. H. and Duckworth, H. E. (1963) 'Stopping cross sections in carbon for low-energy atoms with Z ≤ 12.' Can. J. Phys. 41, 1424-1442.
361. Ormrod, J. H., MacDonald, J. R. and Duckworth, H. E. (1965) 'Some low-energy atomic stopping cross sections.' Can. J. Phys. 43, 275-284.
362. Ouichaoui, S. and Bouzid, B. (2002) 'Energy loss straggling of swift heavy ions below 100 MeV/u.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193, 36-42.
363. Ouichaoui, S., Hourani, E., Rosier, L., Bimbot, R., Beaumevieille, H., Bouzid, B. and Mammeri, S. (2000) 'Energy loss straggling of swift heavy ions in metal foils at E/A ∼ 2 MeV/u.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 164-165, 259-267.
364. Palik, E. D. (1985) Handbook of Optical Constants, vol. 1, Academic Press Handbook Series (Orlando: Academic Press).
365. Palik, E. D. (1991) Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, vol. 2, Academic Press Handbook series (Boston: Academic Press).
366. Palik, E. D. (1996) Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, vol. 3, Academic Press Handbook series (Boston: Academic Press).
367. Palik, E. D. (2000) Electronic Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids-version 1.0 (SciVision: Academic Press).
368. 1 oscillations in stopping power of metals for low velocity channeled heavy-ions.' J. Phys. F 4, 1883-1888.
369. 2 dependence of electronic stopping power of low-velocity channeled heavy-ions.' J. Phys. C 7, 3239-3244.
370. Pathak, A. P. (1980) 'Systematic study of channeling stopping-power oscillations for low-velocity heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. B 22, 96-98.
371. Paul, H. (2003) 'Stopping power for light ions.' Available on www.exphys.uni-linz.ac.at/stopping.
372. 18Ar.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 179, 299-315.
373. Paul, H. and Schinner, A. (2002) 'An empirical approach to the stopping of solids and gases for ions from Li to Ar, part II.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 166-174.
374. 18Ar and from 0.001 to 1000 MeV/nucleon in solids and gases.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 85, 377.
375. Paul, H. and Schinner, A. (2003b) 'Judging the reliability of stopping power tables and programs for heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 209, 252-258.
376. 1 oscillations in slow channeled ion stopping power.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 67, 66-68.
377. 2, and Kr: a semiempirical stopping power theory for heavy ions in gases and solids.' Phys. Rev. 173, 390-405.
378. Pietsch, W., Hauser, U. and Neuwirth, W. (1976) 'Stopping powers from the inverted doppler shift attenuation method: Z-oscillations: Bragg's rule or chemical effects; solid and liquid state effects.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 132, 79-87.
379. Pollock, R. E. (1991) 'Storage rings for nuclear physics.' Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 41, 357-388.
380. Porat, D. I. and Ramavataram, K. (1961) 'The rate of energy loss and ranges of carbon and oxygen ions in solids.' Proc. Phys. Soc. 77, 97-102.
381. Posselt, M. (1994) 'Crystal-TRIM and its application to investigations on channeling effects during ion implantation.' Radiat. Eff. Def. Solids 130, 87-119.
382. Powers, D., Lodhi, A. S., Lin, W. K. and Cox, H. L. (1973) 'Molecular effects in the energy loss of alpha particles in gaseous media.' Thin Sol. Films 19, 205-215.
383. Powers, D., Olson, H. G. and Gowda, R. (1984) 'Molecular stopping powers and effect of chemical bonding in gaseous amine compounds.' J. Appl. Phys. 55, 1274-1277.
384. Price, J. L., Simons, D. G., Stern, S. H., Land, D. J., Guardala, N. A., Brennan, J. G. and Stumborg, M. F. (1993) 'Stopping powers of the noble gases for (0.3-10)-MeV nitrogen ions.' Phys. Rev. A 47, 2913-2918.
385. 3 polycarbonate.' Phys. Rev. B 42, 3877-3880.
386. Ray, E., Kirsch, R., Mikkelsen, H. H., Poizat, J. C. and Remillieux, J. (1992) 'Slowing down of hydrogen clusters in thin foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 133-141.
387. Read, P. M. (1984) Projectile Charge Dependence of Heavy Ion Stopping, Ph.D. thesis, University of Salford.
388. Read, P., Sofield, C., Cowern, N. and Bridwell, L. (1987) 'Stopping powers for energetic ions in carbon targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 29, 583-586.
389. Reynolds, H. K., Dunbar, D. N. F., Wenzel, W. A. and Whaling, W. (1953) 'The stopping cross section of gases for protons, 30-600 keV.' Phys. Rev. 92, 742.
390. Robinson, M. T. and Torrens, I. M. (1974) 'Computer simulation of atomic-displacement cascades in solids in the binary-collision approximation.' Phys. Rev. B 9, 5008-5024.
391. Roth, M., Stöckl, C., Suss, W., Iwase, O., Gericke, D. O., Bock, R., Hoffmann, D. H. H., Geissel, M. and Seelig, W. (2000) 'Energy loss of heavy ions in laser-produced plasmas.' Europhys. Lett. 50, 28-34.
392. Rozet, J. P., Stephan, C. and Vernhet, D. (1996) 'ETACHA: a program for calculating charge states at GANIL energies.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 107, 67-70.
393. Ryssel, H. and Ruge, I. (1986) Ion Implantation (Chichester: John Wiley).
394. Salamon, M. H., Ahlen, S. P., Tarlé, G. and Crebbin, K. C. (1981) 'Measurement of higher-order corrections to stopping power for relativistic Ne, Ar, and Fe beams.' Phys. Rev. A 23, 73-76.
395. 14N ions in thin elemental foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 53, 7-14.
396. 19F ions in thin elemental films.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 167-173.
397. Scheidenberger, C., Geissel, H., Mikkelsen, H. H., Nickel, F., Brohm, T., Folger, H., Irnich, H., Magel, A., Mohar, M. F., Münzenberg, G., Pfützner, M., Roeckl, E., Schall, I., Schardt, D., Schmidt, K. H., Schwab, W., Steiner, M., Stöhlker, T., Sümmerer, K., Vieira, D. J., Voss, B. and Weber, M. (1994) 'Direct observation of systematic deviations from the Bethe stopping theory for relativistic heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 50-53.
398. Scheidenberger, C., Geissel, H., Mikkelsen, H. H., Nickel, F., Czajkowski, S., Folger, H., Irnich, H., Münzenberg, G., Schwab, W., Stöhlker, T., Suzuki, T. and Voss, B. (1996) 'Energy-loss straggling experiments with relativistic heavy ions in solids.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3987-3990.
399. Scheidenberger, C., Stöhlker, T., Meyerhof, W. E., Geissel, H., Mokier, P. H. and Blank, B. (1998) 'Charge states of relativistic heavy ions in matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 142, 25.
400. Scheidenberger, C., Bollen, G., Bosch, F., Casares, A., Geissel, H., Kholomeev, A., Münzenberg, G., Weick, H. and Wollnik, H. (2000) 'Gross properties of exotic nuclei investigated at storage rings and ion traps.' AIP Conf. Proc. 512, 275.
401. Schinner, A. and Sigmund, P. (2000) 'Polarization effect in stopping of swift partially screened heavy ions: perturbative theory.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 164-165, 220-229.
402. Schiøtt, H. E. (1966) 'Range-energy relations for low-energy ions.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 35(9), 1-20.
403. Schiwietz, G. (1990) 'Coupled-channel calculation of stopping powers for intermediate-energy light ions penetrating atomic H and He targets.' Phys. Rev. A 42, 296-306.
404. Schiwietz, G. and Grande, P. L. (2001) 'Improved charge-state formulas.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 175-177, 125-131.
405. q + ions in argon gas.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 146, 95-100.
406. 58Ni ions in thin carbon foils and gases.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 145, 261-270.
407. Schopper, H. (1993) Advances of Accelerator Physics and Technology (Singapore: World Scientific Press).
408. Schramm, R. and Betz, H. D. (1992) 'Problems concerning the effective charge of swift heavy ions traversing gaseous and solid targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 123-126.
409. Schulz, F. and Brandt, W. (1982) 'Effective charge of low velocity ions in matter: a comparison of theoretical predictions with data derived from energy-loss measurements.' Phys. Rev. B 26, 4864-4870.
410. Schwab, T., Geissel, H., Armbruster, P., Gillibert, A., Mittig, W., Olson, R. E., Winterbon, K. B., Wollnik, H. and Munzenberg, G. (1990) 'Energy and angular distributions for Ar-ions penetrating solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 48, 69-74.
411. Sevier, K. D. (1972) Low Energy Electron Spectrometry (New York: Wiley).
412. Sharma, A., Diwan, P. K., Kumar, S., Sharma, S. K., Mittal, V. K., Rao, S. V. S. N., Sannakki, B., Ghosh, S. and Avasthi, D. K. (2002) 'dE/dx measurements for heavy ions with Z = 6-29 in polycarbonate.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 194, 7-14.
413. Sharma, A., Fettouhi, A., Schinner, A. and Sigmund, P. (2004a) 'Stopping of swift ions in compounds.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 218, 19-28.
414. Sharma, A., Fettouhi, A., Schinner, A. and Sigmund, P. (2004b) 'Electronic stopping of swift ions in compounds.' in preparation.
415. Sharma, S. K., Kumar, S., Yadav, J. S. and Sharma, A. P. (1995) 'Stopping power of heavy ions in solids: a comparative study.' Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 39-52.
416. Shen, W., Wang, B., Feng, J., Zhan, W., Zhu, Y. and Feng, E. (1989) 'Total reaction cross section for heavy-ion collisions and its relation to the neutron excess degree of freedom.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 282, 247.
417. Shima, K., Ishihara, T. and Mikumo, T. (1982) 'Empirical formula for the average charge-state of heavy ions behind various foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 200, 605-608.
418. Shima, K., Kuno, N., Yamanouchi, M. and Tawara, H. (1992) 'Equilibrium charge fractions of ions of Z = 4-92 emerging from a carbon foil.' At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 51, 173-241.
419. Shnidman, R., Tapphorn, R. M. and Geller, K. N. (1973) 'Recoil fraction technique for measuring nuclear and electronic stopping powers.' Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 551-553.
420. Sidenius, G. (1974) 'Systematic stopping cross section measurements with low energy ions in gases.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 39(4), 1-32.
421. Sidenius, G., Andersen, N., Sigmund, P., Besenbacher, F., Heinemeier, J., Hvelplund, P. and Knudsen, H. (1976) 'Effect of molecular geometry on multiple scattering of heavy energetic particles.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 134, 597-599.
422. Sigmund, P. (1975) Energy loss of charged particles in solids. In: Radiation Damage Processes in Materials, NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Dupuy, C. H. S. Ed. (Leyden: Noordhoff) pp. 3-117.
423. Sigmund, P. (1976) 'Energy loss and angular spread of ions traversing matter.' Ann. Israel Phys. Soc. 1, 69-120.
424. Sigmund, P. (1978) 'Statistics of particle penetration.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 40(5), 1-36.
425. Sigmund, P. (1982) 'Kinetic theory of particle stopping in a medium with internal motion.' Phys. Rev. A 26, 2497-2517.
426. Sigmund, P. (1991) Statistics of charged-particle penetration. In: Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces, vol. 271 of NATO ASI Series, Gras-Marti, A., Urbassek, H. M., Arista, N. and Flores, F., Eds. (New York: Plenum Press) pp. 73-144.
427. Sigmund, P. (1992) 'Statistical theory of charged-particle stopping and straggling in the presence of charge exchange.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 113-122.
428. Sigmund, P. (1994) 'Analysis of charge-dependent stopping of swift ions.' Phys. Rev. A 50, 3197-3201.
429. Sigmund, P. (1996) 'Low-velocity limit of Bohr's stopping-power formula.' Phys. Rev. A 54, 3113-3117.
430. Sigmund, P. (1997) 'Charge-dependent electronic stopping of swift nonrelativistic heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. A 56, 3781-3793.
431. Sigmund, P. (1998) 'Stopping power in perspective.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 135, 1-15.
432. Sigmund, P. (2000a) 'Shell correction in Bohr stopping theory.' Eur. Phys. J. D 12, 111-116.
433. Sigmund, P. (2000b) 'Stopping power: wrong terminology.' ICRU News 1, 17.
434. Sigmund, P. (2004) Stopping of Heavy Ions. A Theoretical Approach, vol. 204, Springer Tracts Mod. Physics (Berlin: Springer).
435. Sigmund, P. and Fu, D.-J. (1982) 'Energy loss straggling of a point charge penetrating a free-electron gas.' Phys. Rev. A 25, 1450.
436. Sigmund, P. and Glazov, L. (1998) 'Energy loss and charge exchange: statistics and atomistics.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 136-38, 47-54.
437. Sigmund, P. and Glazov, L. G. (2003) 'Interplay of charge exchange and projectile excitation in the stopping of swift heavy ions.' Europ. Phys. J. D 23, 211-215.
438. Sigmund, P. and Haagerup, U. (1986) 'Bethe stopping theory for a harmonic oscillator and Bohr's oscillator model of atomic stopping.' Phys. Rev. A 34, 892-910.
439. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2000) 'Binary stopping theory for swift heavy ions.' Eur. Phys. J. D 12, 425-434.
440. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2001a) 'Binary theory of antiproton stopping.' Eur. Phys. J. D 15, 165-172.
441. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2001b) 'Effective charge and related/unrelated quantities in heavy-ion stopping.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 174, 535-540.
442. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2001c) 'Nonperturbative theory of charge-dependent heavy-ion stopping.' Phys. Scr. T92, 222-224.
443. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2001d) 'Resolution of the frozen-charge paradox in stopping of channeled heavy ions.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1486-1489.
444. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2002a) 'Barkas effect, shell correction, screening and correlation in collisional energy-loss straggling of an ion beam.' Eur. Phys. J. D 23, 201-209.
445. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2002b) 'Binary theory of electronic stopping.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 64-90.
446. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2002c) 'Binary theory of light-ion stopping.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193, 49-55.
447. Sigmund, P. and Schinner, A. (2003) 'Anatomy of the Barkas effect.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 212, 110-117.
448. Sigmund, P. and Winterbon, K. B. (1974) 'Small-angle multiple scattering of ions in the screened Coulomb region, I. Angular distributions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 119, 541-557.
449. Sigmund, P. and Winterbon, K. B. (1975) 'Erratum.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 125, 491.
450. Sigmund, P. and Winterbon, K. B. (1985) 'Energy loss spectrum of swift charged particles penetrating a layer of material.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 12, 1-16.
451. Sigmund, P., Fettouhi, A. and Schinner, A. (2003) 'Material dependence of electronic stopping.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 209, 19-25.
452. Sillanpää, J., Vainonen-Ahlgren, E., Haussalo, P. and Keinonen, J. (1999) 'Stopping of 5-100 keV Helium in Molybdenum, Chromium, Copper and Nickel.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 142, 1-8.
453. Skoog, R. (1975) 'Elastic interaction of atomic projectiles in an amorphous target.' Radiat. Eff. 27, 53-58.
454. Slater, J. C. (1955) One-electron energies of atoms, molecules and solids.' Phys. Rev. 98, 1039-1045.
455. Smith, F. M., Birnbaum, W. and Barkas, W. H. (1953) 'Measurements of meson masses and related quantities.' Phys. Rev. 91, 765-766.
456. 16O ions in Al.' Phys. Rev. A 17, 859-867.
457. Sørensen, A. H. (1990) 'Barkas effect at low velocities.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 48, 10-13.
458. Sørensen, A. H. (2002) 'Stopping of relativistic hydrogen- and heliumlike heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 106-117.
459. 4); see Sørensen (2004) for details.]
460. Sørensen, A. H. (2005) 'Energy loss of relativistic heavy ions due to pair production and emission of bremsstrahlung.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 230, 12-16.
461. Spahn, G. and Groeneveld, K. O. (1975) 'Angular straggling of heavy and light ions in thin solid foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 123, 425-429.
462. Sternheimer, R. M., Seltzer, S. M. and Berger, M. J. (1982) 'Density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles in various substances.' Phys. Rev. B 26, 6067.
463. Steward, P. (1968) Stopping power and range for any nucleus in the specific energy interval 0.01- to 500-MeV/amu in any nongaseous material, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, uCRL-18127.
464. Steward, P. G. and Wallace, R. (1966) 'Calculation of stopping power and range-energy values for any heavy ion in nongaseous media.' Technical Report UCRL-17314, University of California, Berkeley.
465. Stobbe, M. (1930) 'Zur Quantenmechanik Photoelektrischer Prozesse.' Ann. Physik 7, 661-715.
466. Stritt, N., Jolie, J., Jentschel, M., Börner, H. G. and Lehmann, H. (1999) 'Slowing down of atoms in metals studied by the Doppler-broadened γ-ray line shapes produced after thermal-neutron capture in Fe and Cr crystals.' Phys. Rev. B 60, 6476-6483.
467. Symon, K. (1948) Fluctuations in energy lost by high energy charged particles in passing through matter, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University.
468. Tai, H., Bichsel, H., Wilson, H., Shin, J. L., Cucinotta, A. and Badavi, F. F. (1997) 'Comparison of stopping power and range data bases for radiation transport studies.' Technical Report NASA Technical paper 3644, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA.
469. Takahashi, T., Awaya, Y., Tonuma, T., Kumagai, H., Izumo, K., Hashizume, A., Uchiyama, S. and Hitachi, A. (1979) 'Energy straggling of C and He Ions in metal foils.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 166, 587-589.
470. Talman, J. D. (1978) 'Numerical Fourier and Bessel transforms in logarithmic variables.' J. Comput. Phys. 29, 35-48.
471. Tarlé, G. and Solarz, M. (1978) 'Evidence for higher-order contributions to the stopping power of relativistic iron nuclei.' Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 483-486.
472. Teplova, Y. A., Nikolaev, V. S., Dimitriev, I. S. and Fateeva, L. N. (1962) 'Slowing down of multicharged ions in solids and gases.' Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 42, 44-60
473. [English translation: Sov. Phys. JETP 15, 31-41 (1962)].
474. Thwaites, D. I. (1983) 'Bragg's rule of stopping power additivity: a compilation and summary of results.' Radiat. Res. 95, 495-518.
475. Thwaites, D. I. (1984) 'Current status of physical state effects on stopping power.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 12, 84-89.
476. Thwaites, D. I. (1987) 'Review of stopping powers in organic materials.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 27, 293-300.
477. Thwaites, D. I. (1992) 'Departures from Bragg's rule of stopping power additivity for ions in dosimetric and related materials.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 69, 53-63.
478. Tilinin, I. S. (1995) 'Quasiclassical expression for inelastic energy losses in atomic particle collisions below the Bohr velocity.' Phys. Rev. A 51, 3058-3065.
479. Titeica, S. (1937) 'Sur les fluctuations de parcours des ray-ons corpusculaires.' Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 38, 81.
480. Tofterup, A. L. (1983) 'Relativistic binary-encounter and stopping theory: general expressions.' J. Phys. B 16, 2997-3003.
481. Tomaschko, C., Brandl, D., Kügler, R., Schurr, M. and Voit, H. (1995) 'Energy loss of MeV carbon cluster ions in matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 103, 407-411.
482. Trzaska, W. H., Lyapin, V., Alanko, T., Mutterer, M., Räisänen, J., Tjurin, G. and Wojdyr, M. (2002) 'New approach to energy loss measurements.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 147-165.
483. Tschalär, C. (1968) 'Straggling distributions of large energy losses.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 61, 141-156.
484. Valdes, J. E. and Arista, N. R. (1994) 'Energy-loss effects in multiple-scattering distributions of ions in matter.' Phys. Rev. A 49, 2690-2696.
485. Vavilov, P. V. (1957) 'Ionization losses of high-energy heavy particles.' Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 920-923
486. [English translation: Sov. Phys. JETP 5, 749-751 (1957)].
487. Villari, A. C. C. (2001) 'The accelerated ISOL technique and the SPIRAL project.' Nucl. Phys. A 693, 465-476.
488. Vollmer, O. (1974) 'Der einfluss der ladungsfluktuationen auf die energieverlustverteilung geladener teilchen.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 121, 373-377.
489. 1-oscillation in stopping powers of varioussolid materials.' Can. J. Phys. 57, 645-656.
490. Weick, H., Geissel, H., Scheidenberger, C., Attallah, F., Baumann, T., Cortina, D., Hausmann, M., Lommel, B., Münzenberg, G., Nankov, N., Nickel, F., Radon, T., Schatz, H., Schmidt, K., Stadlmann, J., Sümmerer, K., Winkler, M. and Wollnik, H. (2000) 'Slowing down of relativistic few-electron heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 164-165, 168-179.
491. Weick, H., Sørensen, A. H., Geissel, H., Maier, M., Münzenberg, G., Nankov, N. and Scheidenberger, C. (2002) 'Stopping power of partially ionized relativistic heavy ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 193, 1-7.
492. Weijers, T. D. M., Duck, B. C. and O'Connor, D. J. (2004) 'The development of a stopping power predictor for ions with energies of 0.1-1.0 MeV/u in elemental targets.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 215, 35-47.
493. Weyl, P. K. (1953) 'The energy loss of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and neon ions in gases.' Phys. Rev. 91, 289-296.
494. 4He particles in Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu at energies near 100 keV.' Phys. Rev. 187, 499-503.
495. 1 range using time of flight detector telescopes.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 195, 133-146.
496. Whitton, J. L. (1974) 'The dependence of electronic stopping cross-section of K-42 an different target materials.' Can. J. Phys. 52, 12-16.
497. Williams, E. J. (1939) 'Concerning the scattering of fast electrons and of cosmic-ray particles.' Proc. Roy. Soc. A 169, 531-572.
498. Williams, E. J. (1940) 'Multiple scattering of fast electrons and alpha-particles, and "curvature" of cloud tracks due to scattering.' Phys. Rev. 58, 292-306.
499. Williams, G. (1995) 'Electron binding energies.' Available on http://xray.uu.se/hypertex/EBindEnergies.html.
500. Wilson, W. D., Haggmark, L. G. and Biersack, J. P. (1977) 'Calculations of nuclear stopping, ranges and straggling in the low-energy region.' Phys. Rev. B 15, 2458-2468.
501. Winter, H. (2002) 'Collisions of atoms and ions with surfaces under grazing incidence.' Phys. Rep. 367, 387-582.
502. 1 oscillations in stopping of atomic particles.' Can. J. Phys. 46, 2429-2433.
503. Winterbon, K. B. (1972) 'Heavy-ion range profiles and associated damage distributions.' Radiat. Eff. 13, 215-226.
504. Winterbon, K. B. (1977) 'Electronic energy loss and charge-state fluctuations of swift ions.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 144, 311-315.
505. Winterbon, K. B., Sigmund, P. and Sanders, J. B. (1970) 'Spatial distribution of energy deposited by atomic particles in elastic collisions.' Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 37(14), 1-73.
506. Woods, C. J., Sofield, C. J., Cowern, N. E. B., Murrell, M. and Draper, J. (1984) 'Comparison of charge-changing cross sections in gaseous and solid targets.' J. Phys. B 17, 867-878.
507. 2.' Chinese Phys. Lett. 11, 605-608.
508. Xia, Y. Y. and Tan, C. (1986) '4-Parameter formulas for the electronic stopping cross-section of low-energy ions in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 13, 100-106.
509. Yamamura, Y. and Misuno, Y. (1985) 'ACAT.' Technical Report IPPJ-AM-40, Institute of Plasma Physics, Nagoya University.
510. Yang, Q. (1994) 'Partial stopping power and straggling effective charges of heavy ions in condensed matter.' Phys. Rev. A 49, 1089-1095.
511. Yang, Q. and MacDonald, R. J. (1993) 'Energy loss and straggling of heavy ions in condensed matter.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 83, 303-310.
512. Yang, Q., Li, T., O'Connor, D. J., Macdonald, R. J., Ophel, T. R., Hay, H. J., Cockayne, D. J. H. and Sikorski, A. (1993) 'Energy loss straggling of MeV C-12 and O-16 ions in carbon.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 83, 439-448.
513. Yarlagadda, B. S., Robinson, J. E. and Brandt, W. (1978) 'Effective-charge theory and the electronic stopping power of solids.' Phys. Rev. B 17, 3473-3483.
514. Zhang, Y., Possnert, G. and Weber, W. J. (2002) 'Measurement of electronic stopping power of swift heavy ions using high-resolution time-of-flight spectrometer.' Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4662-4664.
515. Zhang, Y. W. (2002) 'High-precision measurement of electronic stopping powers for heavy ions using high-resolution time-of-flight spectrometry.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 196, 1-15.
516. 12C ions in solids.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 135, 169-174.
517. Ziegler, J. F. (1977) Helium: Stopping Powers and Ranges in all Elemental Matter, vol. 4, The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter (Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press).
518. Ziegler, J. F. (1980) 'The stopping and ranges of ions in matter.' In: 'Handbook of Stopping Cross-sections for Energetic Ions in all Elements.' vol. 5, The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter, Ziegler, J. F., Ed. (New York: Pergamon), pp. 1-432.
519. Ziegler, J. F. (1998) 'RBS/ERD simulation problems: stopping powers, nuclear reactions and detector resolution.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 136-138, 141-146.
520. Ziegler, J. F. (2001) 'The stopping and range of ions in matter'. Available on www.srim.org/, version SRIM-2000.40.
521. Ziegler, J. F. (2003) 'The stopping and range of ions in matter'. Available on www.srim.org/, version SRIM-2003.
522. Ziegler, J. F. and Manoyan, J. M. (1988) 'The stopping of ions in compounds.' Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 35, 215-228.
523. Ziegler, J. F., Biersack, J. P. and Littmark, U. (1985) The stopping and range of ions in solids. In: The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter, vol. 1, Ziegler, J. F., Ed. (New York: Pergamon) pp. 1-319.
524. Zielinski, M., Kaletta, E., Neuwirth, W. and Bharuth-Ram, K. (1988) 'The energy loss of carbon ions in carbon.' South Afr. J. Phys. 11, 13.